双联压强计的设计及使用

用有机玻璃板和橡皮膜制成了双联压强计,不仅可以直观的演示液体中的内部压强,还可以演示浮力的有关实验.     

探究液体和空气浮力的实验装置

针对教材中测量液体和空气浮力实验中存在的问题,做了相应的改进.首先,改进了探究液体浮力的实验装置,采用体积较大的物体作为研究对象,利用铁架台固定弹簧秤,并通过连通器注入液体,实现了稳定清晰地观测液体浮力现象.其次,设计了探究气体浮力的实验装置,收集VC泡腾片与水反应产生的气体,并充入气球,由于气球受到浮力导致杠杆变化,进而可以明显观察到气体的浮力现象.     

天平为什么会失去平衡?

选择现象明显且能调动学生兴趣的演示实验，让学生积极主动地进行探究性学习是我们新课程所倡导的，对于浮力的教学，开发有探究价值的浮力演示实验，不但可以加深学生对浮力知识的理解，还可以培养学生的探究精神和探究能力．下面笔者介绍两个分别使用天平演示空气存在浮力和液体存在浮力的实验，实验简单易行，且生动有趣，现象明显．同时学生在探究实验现象原因的思维过程中，发觉对相关物理概念的错误认识，以及教师可以了解学生对浮力知识的认识程度。     

投影式汽化演示装置

使用毛玻璃自制了投影式汽化演示装置,可演示影响液体蒸发快慢的因素.     

妙用烧杯演示全反射现象

利用常见的烧杯可以直观地演示全反射现象,而且可见度很好. 实验一 演示方法和现象: 如图1所示,把烧杯放于教科书封面上.将实物投影仪的摄像头以30°倾角置于烧杯右侧并让镜头朝向左下方.透过烧杯壁可以看到烧杯底部下方书封面上的文字、图形.保持摄像头和烧杯位置不变,向烧杯中加满水,可观察到烧杯底不再透光而是明亮如镜,且不能看到书封面的文字.然后拿开烧杯,在书上放置烧杯处倒上少量水,将烧杯放回原处,使烧杯底和书面之间有一薄水层,如果有少量空气泡效果会更好.可观察到在有水处又能够看到书面字迹,而气泡却闪闪发亮.     

固有频率与共振频率影响因素及实验研究

从实验室常见的实验仪器烧杯入手,先测量烧杯的固有频率,然后在测得的固有频率附近寻找烧杯的共振频率,并研究了相关参量对烧杯系统共振频率的影响。实验结论表明:系统的共振频率与烧杯口径、烧杯所加液体质量以及烧杯中所盛放液体的表面张力有关。当烧杯中所加液体体积一定时,烧杯系统的共振频率与烧杯的口径成反比;当烧杯口径一定时,烧杯系统的共振频率与所加液体质量成反比;在使用相同口径的烧杯,并加入相同质量的甘油和水时,烧杯中所盛放液体的表面张力越大,共振频率越大。     

浮力的产生演示实验

浮力的产生演示实验江铭炎（浙江安吉县南北庄中学３１３３００）可用下达实验演示液体对物体产生的浮力．器材直径约３０厘米的大玻璃圆筒一个，直径约２０厘米的底部有缺口的小玻璃圆筒一个，边长约９厘米的轻质正方体一个，金属垫架一付，黄油和水．实验过程（１）将金...     

平抛运动演示装置

利用日常材料设计制作了平抛运动演示装置,该装置借助红色液体和工字钉能直观地显示液体的运动轨迹,再通过测量、计算即可证明平抛运动在竖直方向上为自由落体运动.     

对比式液体电阻演示器

现行教材中关于电阻大小与导体的材料、长度、横截面积、温度有关的实验只是用固态(金属)材料做实验得出结论,对于液体是否也符合该规律, 教材未做详尽说明. 为此,利用注射器等材料制作了对比式液体电阻演示器, 该演示装置可探究柱状液体的电阻与液体成分、长度、横截面积、温度的关系.     

