Copolymerization of Carbonyl Sulfide and Propylene Oxide via a Heterogeneous Prussian Blue Analogue Catalyst with High Productivity and Selectivity

This study demonstrates the superiority of a stable and well-defined heterogeneous cobalt hexacyanocobaltate (Co₃[Co(CN)₆]₂), a typical cobalt Prussian Blue Analogue (CoCo-PBA) that catalyzes the copolymerization of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and propylene oxide (PO) to produce poly(propylene monothiocarbonate)s (PPMTC). The number-average molecular weights of the PPMTC were 66.4 to 139.4 kg/mol, with a polydispersity of 2.0–3.9. The catalyst productivity reached 1040 g polymer/g catalyst (12.0 h). The oxygen-sulfur exchange reaction (O/S ER), which would generate random thiocarbonate and carbonate units, was effectively suppressed, and thus the selectivity of the monothiocarbonate over carbonate linkages was up to >99%. It was shown that no cyclic thiocarbonate byproduct was produced during the heterogeneous catalysis of COS/PO copolymerization using CoCo-PBA as the catalyst. The content of monothiocarbonate and ether units in the copolymer chain could be regulated by tuning the feeding amount of COS.     

基于TiO2的绿色多相催化剂催化CO2与环氧化合物偶联反应

金属离子掺杂纳米TiO2(M-TiO2,M=Zn2+,Cu2+,Co2+,Mn2+,Ni2+)在CO2与环氧化合物的偶联反应中表现出较高的催化活性.反应以四正丁基碘化铵(TBAI)为共催化剂,在无溶剂条件下进行.考察了反应温度、反应时间和CO2压力在Zn-TiO2/TBAI体系中对反应性能的影响.作为无毒的多相催化剂,Zn-TiO2可循环使用5次,其催化活性没有明显降低.     

Syntheses of indolo[3,2,1-d,e]phenanthridines and isochromeno[3,4-a] carbazoles: palladium catalyzed intramolecular arylation via C-H functionalization

A new synthetic route has been developed for the preparation of indolo[3,2,1-d,e]phenanthridines and isochromeno[3,4-a]carbazoles via palladium catalyzed intramolecular biaryl coupling reactions. The coupling reactions proceeded smoothly and in high yields under ligand-free conditions with the catalytic system Pd(OAc)₂/Cs₂CO₃/TBAB. Under optimized reaction conditions no halogen-reduced products were observed.     

CO2 Fixation with Epoxides under Mild Conditions with a Cooperative Metal Corrole/Quaternary Ammonium Salt Catalyst System

The cooperative catalytic activity of several metal corrole complexes in combination with tetrabutyl‐ammonium bromide (TBAB) has been investigated for the reaction of epoxides with CO₂ leading to cyclic carbonates. It was found that the use of just 0.05 mol % of a manganese(III)corrole with 2 mol % TBAB exhibits excellent catalytic activity under an atmosphere of CO₂.     

Enhanced Catalytic Activity of Cobalt Porphyrin in CO2 Electroreduction upon Immobilization on Carbon Materials

In a comparative study of the electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction, cobalt meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (CoTPP) is used as a model molecular catalyst under both homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions. In the former case, employing N,N-dimethylformamide as solvent, CoTPP performs poorly as an electrocatalyst giving low product selectivity in a slow reaction at a high overpotential. However, upon straightforward immobilization of CoTPP onto carbon nanotubes, a remarkable enhancement of the electrocatalytic abilities is seen with CO₂ becoming selectively reduced to CO (>90 %) at a low overpotential in aqueous medium. This effect is ascribed to the particular environment created by the aqueous medium at the catalytic site of the immobilized catalyst that facilitates the adsorption and further reaction of CO₂. This work highlights the significance of assessing an immobilized molecular catalyst from more than homogeneous measurements alone.     

Efficient fixation of CO2 at mild conditions by a Cr-conjugated microporous polymer

We reported a bifunctional material, Cr-salen implanted conjugated microporous polymer (Cr-CMP), which is able to capture excellent CO₂ amounts and has a remarkable catalytic activity towards the cycloaddition reaction of CO₂ to epoxides forming cyclic carbonates at mild conditions without additional solvents. This heterogeneous Cr-CMP catalyst has a superior catalytic activity to its related homogeneous catalyst and can be reused more than ten times without a significant decrease in catalytic activity.     

