高氯酸铵热分解机理的密度泛函理论研究

深入理解高氯酸铵的热分解机理,对于优化固体推进剂配方设计十分重要.我们采用对称破缺密度泛函方法(BS-UB3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)),对高氯酸铵的热分解机理进行了系统的梳理和深入研究.首先,高氯酸铵通过质子转移,生成HClO₄和NH₃,从吸附态进入气相.进而高氯酸的Cl—OH键均裂,生成羟基自由基·OH和三氧化氯自由基·ClO₃,它们优先和NH3反应,生成·NH₂.·NH₂和HClO₄反应生成·ClO₄自由基,进而和NH₃反应生成H₂NO,再被自由基物种拔H生成NO. NO和·OH反应生成NO₂,和·NH₂及·OH反应生成N₂O.这些产物与诸多实验观测结果一致.     

煤炭解耦燃烧过程N迁移与转化Ⅲ:多组分气相化学反应实验

在理想平推流反应器中进行了模拟热解气对模拟烟气中NO、N₂O的还原实验研究,考察了反应温度、过剩空气系数,模拟热解气中CH₄、CO、H₂、NH₃入口浓度与模拟烟气中NO、N₂O入口浓度对NO、N₂O与总氮转化率的影响。结果表明,向NH₃添加可燃气体CO、H₂、CH₄可使NO还原窗口向低温方向移动150~200 K,该温度窗口为1 073~1 223 K;但NH₃-CO-H₂-CH₄-O₂体系对NO、N₂O的还原分解作用依赖于体系的O₂浓度,仅在富燃料情形(过剩空气系数λ为0.6)下可分别达60.6%、100%的NO、N₂O脱除率;在反应温度1 073~1 223 K及过剩空气系数λ为0.6条件下,较高的热解气CH₄、CO、H₂浓度可增加NO排放,但有利于还原N₂O;增加NH₃入口浓度可增加NO分解率。     

煤炭解耦燃烧过程N迁移与转化Ⅱ:单组分气相化学反应实验

在理想平推流反应器中进行了模拟热解气对模拟烟气中NO、N₂O的还原实验研究,考察了反应温度、过剩空气系数λ、热解气中CH₄、CO、H₂、NH₃浓度、烟气中NO、N₂O浓度变化对NO、N₂O出口浓度的影响。实验结果表明,当模拟热解气仅含其中一种气体时,在反应温度973~1 223 K时热解气中CH₄、CO、H₂基本不与NO发生反应,当λ小于或等于1.0时可降低N₂O浓度0%~30%;热解气中NH₃可降低NO 10%~60%,但NH₃不与N₂O发生反应。     

LaMnAl11O19催化剂上生物质气化气燃烧中NH3-NOx的转化特性

采用共沉淀法制备了LaMnAl₁₁O₁₉六铝酸盐催化剂,采用XRD、BET和XPS对样品结构进行了表征,并通过模拟生物质气化气的燃烧实验和NH₃单独氧化实验,分别考察了催化燃烧和均相燃烧过程中NH₃的转化特性。利用原位漫反射红外光谱（in-situ DRIFT）法在线研究了NH₃在催化剂表面的吸附和氧化信息。结果表明,焙烧后催化剂形成磁铅石（MP）结构的六铝酸盐晶体,且具有较大的比表面积,Mn以+2、+3价形式存在晶体中。均相燃烧下模拟气中的NH₃在500℃开始反应,随之就有NO生成。催化燃烧工况下NH₃氧化曲线和模拟气中NH₃的转化曲线相差不大,NH₃的起燃温度为310℃,反应后随之就有NO生成,NO在350℃~800℃保持一个较高的浓度。NO₂的生成温度较高,并仅在较窄的温度区间内出现,在整个燃烧过程中仅检测到几个10^-6的N₂O,反应过程中有40%以上的NH₃转化成NO。DRIFT结果表明,催化剂作用下NH₃的转化遵循 -NH反应机理,即催化剂表面吸附的NH₃分解产生 -NH,-NH与氧原子（O）反应生成HNO,再进一步反应生成N₂或N₂O,或是 -NH直接与氧分子（O₂）反应生成NO。     

