Forming and Gathering of SnO2 Nanoparticles on External Surface of High Silica TON, MFI and FAU Type Zeolites

Tin dioxide （SnO2） nano-particles were prepared on high silica TON, MFI and FAU type zeolites by impregnation of SnC12 solution and subsequent calcination at 873 K. XRD and SAED were used to characterize the crystalline phase, and TEM was used to characterize the morphology, the particle size and the agglomerative state of the formed nano-materials. The nano-particles, which possess 8 nm, 10-80 nm and 6 nm in size, were found to form on the outer surface of TON, MFI and FAU zeolites, respectively. SnO2 microcapsules and SnOz netlike nanostructure were obtained by decomposition of SnO2-TON and SnO2-MFI in 40% hydrofluoric acid at room temperature. Compared with the nano-particles formed on NaY zeolite, the special morphology and the agglomerative state of SnO2 nanostructures on TON and MFI type zeolites with one and two dimension channel system indicate that the heterogeneous framework, surface structure and property perform important function for forming and growing SnO2 nanostructure on the outer surface of the zeolites.     

干法合成纯硅丝光沸石

在Ｎａ２Ｏ－ＳｉＯ２－ＥＡ体系中利用干法首次成功地合成了纯硅丝光沸石，采用ＸＲＤ，ＳＥＭ及ＩＲ等仪器分析方法对产物的结构，形貌，红外有架振动及稳定性等进行了表征。实验结果表明，干法合成的纯硅丝光沸石具有良好的耐酸性；与水热体系合成的丝光沸石相比，干法得到的丝光沸石的晶胞体积出现较明显的收缩趋势。     

FeZSM—5催化剂上乙苯脱氢反应机理研究—瞬态应答法

采用快速动态法制备了具有MFI结构的硅铁沸石分子筛,研究了该分子筛上乙苯脱氢反应的瞬变行为.结合表面吸附态的红外、顺磁结果发现,苯乙烯通过化学活性吸附的乙苯脱氢形成.通过这个模型可满意地解释瞬态曲线和稳态下的动力学行为.     

在（TPA）2O—Na2O—SiO2—H2O系统中MFI型硅沸石的结晶行为（I）：结…

以四丙基溴化铵作模板剂，以白炭黑（Ｉ）、硅溶胶（Ⅱ）和水玻璃（Ⅲ）为不同硅源在１４０￣１８０℃合成ＭＦＩ型硅沸石。反应物配比相同，其结晶动力学曲线有明显差异。从它们的成核诱导期及生长速度计算出各体系硅沸石晶核形成活化能与生长活化能，在体系（Ｉ）中为４６／７６ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ，体系（Ⅱ）中为４１／４３ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ，体系（Ⅲ）中为３８／７９ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ。产物结晶粒径的大小由各体系成核活化能与生长活化能的差     

天然沸石及其在三废治理方面的应用

本文简单介绍了天然沸石矿物的基本物理化学性能及其在环境保护中的应用。     

HL/HW复合沸石对烃类催化裂化催化剂性能的影响

将不同HW沸石含量(以W及L沸石的XRD特定峰强度Iw/IL值表示HW沸石在HL/HW复合沸石中的含量)的HL/HW复合沸石与REUSY沸石按相同比例复配后作为烃类催化裂化催化剂的活性组分,采用标准轻油微反方法对催化剂进行了活性评价(MAT),考察了不同HW含量的HL/HW复合沸石对催化剂活性、反应产物分布、汽油产品辛烷值及催化剂上积炭的影响.结果表明,当,Iw/IL值在0～0.12变化时,MAT指数和汽油收率逐渐上升,比积炭逐渐减少,气体收率先减后增;当Iw/IL值大于0.12时,MAT指数、气体收率和汽油收率均下降,比积炭总体呈增加趋势;当Iw/IL值为0.12时,评价的综合指标达到最佳,与不加HL及HW沸石的参比样品相比,汽油产品的芳烃含量和辛烷值分别提高了9.85%和3.01%,烯烃含量下降了1.30%.     

二氧化锡纳米粒子在高硅TON，MFI和FAU型沸石外表面的形成和聚集

将高硅TON, MFI和FAU沸石分别浸渍于SnCl₂溶液，再于873 K温度下焙烧，在高硅TON,MFI和FAU沸石外表面制备出二氧化锡纳米粒子。用XRD和SAED表征生成物的物相，TEM表征形成二氧化锡纳米粒子的形貌、尺寸和聚集状态。结果显示：在TON, MFI和FAU沸石外表面形成二氧化锡纳米粒子的尺寸分别在8 nm, 10-80 nm和6 nm。在室温下用40%的氢氟酸分解SnO₂-TON和SnO₂-MFI分别得到二氧化锡微胶囊和网状的二氧化锡纳米结构。同在NaY沸石表面形成的纳米二氧化锡比较，在具有一维孔道体系的TON沸石和二维孔道体系的MFI沸石外表面形成的纳米二氧化锡的形貌与聚集状态都不相同，这表明沸石的骨架类型、表面结构与特性在沸石外表面形成二氧化锡纳米结构时起重要作用。     