Support-Free Pd3Co NCs as an Efficient Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst for New Organic Transformations of C−C Coupling Reactions

A support-free heterogeneous Pd₃Co nanostructured composite (NC), synthesized through a hydrothermal route, acted as an effective catalytic system in multivariate Heck-, Sonogashira-, and Suzuki-type coupling reactions of iodonium ylides. The XPS analysis of the bimetallic Pd₃Co NCs confirmed the elemental composition as 75 % palladium and 25 % cobalt. Furthermore, high-resolution (HR) TEM analysis confirmed the spherical morphology of the Pd₃Co bimetallic nanoparticles. The average diameter of the NCs is 14.8 nm. The coupling reaction proceeded through the generation of α-iodoenones with simultaneous migration of the phenyl group, thereby giving a scaffold with higher atom economy. The heterogeneous Pd₃Co NCs were recycled and reused without any significant change in catalytic ability for up to five reaction cycles. The high concentration of Pd and association of cobalt into the lattice of palladium appears to enhance its catalytic ability for the diverse coupling reactions in comparison with its monometallic counterparts as well as with bimetallic NCs with a comparatively lesser amount of Pd.     

基于两性离子型季铵盐-KI的温度控制自分离离子液体(IL)催化体系用于二氧化碳固定反应（英文）

随着在世界各国工业化进程不断加快,人类对煤、石油、天然气等化石燃料的需求越来越大,既加速了能源短缺,又排放了大量CO_2.CO_2又成为分布最广、价格便宜和储量丰富的碳资源.人类除了努力做到CO_2减排,又可将其转化为能源、材料和各种化工产品.CO_2与环氧化合物发生偶联反应生成环碳酸酯,具有原子经济性,符合绿色化学的观点,是最有前景的方法之一.CO_2可以与三元环氧化合物发生偶联反应生成五元环状碳酸酯,它是当今合成环碳酸酯比较成熟的方法.已经被设计合成并应用的高效催化体系有离子液体催化剂、金属盐或氧化物催化剂、有机催化剂、希夫碱金属配合物催化剂以及大环金属配合物催化剂等等,但最有效的催化剂还是均相催化剂,其最大的缺点在于催化剂和产物分离困难.既有均相催化剂高的催化活性,又能像多相催化剂易于分离,是人们设计新催化剂的目标.本文设计合成了一系列含有不同烷基链长度的两性离子型季铵盐(ZTQAs),可以与KI协同催化CO_2与环氧化合物偶联反应.随着烷基链的增长,ZTQAs在碳酸丙烯酯中表现出温度调控的自分离特性.通过X射线光电子能谱和量子化学计算证实,ZTQAs与KI之间存在明显的相互作用,从而增强了碘离子的亲核能力.当反应条件为125 ℃,CO_2压力1.5 MPa以及1mol%催化剂用量下,DTPS/KI催化剂取得了良好的收率(95.1%).并且该催化剂可以从催化系统中自发的析出,因而既表现出均相催化剂的高活性,又可以像非均相催化剂那样循环使用.该催化剂催化各种环氧化合物与CO_2偶联反应中均显示出良好的催化性能     

助剂对NiMgAl催化剂的结构和甲烷二氧化碳重整反应性能的影响(英文)

向担载镍基催化剂NiMgAl中添加助剂(Co,Ir或Pt)制备了三种助剂促进型催化剂,通过氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR),CO2/CH4程序升温表面反应(CO2/CH4-TPSR)和CO2程序升温脱附(CO2-TPD)等方法对催化剂进行表征.助剂对催化剂性能的影响通过甲烷干重整实验进行评价.添加少量的Pt或Ir助剂可以降低Ni活性组分的还原温度和提高反应性能.添加助剂的样品与原始NiMgAl催化剂相比能够降低反应的活化能,添加Co或Ir助剂的催化剂与NiMgAl催化剂相比活化能有了明显的降低.NiMgAl催化剂的活化能为51.8 kJ·mol-1,添加Pt助剂的NiPtMgAl催化剂活化能降至26.4 kJ·mol-1.NiMgAl催化剂中添加Pt助剂制备的催化剂具有较好的催化活性和较低的活化能.CH4-TPSR和CO2-TPSR结果表明添加Pt助剂可以在更低的温度下(与NiMgAl催化剂相比)提高CH4的活化能力,并在催化剂表面形成更多的碳物种.CO2-TPD结果显示,添加助剂的催化剂与NiMgAl样品相比在反应温度区间内增加了CO2的吸附/脱附量.     