O2/CO2气氛下CO2和H2O气化反应对煤及煤焦燃烧特性的影响

利用热天平对比研究了大同煤及煤焦在O₂/N₂、O₂/CO₂和O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的燃烧行为,探讨CO₂和H₂O气化反应对其富氧燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,在5%氧气浓度下,煤粉在O₂/N₂、O₂/CO₂和O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的燃烧速率按顺序依次降低。氧气浓度降低到2%,由于CO₂和H₂O气化反应的作用,煤粉在高温区的整体反应速率按顺序依次增大。当氧气浓度为5%时,煤焦在O₂/CO₂中的燃烧速率要低于O₂/N₂中的燃烧速率,但燃烧反应推迟后气化反应的参与使得煤焦在O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的整体反应速率显著升高。当氧气浓度降低到2%后,随着温度的升高,在CO₂气化反应的作用下,煤焦在O₂/CO₂中的整体反应速率逐渐高于O₂/N₂中的燃烧速率。在O₂/H₂O/CO₂中,由于H₂O在共气化中起主要作用,煤焦在O₂/H₂O/CO₂高温区的整体反应速率进一步升高。动力学分析表明,在5%氧浓度时,煤焦在O₂/N₂、O₂/CO₂和O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的表观活化能依次升高。随着氧气浓度的降低,在不同反应气氛中的表观活化能均有所下降。     

H2O对Cu+/S2O82-/γ-Al2O3催化剂合成碳酸二甲酯性能的影响

反应温度120℃、压力3.0 MPa的条件下,考察了H₂O对浆态床DMC合成催化剂Cu⁺/S₂O₈^2-/γ-Al₂O₃活性的影响。结果表明,外界H₂O的引入加剧了催化剂的失活速率。对引入H₂O后回收催化剂进行了元素分析、XRD、DTG、Py-FT-IR和NH₃-TPD等表征,结果表明,H₂O的引入加速了催化剂中活性组分Cu的流失速率,生成更多没有催化甲醇氧化羰基化活性的Cu₂(OH)₃Cl晶体,加剧了催化剂的失活。     

WO3的引入对MnOx-Fe2O3催化剂上NH3-SCR反应中N2选择性的促进作用

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同含量钨修饰的MnO_x-Fe₂O₃催化剂,重点考察WO₃的引入对NH₃-SCR反应中N₂选择性的影响,通过XRD、BET、XPS、H₂-TPR、Raman和In situ DRIFTS等手段对催化剂的物理化学性质进行表征。结果表明,钨的引入显著提高NH₃-SCR的N₂选择性,当WO₃质量分数为15%时,具有最佳的NH₃-SCR催化性能,且在50-250℃条件下N₂O浓度始终低于0.003%。这主要是由于适量WO₃的引入,导致催化剂物相由α-Fe₂O₃向γ-Fe₂O₃转变,并与锰相互作用形成新的无定型MnWO₄,获得较大的比表面积;使得Mn⁴⁺/（Mn³⁺+Mn⁴⁺）比例减少但Fe²⁺及表面化学吸附氧（O_α）含量增加,从而降低催化剂氧化性;增强催化剂表面的Lewis酸性位点的含量及强度,增强NH₃的吸附,促进了SCR反应,同时抑制了NO₂深度氧化形成硝酸盐物种,降低硝酸盐物种还原产生的副产物N₂O含量,从而显著提高WO₃-MnO_x-Fe₂O₃催化剂在NH₃-SCR中的N₂选择性。     

理论空燃比天然气汽车尾气中H2O和O2对CH4与NO反应的影响

共沉淀法制备CeZrYLa+LaAl 复合氧化物载体, 等体积浸渍法制备了Pt 催化剂, 用于研究理论空燃比天然气汽车(NGVs)尾气净化反应中CH₄与NO的反应规律. 并考察了10% (体积分数, φ)H₂O和计量比O₂对CO₂存在时的CH₄+NO反应的影响. 结果表明: 对于不同条件下的NO+CH₄反应, 主要生成N₂和CO₂, 高温区有CO生成. 低温区无O₂时可以生成N₂O, 有O₂时可以生成NO₂; 添加10% (φ)的H₂O后, CH₄ 转化活性降低, NO转化活性基本不变, 这是由于H₂O减弱了CH₄与CO₂的重整反应, 但是对CH₄与NO的反应基本没有影响; 添加计量比的O₂后, CH₄转化活性提高, 而NO转化活性降低, 这是由于O₂和NO之间存在竞争吸附, CH₄被O₂氧化为主要反应, 从而减弱了NO的转化; 同时添加计量比的O₂和10% (φ) H₂O, CH₄与CO₂的重整反应受到抑制,CH₄与NO的反应、甲烷蒸汽重整反应和甲烷被O₂氧化反应同时发生, CH₄和NO的转化活性均提高.     