β沸石合成与表征的研究进展

β沸石由Mobil公司的Wadlinger等［‘j于1967年首次合成,由于长期未能解决其结构测定问题,加之ZSM系列沸石的合成和成功应用,因此未能引起人们的足够重视,直至1988年揭示了其特有的三维结构特征,尸沸石重又引起人们的兴趣．它具有良好的热和水热稳定性、适度的酸性D‘和酸稳定性及疏水性,且是唯一具有交叉十二元环通道体系的高硅沸石,其催化应用表现出烃类反应不易结焦和使用寿命长的特点,在烃类裂解、异构化、烷烃芳构化、烷基化以及烷基转移反应等方面,表现出优异的催化性能,是十分重要的催化材料．1尸沸石表征1．1卢沸石的…     

高硅无铝Mo-Beta沸石的合成与结构表征

用水热晶化法合成了无铝Mo-Beta沸石,讨论了合成条件对无铝Mo-Beta沸石晶化的影响,通过化学分析、XRD、IR、DTA/TGA、TEM、NMR、ICP和UV-Vis紫外漫反射光谱测定了样品的n(SiO₂)/n(MoO₃)比,并对其结构进行了表征,结果表明,所合成的Mo-Beta沸石晶粒均匀,Mo存在于沸石骨架中,由于Mo的掺入,引起Beta沸石红外光谱、差热分析曲线及晶胞参数, ²⁹SiMASNMR谱等发生变化。     

我国一些天然沸石矿样的物化性能

本文用XRD、IR、DTA及ESR等方法研究了我国7种天然沸石矿样的结构、品位、酸性及其杂质组份与色泽的关系。这些矿样大都是丝光沸石与斜发沸石相伴而生。但其相对含量不一。此外,还有一种纯度很高的高岭土矿。它在常温下具有化学吸附空气中氧分子的能力。     

Sn-promoting mechanism for ketone hydrogenation over Rh/SiO2

Hydrogenation of acetophenone, 2-butanone, styrene and 1-hexene over Rh---Sn/SiO₂ in heterogeneous liquid phase reaction systems was studied by in situ EXAFS, FT-IR, TEM, analytical TEM, CO and H₂ adsorption measurements. The catalytic activity of Rh/SiO₂ for hydrogenation of acetophenone and 2-butanone increased by a factor of 5–500 by Sn addition, showing a maximum activity at surface composition Sn_s/Rh_s = 1.5, whereas hydrogenation of styrene and 1-hexene decreased monotonously and drastically by Sn addition. In situ Sn K-edge EXAFS of the well characterized CVD-Rh---Sn/SiO₂ catalyst prepared by using Sn(CH₃)₄ vapor suggested that oxygen of C=O group makes a bond with Sn atom upon acetophenone adsorption.     

Rhodium phosphine complexes immobilized on silica as active catalysts for 1-hexene hydroformylation and arene hydrogenation

In immobilizing the rhodium complexes [Rh(acac)(CO)(P)] (1) and [Rh(acac)(P)₂] (2) (P = Ph₂PCH₂CH₂Si(OMe)₃) onto SiO₂, acetylacetone is found to be released through protonation of the acac ligand by the acidic silica-OH groups. The resulting complexes [Rh(O-{SiO₂}(HO-{SiO₂})(CO)(P-{SiO₂})] (1a) and [Rh(O-{SiO₂})(HO-{SiO₂})(P-{SiO₂})₂] (2a) were successfully tested with respect to their catalytic action on 1-hexene hydroformylation as well as benzene and toluene hydrogenation. The reaction outcome, viz. the formation of aldehydes versus isomerization, depends strongly on the presence and concentration of a phosphine co-catalyst. Thus, while 1a gave only a 17% yield of aldehyde in the absence of phosphines, the yield is increased to 54% in the presence of phosphinated silica P-{SiO₂} or even 94% if PPh₃ is added to the solution. Without extra added phosphine, both 1a and 2a effect mainly the isomerization of 1-hexene to 2-hexene. Pre-catalyst 1a catalyzes also the hydrogenation of benzene at 10.5 atm H₂ and 90 °C to give cyclohexane with a TOF of 608 h⁻¹.     