Nanoporous phenanthroline polymer locked Pd as highly efficient catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling reaction at room temperature

Because of the intrinsic advantages, Suzuki coupling reactions have been one of the most popular coupling reactions in organic synthesis, however developing a high-performance heterogeneous catalyst for Suzuki coupling reactions in aqueous media at low temperature (e.g. room temperature) is still a challenge. Herein, a heterogeneous catalyst with coordinated Pd as active site and a designed conjugated phenanthroline based porous polymer (CPP) as support was fabricated. Systematically investigation on CPP support by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherm and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show that the derived CPP catalyst support owns a porous structure, moderately good surface area (141 m²/g) and an excellent thermal stability. As a heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of biphenyl derivatives via Suzuki coupling, Pd/CPP achieves an excellent catalytic performance and recycling ability towards Suzuki reaction of various reactants at room temperature in ethanol-water medium.     

Titanocene dichloride/KI: an efficient catalytic system for synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO2

Titanocene dichloride (Cp₂TiCl₂)/KI was developed to be an efficient catalytic system for the cycloaddition of CO₂ to epoxides to synthesize relevant cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO₂. Various influencing factors on the coupling reaction, such as co‐catalyst, temperature, CO₂ pressure and reaction time, were investigated. The optimal reaction conditions were KI as co‐catalyst, 150 °C reaction temperature, 12 atm CO₂ pressure and 4 h reaction time using THF as solvent for the synthesis of propylene carbonate in 98% yield. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Efficient and Recyclable Cobalt(II)/Ionic Liquid Catalytic System for CO2 Conversion to Prepare 2‐Oxazolinones at Atmospheric Pressure

Converting CO₂ into value‐added chemicals represents a promising way to alleviate the CO₂ derived environmental issues, for which the development of catalysts with high efficiency and recyclability is very desirable. Herein, the catalytic system by combining cobalt source and ionic liquid (IL) has been developed as the efficacious and recyclable catalyst for the carboxylative cyclization of propargylic amine and CO₂ to prepare 2‐oxazolinones. In this protocol, various propargylic amines were successfully transformed into the corresponding 2‐oxazolinones with CoBr₂ and diethylimidazolium acetate ([EEIM][OAc]) as the catalyst under atmospheric CO₂ pressure. It is worth noting that the turnover number (TON) of this transformation can be up to 1740, presumably being attributed to the cooperative effect of the cobalt and IL. Furthermore, the existence of IL enables the catalytic system to be easily recycled to 10 times without losing its activity.     

Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction of aryl and heterocyclic bromides and aromatic polybromides on a Pd(II)‐hydrotalcite catalyst

The Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction of various bromine‐containing substrates and phenylboronic acid in toluene at 90 °C on a Pd(AcO)₂Py₂ catalyst supported on an Mg? Al hydrotalcite, using K₂CO₃ as the base, was studied. The conversion and selectivity results obtained for many of the substrates were excellent and similar to those provided by more active or even homogeneous catalysts. The reactions of aryl polybromides and phenylboronic acid gave the corresponding polyaromatic compounds in variable yields depending on the particular substrate. Arylation occurred in a consecutive manner by substitution of the different Br atoms. ICP‐MS measurements of the palladium content of the catalyst performed prior to and after the reaction revealed that part of the metal is incorporated into the bulk solution; therefore, the catalytic process is not purely heterogeneous. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New insights into the palladium-catalysed synthesis of δ-lactones from 1,3-dienes and carbon dioxide

Two-coordinate Pd(0) complexes are shown to be important intermediates in the telomerization of 1,3-dienes and CO₂ using palladium/phosphine catalysts without additives. Only one phosphorus atom is bound to palladium during the C–C bond forming steps, but the second phosphorus atom is crucial in the early stages of the catalytic cycle and for the elimination of the product. A ligand that gave an active palladium catalyst for the coupling of 1,3-butadiene and CO₂ has been designed. Use of a palladium catalyst in the reaction of isoprene with CO₂ allowed for the first time isolation and NMR spectroscopic characterization of the resulting mixture of lactones.     

CoFe2O4@SiO2@ Co (III) salen complex nanoparticle as a green and efficient magnetic nanocatalyst for the oxidation of benzyl alcohols by molecular O2

In the presence of cobalt (III) salen complex, selective oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds was studied by molecular oxygen using isobutyraldehyde as an oxygen acceptor. The effect of cobalt (III) salen complex in the oxidation reaction was studied, and the results showed that Co (III) salen complex is very active and selective in the oxidation of various alcohols. Also, the effect of important factors including catalyst amount, solvent and temperature was investigated on the reaction. Furthermore, the catalytic activities of CoFe₂O₄@SiO₂‐supported Schiff base metal complex as well as the effect of molecular oxygen (O₂) as a green oxidant were studied. The results showed that benzaldehyde was the major product and the heterogeneous catalyst was highly reusable.     

