构造阶梯算符的定理及其应用

给出一个基本定理，提供了构造二阶线性常微分算符相应的阶梯算符的普遍适用的方法.利用这个定理得到量子力学中常见的本征问题的解.     

两个力学量算符具有共同本征态系的条件

量子力学是人们了解微观世界的一门重要的课程.在量子力学中,由于任何实物体都具有波粒二象性,必须用算符来表示力学量,因此算符理论显得尤为重要.在研究多个算符时,有一个非常重要的定理:两个力学量算符能够具有共同本征函数系的充分必要条件是这两个个力学量算符能够互相对易.本文分析了在使用该定理时可能存在的一些问题,并对这些问题进行了澄清.     

构造阶梯算符的定量及其应用

给出一个基本定理，提供了构造二阶线性常微分算符相应的阶梯算符的普遍适用的方法，利用这个定理得到量子力学中常见的本征问题的解。     

相对论粒子的自旋算符

发展了关于相对论态自旋算符的系统理论.考虑了具有非零静质量的粒子情况.对带自旋的相对论粒子,通常的自旋算符需换为相对论的自旋算符.在Poincar啨群不可约表示的框架里,构造了适用于粒子任意正则态的自旋算符,称为运动自旋.本文的讨论限于量子力学.随后将在量子场论中对此作进一步深入研究.     

曲面上的动量和动能算符

对约束在曲面上粒子运动的描述可以在内部坐标即曲面局部坐标下进行，也可以在外部坐标即在笛卡尔坐标下进行.在量子力学中，动量和动能算符的表示在这两种描述中各有不同，前者的动量算符仅包含内禀几何量，后者的动量算符包含了曲面的平均曲率.考虑到算符次序问题，动能算符对动量算符的依赖关系也不同，前者的依赖关系仅发现存在一种，后者的依赖关系已经发现有两种.     

曲面上的动量和动能算符

对约束在曲面上粒子运动的描述可以在内部坐标即曲面局部坐标下进行,也可以在外部坐标即在笛卡尔坐标下进行.在量子力学中,动量和动能算符的表示在这两种描述中各有不同,前者的动量算符仅包含内禀几何量,后者的动量算符包含了曲面的平均曲率.考虑到算符次序问题,动能算符对动量算符的依赖关系也不同,前者的依赖关系仅发现存在一种,后者的依赖关系已经发现有两种. 关键词： 量子力学 微分几何     

量子力学中新的角动量阶梯算符

角动量阶梯算符在量子力学中有着极其广泛的应用,传统的教科书只给出角动量磁量子数的阶梯算符本文介绍一个新的总角动量阶梯算符,它可使总角动量量子数j上升(或下降). 在量子力学中,力学量用厄米算符表示,力学量之间的内在联系体现在对易关系中.因此,在一些问题中,不需解薛定谔方程,便可确定本征值及本征矢.其办法是构造出一个阶梯算符,例如对谐振子[1]、角动量[2]的处理.特别在处理角动量问题时,引入了阶梯算符L+(J+),由此推导出角动量的本征值、本征矢及有关矩阵元公式等. 那么,是否可以找出关于总角动量量子数的阶梯算符呢?目前的教科…     

广义坐标中动量算符的自伴性

本文旨在藉助希耳伯特空间算符理论方面的知识，澄清在量子力学书籍上通常出现的一些概念．在量子力学书籍里常常对有界和无界算符之间的基本区别不予理会．一个无界算符是对称（厄密）的条件并不足以使它成为自伴的，这一点经常被忽视．遗憾的是，量子力学里差不多所有的算符都是无界的．时常看到这样的叙述：对于任意线性算符Ａ，我们可以写出厄密算符ＨＡ＝（Ａ＋Ａ＋） ／２，其中的厄密性被设想为具有自伴性的意义．沿着这条思路，在广义坐标里采取那种表述的动量算符的自伴性是有问题的．本文特别研究了运用球极坐标的重新描述，并且引出了与这些坐标相共轭的动量失去了自伴性的结论．     

i是能量算符吗？

本文从时间ｔ不是力学量及算符的基本性质出发，论证了在非相对论量子力学中不是能量算符。     

量子力学教学中不应忽视的一个基本问题──力学量算符的厄米性是有条件的

本文从量子力学中应用力学量算符的厄米性处理具体问题时出现的几个样谬出发，讨论了力学量算符厄米性成立的条件．分析了在某些情况下力学量算符厄米性受到破坏的原因，并进一步指出了在运用一些量子力学的基本公式处理问题时必须注意力学量算符厄米性的条件．     

Dynamical time versus system's time in quantum mechanics

Properties of an operator representing the dynamical time in the extended parameterization invariant formulation of quantum mechanics are studied. It is shown that this time operator is given by a positive operator measure analogously to the quantities that are known to represent various measurable time operators. The relation between the dynamical time of the extended formulation and the best known example of the system's time operator, i.e., for the free one-dimensional particle, is obtained.     

Dynamical time versus system time in quantum mechanics

Properties of an operator representing the dynamical time in the extended parameterization invariant formulation of quantum mechanics are studied. It is shown that this time operator is given by a positive operator measure analogously to the quantities that are known to represent various measurable time operators. The relation between the dynamical time of the extended formulation and the best known example of the system time operator, i.e., for the free one-dimensional particle, is obtained.     