CuO-CeO2-MnOx/γ-Al2O3催化剂选择性催化还原NO

利用溶胶凝胶法制备CuO-CeO₂-MnO_x/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂颗粒,在固定床上测试其催化脱硝活性。CuO-CeO₂-MnO_x/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂在250℃～400℃脱硝效率保持在90%以上。活性组分氧化铈负载量的增多提高了催化剂在低温区脱硝活性。同时利用程序升温方法研究了催化剂对NH₃和NO的氧化性能,随着温度升高NH₃被过度氧化生成了NO和N₂O。催化剂能将NO氧化生成NO₂,但转化程度较低。脱附实验表明,NH₃和NO在催化剂表面存在明显的吸附现象。较少的NH₃吸附量和NH₃过度氧化是高温下脱硝效率降低的主要原因。暂态实验显示,NH₃以吸附态参与反应,而NO以气态或弱吸附态参与反应。     

基于反应力场分子模拟的乙烯燃烧自由基与氮气相互作用研究

采用反应力场分子动力学(ReaxFF-MD)方法, 模拟了富燃料条件下乙烯在空气中的燃烧以及燃烧产生的自由基与氮气的相互作用. 采用ReacNetGenerator程序提取反应网络, 结合自编后处理程序确定反应网络上的相关反应, 分析了乙烯燃烧的反应路径, 以及自由基与N₂的相关反应和NO的生成路径. 结果表明, 乙烯燃烧路径与已报道的通过乙烯燃烧反应机理模拟得到的燃烧路径一致, 说明用ReaxFF-MD方法模拟乙烯高温燃烧有效而可靠; 乙烯在富燃料条件下燃烧产生的CH, C₂H, C₂, C₂O自由基是瞬发型NO生成的重要反应物. 这些自由基与N₂的反应和NO的生成路径, 为构建乙烯和大分子碳氢燃料燃烧氮氧化物排放的反应机理提供了重要参考.     

Measurements of thermal energy neon ion—neutral reaction rate coefficients and product ion distributions

Reaction rate coefficients and product ion distributions have been measured for the reaction of Ne⁺ with H₂, N₂, CO, CO₂, N₂O, CH₄, O₂, NO, NH₃, SO₂, CH₃Cl, COS, H₂O and C₂H₄ at 300 K using a selected ion flow tube (SIFT) apparatus. In most cases the major reaction channel involves dissociative ionization while for N₂, CO⁺, H₂O, CH₄ and CH₃Cl these reactions proceed mainly or exclusively by simple charge transfer. For H₂ the process is exclusively hydrogen atom abstraction. The measured rate coefficients are compared with the values given by the Langevin and average-dipole orientation theories of ion—molecule collisions. In general the reaction probability (ratio of measured rate to the Langevin or ADO rate) is greater for the dissociative ionizaton reactions, although H₂O is an exception with quite fast simple charge transfer.     

Electron beam treatment of lignite-burning flue gas with high concentrations of sulfur dioxide and water

Experiments were carried out to investigate the removals of SO₂ and NO_x from simulated lignite-burning flue gas containing SO₂ (4800 ppm), NO (320 ppm) and H₂O (22%) by electron beam irradiation. Removal efficiencies of SO₂ and NO_x were achieved to reach 97 and 88% at 70°C, and 74 and 85% at 80°C, respectively, with the dose of 10.3 kGy without NH₃ leakage. The higher removal efficiencies of SO₂ and NO_x were observed in simulated lignite-burning flue gas than in coal-fired flue gas containing 800 ppm of SO₂, 225 ppm of NO and 7.5% H₂O at the same treatment condition. The higher removal efficiencies were attributed to the higher concentrations of SO₂, H₂O, and added NH₃. Simulation calculations indicated that the higher concentrations of these components enhance the effective radical reactions to oxidize NO to form NO₂ with HO₂ radical, and to oxidize SO₂ to form SO₃ with OH radical and O₂. The reactions of NO_x with N and NH₂ radicals to produce N₂ and N₂O also promote the NO_x removal. By-product was determined to be the mixture of (NH₄)₂SO₄ and NH₄NO₃ containing a small amount of H₂SO₄.     

The multichannel reaction NH2 + NH2 at ambient temperature and low pressures

NH₂ profiles were measured in a discharge flow reactor at ambient temperature by monitoring reactants and products with an electron impact mass spectrometer. At the low pressures used (0.7 and 1.0 mbar) the gas-phase self-reaction is dominated by a ‘bimolecular’ H₂-eliminating exit channel with a rate coefficient of k_3b(300 K) = (1.3 ± 0.5) × 10⁻¹² cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹ and leading to N₂H₂ + H₂ or NNH₂ + H₂. Although the wall loss for NH₂ radicals is relatively small (k_w ≈ 6–14 s⁻¹), the contribution to the overall NH₂ decay is important due to the relatively slow gas-phase reaction. The heterogeneous reaction yields N₂H₄ molecules.     