Efficient DMF‐Catalyzed Coupling of Epoxides with CO2 under Solvent‐Free Conditions to Afford Cyclic Carbonates

To develop a simple, low‐molecule, and cost‐effective organocatalyst for the coupling of epoxides with CO₂, we have screened this coupling reaction in different organic solvents and found that DMF is an efficient organic catalyst for the coupling of epoxides with CO₂ to give cyclic carbonates in high yield. In some cases, the catalytic activity of DMF can be significantly increased by the addition of catalytic amount of H₂O.     

碳球为模板水热合成Mg-Co复合氧化物及其催化分解N2O

用自制的碳球为模板剂,尿素为沉淀剂,120℃水热合成尖晶石型Mg-Co复合氧化物（MgCo₂O₄）,在其表面浸渍K₂CO₃溶液制得K改性催化剂,用于催化分解N₂O。用X射线衍射（XRD）、N₂物理吸附-脱附、扫描电镜（SEM）、H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、O₂程序升温脱附（O₂-TPD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等技术对催化剂进行结构表征,考察了钴镁离子/碳球的质量比、尿素/钴镁离子的物质的量比等制备参数对催化剂活性的影响。结果表明,钴镁离子/碳球的质量比为0.192、尿素/钴镁离子的物质的量比为2,制得的MgCo₂O₄催化剂活性较高。K改性MgCo₂O₄催化剂在400℃有氧无水、有氧有水条件下连续反应50 h,N₂O转化率分别保持在91%和62%,稳定性较好。     

A Pyridinium-Pyridinium Zinc(II) Porphyrin Ion Porous Organic Polymer as Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Cycloaddition of Epoxides with CO2

A zinc(II)porphyrin-based ion porous organic polymer (ZnTPyPBr₄-iPOP) is successfully synthesized from newly designed pyridinium-functionalized cationic Zn-porphyrin monomer (ZnTPyPBr₄) by free radical self-polymerization, and is employed as an efficient bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst for CO₂ cycloaddition reaction with epoxides. The ZnTPyPBr₄-iPOP exhibits excellent catalytic performance and good substrate expansion in CO₂ cycloaddition reaction under solvent-free and cocatalyst-free conditions with a TOF as high as 15,500 h⁻¹ for the cycloaddition of CO₂ and epichlorohydrin. The synergistic effect of zinc(II)porphyrin as the Lewis acidic site and the Br⁻ anion as the nucleophile in ZnTPyPBr₄-iPOP responds to the high catalytic activity. Moreover, ZnTPyPBr₄-iPOP can easily be recovered and reused at least seven times without the loss of activity. This work provides a valuable approach for the synthesis of novel and efficient heterogeneous catalyst for CO₂ cycloaddition.     

Iron pincer complex and its graphene oxide composite as catalysts for Suzuki coupling reaction

We report the synthesis of Fe-NCN pincer complex as homogenous catalyst and its composite by immobilizing the complex on amino functionalized graphene oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst for Suzuki coupling reactions. Both the complex and the composite were employed in catalyzing the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction between the aryl halide and phenyl boronic acid in acetonitrile solvent media with Cs₂CO₃ as a base. Effect of substitution over aryl halide was also investigated. Immobilization of the pincer complex had advantageous recovery and reuse of the catalyst as compared to its homogenous analog with no significant decrease in the catalytic efficiency.     

An efficient heterogeneous cross‐coupling of aryl iodides with diphenylphosphine catalyzed by copper (I) immobilized in MCM‐41

The heterogeneous cross‐coupling reaction of aryl iodides with diphenylphosphine was achieved in toluene at 115 °C in the presence of 10 mol% of phenanthroline‐functionalized MCM‐41‐supported copper (I) complex (Phen‐MCM‐41‐CuI) with Cs₂CO₃ as base, yielding various unsymmetric triarylphosphines in good to excellent yields. This protocol can tolerate a wide range of functional groups and does not need the use of expensive additives or harsh reaction conditions. This heterogeneous Cu (I) catalyst exhibited the same catalytic activity as homogeneous CuI/Phen system, and could easily be recovered by a simple filtration of the reaction solution and recycled up to seven times without significant loss of activity.