液体对流实验的改进

初三物理中液体对流演示实验,往往因烧瓶中投入高锰酸钾时晶粒就溶解在水中,在未加热前就出现混浊现象,观察液体对流现象就不清晰。为此作如下改进。先在烧杯内装大半杯冷水,并放在支架上,用一小薄块的脱脂棉把高锰酸钾晶粒包     

Flame propagation in narrow horizontal channels: Impact of the gravity field on the flame shape

In this paper, we study the effect of gravity, or buoyancy forces, on the structure of flames propagating in horizontal channels. It is shown that there are two mechanisms for the appearance of non-symmetric flames. The first, more obvious, is related to buoyancy, when a hotter gas of lower density tends to be located in the upper half of the channel. However, there is a second mechanism associated with the intrinsic flame instabilities, which also can cause the loss of flame symmetry. This mechanism can, at certain values of the parameters, act in the opposite direction, when hotter gases are enclosed in the lower part of the channel. In this case, two stable non-symmetric solutions may exist in the presence of gravitational forces and the establishment of one or another configuration depends on the initial conditions. The stability of these solutions is demonstrated by time-dependent computations.     

湍流预混火焰中的浮力效应

本文利用数值模拟研究了浮力对湍流预混V形火焰平均速度场的影响,发现浮力效应主要体现在远场区域,而在火焰刷附近非常有限;利用落塔和 OH-PLIF 方法在正常重力和微重力下观测了火焰皱褶,发现浮力压制火焰皱褶的程度与湍流强度密切相关。分析表明斜压机理是浮力影响火焰皱褶的重要原因。     

THE NATURE OF NATURAL CONVECTION IN BINARY GASES DUE TO HORIZONTAL TEMPERATURE AND VERTICAL CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS

Abstract

Results are presented that illustrate the effect of augmenting or opposing thermal and solutal body forces on the flow, temperature and concentration distributions. For augmenting buoyancy forces, the flow field is very similar to that for a single-component fluid. Multicellular flow patterns are observed for opposing buoyancy forces that depend on the buoyancy parameter. The solutal buoyancy force does not dominate the flow field for all values of opposing body forces, because the solutal gradient is vertical. The concentration gradient affects the natural convection through both the additional buoyancy force and the thermophysical properties of the gas mixture.     

多离散源驱动的双扩散自然对流传输结构

本文通过"矢量线,,可视化方法,解析了一个方腔内由双离散热源和污染源驱动的双扩散自然对流系统的传输结构.发现在不同浮升力比下,该系统存在着三种明显不同的宏观传输结构,即由热浮升力主导的传输结构,由热质浮升力共同支配的传输结构以及由质浮升力主导的传输结构.     

水下火箭水平射流初期特征研究

水中工作固体火箭发动机处于重浮力同时作用环境下, 与工作于大气环境下的固体火箭发动机具有不同的工作特性. 为进一步掌握水下固体火箭发动机的工作特性, 对具有重浮力特征的水下射流进行研究, 重点分析重浮力作用下水平喷射射流结构及推力振荡情况, 采用VOF模型对水平喷射且具有重浮力特征的三维发动机模型进行仿真模拟, 对比有/无重浮力下射流气泡的上浮特征, 并采用动量原理对发动机工作初期的射流扰动进行分析, 获得了重浮力下水下固体火箭发动机的推力振荡特征. 研究结果表明: 由于重浮力逐渐占据主导地位, 射流气泡具有明显的上浮特征, 推力与重浮力耦合后在竖直方向产生的翻转力矩更大, 通过与文献中实验对比可见, 采用VOF模型并考虑重浮力后仿真所得射流结构与实验结果更吻合.     