THE ACTION MODE OF CISPLATIN ON DNA-SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF N7 N1 CROSS-LINKAGE MODEL COMPOUND OF PLATINUM AND GUANOSINE

The title Pt-Guo compound was synthesized and isolated by the reaction between cis-[Pt(NH3)2(H2O)2](NO3)2 and guanosine of mol ratio1:1 in a neutral aqueous solution followed by careful purification with partial crystalization and recrystallizatlon from water at 0℃.The compound was characterized by elemental analysis,molecular weight determination,DTA,and C NMR spectroscopy and its formulawas found to be [8(GuoH-1)7 (OH)2] (NO3)7 8H2O.The isolation of the compound provides direct evidence for the intrastrand cross-linkage between cisplatin and DNA through N7,N1 atoms of two adjacent guanines.     

Mechanism of the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with NH3 over W-Doped Fe/TiO2 Catalyst

The W-doped Fe/TiO2 catalyst prepared by an impregnation method exhibited a good NH3-selective cata- lytic reduction（SCR） activity and N2 selectivity with broad operation temperature window. The interaction between Fe and W could increase the amount of surface chemisorbed oxygen, and thus enhances the low temperature SCR activity by facilitating the fast SCR of 2NH3＋NO＋NO2 →2N2＋3H2O. The NH3-SCR reaction mechanism over the W-Fe/TiO2 was fully investigated via in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy（in situ DRIFTS）. In the low temperature range（〈250 ℃）, the reactive surface species were mainly coordinated NH3, ionic NH~ and adsorbed NO2 species, and the SCR mainly followed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism, during which the adsorbed NO2 species became the important active sites. In the high temperature range（〉250 ℃）, the reactive surface species were mainly NH2, and the SCR mainly followed the Eley-Rideal mechanism, during which the for- mation of NH2NO intermediate species after H-abstraction of NH3 was the rate-determining step.     

Structural Characterizations of Spherical Octadecavanadates Encapsulating Na+, K+ or I- and Ellipsoidal Octadecamolybdate Encapsulating two Anions of SO42-

Polyoxoanions of tungsten, molybdenum, and vanadium have been the subject of interest since their wide variety of compositions, structures, and properties give rise to numerous important applications^[1]. From the NH₄VO₃/Na₂S_x (or (NH₄)₂S_x) reaction system we synthesized several spherical octadecavanadates with Na⁺,K⁺, NH₄⁺ or I encapsulated using hydrothermal method. These complexes include (NH₄)₁₁[V₁₈O₄₂(Na)]·(H₂O)₂₀ 1; (NH₄)₁₁[V₁₈O₄₂(K)]·(H₂O)₆, 2; (NH₄)₁₀(Na)[V₁₈O₄₂(Na)]·(H₂O)₂₆, 3; (NH₄)₁₁[V₁₈O₄₂(NH4]·(H₂O)₂₀, 4; and (NH₄)₂₀(I)₇[V₁₈O₄₂(I)]·(H₂O)₁₂, 5, in which the structures of 1, 2, 3, and 5 have been determined by X-ray analyses. In the analogous reaction system of (NH₄)₂MoS₄/(NH₄)₂S_x, we also obtained one ellipsoidal octadecamolybdate, (NH₄)₄[Mo₁₈O₅₄(2SO₄)]·(H₂O)₄, 6 with a standard Wells-Dawson structure^[2]. The Ortep drawings of the two kinds of structures are viewed as follows.     

钛纳米管负载锰催化剂的低温选择性催化还原脱硝性能

采用水热法合成了钛纳米管（TiNT）,以400℃焙烧后得到的TiO₂纳米管为载体,采用浸渍法制备了MnO_x/TiNT催化剂,用于低温NH₃选择性催化还原脱NO反应（SCR）。BET、TEM、XRD及TG测试表明,经过400℃焙烧之后的钛纳米管主要成分为锐钛矿型TiO₂,所制备的催化剂活性组分分散性较好。在模拟烟气条件下,考察了锰负载量、空速、O₂含量、氨氮比及进口NO浓度对MnO_x/TiNT的SCR催化性能的影响。在150℃、\[NH₃\]/\[NO\]比为1.2、O₂浓度为3%、NO浓度为0.06%、空速GHSV为23613.8h^-1、Mn的负载量为5%~15%的条件下,NO的转化率达到95%以上。反应气氛中单独通入水会造成催化剂的活性下降;切断H₂O,催化剂的活性可以恢复至初始水平。温度越高,催化剂抗水性能越好,而且水存在情况下的抗硫性能优于其单独抗硫性能。再次切断H₂O和SO₂,催化剂的活性逐渐上升,但不能恢复到初始水平。