Mean first-passage time of quantum transition processes

In this paper, we consider the problem of mean first-passage time (MFPT) in quantum mechanics; the MFPT is the average time of the transition from a given initial state, passing through some intermediate states, to a given final state for the first time. We apply the method developed in statistical mechanics for calculating the MFPT of random walks to calculate the MFPT of a transition process. As applications, we (1) calculate the MFPT for multiple-state systems, (2) discuss transition processes occurring in an environmental background, (3) consider a roundabout transition in a hydrogen atom, and (4) apply the approach to laser theory.     

Feynman's relativistic chessboard as an ising model

Feynman has described a chessboard model for a one-dimensional relativistic quantum problem which yields the correct kernel for a free spin-1/2 particle moving in one spatial dimension. This chessboard problem can be solved as an Ising model, using the transfer matrix technique of statistical mechanics. The 2×2 transfer matrix represents the infinitesimal time evolution operator for the two eigenstates of the velocity operator.     

Torsion Fields, Cartan–Weyl Space–Time and State-Space Quantum Geometries, their Brownian Motions, and the Time Variables

We review the relation between spacetime geometries with trace-torsion fields, the so-called Riemann–Cartan–Weyl (RCW) geometries, and their associated Brownian motions. In this setting, the drift vector field is the metric conjugate of the trace-torsion one-form, and the laplacian defined by the RCW connection is the differential generator of the Brownian motions. We extend this to the state-space of non-relativistic quantum mechanics and discuss the relation between a non-canonical quantum RCW geometry in state-space associated with the gradient of the quantum-mechanical expectation value of a self-adjoint operator given by the generalized laplacian operator defined by a RCW geometry. We discuss the reduction of the wave function in terms of a RCW quantum geometry in state-space. We characterize the Schroedinger equation in terms of the RCW geometries and Brownian motions. Thus, in this work, the Schroedinger field is a torsion generating field, both for the linear and non-linear cases. We discuss the problem of the many times variables and the relation with dissipative processes, and the role of time as an active field, following Kozyrev and a recent experiment in non-relativistic quantum systems. We associate the Hodge dual of the drift vector field with a possible angular-momentum source for the phenomenae observed by Kozyrev.     

Particle detection and non-detection in a quantum time of arrival measurement

The standard time-of-arrival distribution cannot reproduce both the temporal and the spatial profile of the modulus squared of the time-evolved wave function for an arbitrary initial state. In particular, the time-of-arrival distribution gives a non-vanishing probability even if the wave function is zero at a given point for all values of time. This poses a problem in the standard formulation of quantum mechanics where one quantizes a classical observable and uses its spectral resolution to calculate the corresponding distribution. In this work, we show that the modulus squared of the time-evolved wave function is in fact contained in one of the degenerate eigenfunctions of the quantized time-of-arrival operator. This generalizes our understanding of quantum arrival phenomenon where particle detection is not a necessary requirement, thereby providing a direct link between time-of-arrival quantization and the outcomes of the two-slit experiment.     

Minimum signals in classical physics

The bandwidth theorem for Fourier analysis on any time-dependent classical signal is shown using the operator approeoch to quantum mechanics. Following discussions about squeezed states in quantum optics, the problem of minimum signals presented by a single quantity and its squeezing is proposed. It is generally proved that all such minimum signals, squeezed or not, must be real Gaussian functions of time.     

Calculating the C Operator in PT-symmetric Quantum Mechanics

It has recently been shown that a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian H possessing an unbroken PT symmetry (i) has a real spectrum that is bounded below, and (ii) defines a unitary theory of quantum mechanics with positive norm. The proof of unitarity requires a linear operator C, which was originally defined as a sum over the eigenfunctions of H. However, using this definition it is cumbersome to calculate C in quantum mechanics and impossible in quantum field theory. An alternative method is devised here for calculating C directly in terms of the operator dynamical variables of the quantum theory. This new method is general and applies to a variety of quantum mechanical systems having several degrees of freedom. More importantly, this method can be used to calculate the C operator in quantum field theory. The C operator is a new time-independent observable in PT-symmetric quantum field theory.     

Minimal Coupling in Koopman-von Neumann Theory

Classical mechanics (CM), like quantum mechanics (QM), can have an operatorial formulation. This was pioneered by Koopman and von Neumann (KvN) in the 1930s. They basically formalized, via the introduction of a classical Hilbert space, earlier work of Liouville who had shown that the classical time evolution can take place via an operator, nowadays known as the Liouville operator. In this paper we study how to perform the coupling of a point particle to a gauge field in the KvN version of CM. So we basically implement at the classical operatorial level the analog of the minimal coupling of QM. We show that, differently than in QM, not only the momenta but also other variables have to be coupled to the gauge field. We also analyze in detail how the gauge invariance manifests itself in the Hilbert space of KvN and indicate the differences with QM. As an application of the KvN method we study the Landau problem proving that there are many more degeneracies at the classical operatorial level than at the quantum one. As a second example we go through the Aharonov-Bohm phenomenon showing that, at the quantum level, this phenomenon manifests its effects on the spectrum of the quantum Hamiltonian while at the classical level there is no effect whatsoever on the spectrum of the Liouville operator.