"显压浮子"实验装置

为了弥补现行教科书中浮力产生原因的知识呈现的不足,设计了符合学生认知规律的正方体显压浮子实验装置.该装置的特征是通过“U”型压强计系统能够在正方体上直接显示上下表面所受压强不同,从而形象地表明浮力产生的原因.     

Mechanism on oscillating lifted flames in nonpremixed laminar coflow jets

The oscillating lifted flame in a laminar nonpremixed nitrogen-diluted fuel jet is known to be a result of buoyancy, though the detailed physical mechanism of the initiation has not yet been properly addressed. We designed a systematic experiment to test the hypothesis that the oscillation is driven by competition between the positive buoyancy of flame and the negative buoyancy of a fuel stream heavier than the ambient air. The positive buoyancy was examined with various flame temperatures by changing fuel mole fraction, and the negative buoyancy was investigated with various fuel densities. The density of the coflow was also varied within a certain range by adding either helium or carbon dioxide to air, to study how it affected the positive and negative buoyancies at the same time. As a result, we found that the range of oscillation was well-correlated with the positive and the negative buoyancies; the former stabilized the oscillation while the latter triggered instability and became a source of the oscillation. Further measurements of the flow fields and OH radicals evidenced the important role of the negative buoyancy on the oscillation, detailing a periodic variation in the unburned flow velocity that affected the displacement of the flame.     

超临界压力正癸烷旋转通道内对流换热实验研究

本文对超临界压力正癸烷在旋转圆管内的对流换热开展了实验研究,获得了转速和热流密度对换热的影响规律。结果表明离心段和向心段对流换热均随着转速的升高而增强,离心段后缘面换热优于前缘面,而向心段则相反。低转速时,重力浮升力与离心浮升力大小相近,使换热发生恶化,随转速增加,重力浮升力可以忽略,换热增强。     

浮力调节软件的单元测试技术研究

为了提高嵌入式软件的单元测试效率,同时能达到很好的测试效果,针对嵌入式软件制定单元测试充分性准则和单元测试策略,并使用测试工具对嵌入式软件进行单元测试具有实际意义;以浮力调节软件为例,通过研究基于控制流的单元测试充分性准则,结合浮力调节软件的单元测试需求,提出了针对浮力调节软件的单元测试充分性准则;同时,考虑到圈复杂度和函数节点数对函数正确实现的影响,制定了基于优先级的单元测试策略;利用自动化单元测试工具Testbed搭建了浮力调节软件动态测试环境,通过代码覆盖率分析,帮助创建测试用例以达到单元测试充分性要求,从而实现了浮力调节软件单元测试自动化;在自动化测试工具的帮助下,结合单元测试充分性准则和单元测试策略,最终实现严格而高效的单元测试。     

Numerical study of buoyancy effects on the structure and propagation of triple flames

The structure and propagation properties of diffusion neutral triple flames subject to buoyancy effects are studied numerically using a high-accuracy scheme. A wide range of gravity conditions, heat release, and mixing widths for a scalar mixing layer are computed for downward-propagating (in the same direction as the gravity vector) and upward-propagating (in the opposite direction to the gravity vector) triple flames. These results are used to identify non-dimensional quantities, which parametrize the triple flame responses. Results show that buoyancy acts primarily to modify the overall span of the premixed branches in response to gas acceleration across the triple flame. The impact of buoyancy on the structure of triple flame is less pronounced than its impact on the topology of the branches. The trailing diffusion branch is affected by buoyancy primarily as a result of the changes in the overall flame size, which consequently modifies the rates of diffusion of excess fuel and oxidizer from the premixed branches to the diffusion branch. A simple analytical model for the triple flame speed, which accounts for both buoyancy and heat release is developed. Comparisons of the proposed model with the numerical results for a wide range of gravity, heat release and mixing width conditions, yield very good agreement. The analysis shows that under neutral diffusion, downward propagation reduces the triple flame speed, while upward propagation enhances it. For the former condition, a critical Froude number may be evaluated, which corresponds to a vanishing triple flame speed.