Unique hydrogenation activity of supported tin catalyst: Selective hydrogenation catalyst for unsaturated aldehydes

Selective hydrogenation of unsaturated aldehydes, crotonaldehyde (CH₃CH=CHCH=O) and cinnamaldehyde (C₆H₅CH=CHCH=O), has been studied over SiO₂-supported monometallic Sn and bimetallic Rh---Sn catalysts in the liquid phase. Over a silica-supported monometallic Rh catalyst, Rh/SiO₂, no unsaturated alcohol (crotyl alcohol or cinnamyl alcohol) was formed, whereas considerable amounts of the corresponding saturated aldehyde and saturated alcohol were obtained. The selectivity to the unsaturated alcohol was improved over the Rh---Sn bimetallic catalyst. The selectivity to the corresponding unsaturated alcohol attained ca. 65% over the Rh---Sn bimetallic catalysts. On the other hand, The supported Sn catalyst showed markedly high selectivity to the unsaturated alcohols. The selectivity of the Sn/SiO₂, attained 95% to crotyl alcohol and 100% to cinnamyl alcohol, respectively. Although the conversion of each unsaturated aldehyde over Rh---Sn/SiO₂ catalysts was greater than that over Sn/SiO₂ catalysts, the selectivity of Sn/SiO₂ catalysts to the corresponding unsaturated alcohols was superior to that over Rh---Sn/SiO₂. The selectivity of Sn/SiO₂ was also compared with that of Rh---Sn/SiO₂ at a similar conversion of the unsaturated aldehydes. The selectivity of Sn/SiO₂ was significantly greater than that of the Rh---Sn bimetallic catalyst. These results indicate that the high selectivity over Sn/SiO₂ was ascribed not to low conversion but to intrinsic selectivity of the Sn catalyst.     

A Pd@Zeolite Catalyst for Nitroarene Hydrogenation with High Product Selectivity by Sterically Controlled Adsorption in the Zeolite Micropores

The adsorption of molecules on metal nanoparticles can be sterically controlled through the use of zeolite crystals, which enhances the product selectivity in hydrogenations of reactants with more than one reducible group. Key to this success was the fixation of Pd nanoparticles inside Beta zeolite crystals to form a defined structure (Pd@Beta). In the hydrogenation of substituted nitroarenes with multiple reducible groups as a model reaction, the Pd@Beta catalyst exhibited superior selectivity for hydrogenation of the nitro group, outperforming both conventional Pd nanoparticles supported on zeolite crystals and a commercial Pd/C catalyst. The extraordinary selectivity of Pd@Beta was attributed to the sterically selective adsorption of the nitroarenes on the Pd nanoparticles controlled by the zeolite micropores, as elucidated by competitive adsorption and adsorbate displacement tests. Importantly, this strategy is general and was extended to the synthesis of selective Pt and Ru catalysts by fixation inside Beta and mordenite zeolites.     

Rhodium complexes with dioximes as catalysts of hydroformylation and hydrogenation of 1-hexene

Rhodium(II) complexes with dioximes [Rh(Hdmg)₂(PPh₃)]₂ [I] (Hdmg=monoanion of dimethylglyoxime) and [Rh(Hdmg)(ClZndmg)(PPh₃)]₂ [II] catalyse hydroformylation and hydrogenation reactions of 1-hexene at 1 MPa CO/H₂ and 0.5 MPa H₂ at 353 K, respectively. Hydroformylation with complex [I] produces 94% of aldehydes (n/iso=2.2) and 6% 2-hexene whereas the second catalyst [II] gives ca. 40% of aldehydes (n/iso=2.1) and 60% of 2-hexene. Corresponding Rh(III) complexes are inactive in hydroformylation except of RhH(Hdmg)₂(PPh₃) [III], which shows activity similar to [I]. Complexes [Rh(Hdmg)₂(PPh₃)]₂ [I], [Rh(Hdmg)(ClZndmg)(PPh₃)]₂ [II], RhH(Hdmg)₂(PPh₃) [III] and [Rh(Hdmg)₂(PPh₃)₂]ClO₄ [V] catalyse 1-hexene hydrogenation with an average TON ca. 18 cycles/mol [Rh]×min. Complex [II] has also been found to catalyse hydrogenation of cyclohexene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene and styrene.     

Rh-Mn-Li/SiO2催化剂上CO加氢制C2含氧化合物:载体硅烷化程度的影响

以三甲基氯硅烷为硅烷化试剂,对硅胶进行不同程度硅烷化预处理,采用浸渍法制备了其负载的Rh-Mn-Li催化剂,用于CO加氢制C₂含氧化合物的反应,并运用红外光谱、N₂吸附-脱附法、C含量测定、透射电镜、H₂程序升温还原和程序升温表面反应等手段对载体和催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,制得的不同硅烷化程度硅胶织构性质变化不大,它们负载的催化剂上Rh平均粒径均在3nm左右,硅烷化对催化剂吸附CO的形态和Rh的还原性能的影响均很小,但随着载体硅烷化程度的提高,催化剂上Rh解离CO的能力增加,因而其活性逐渐增加,且不影响C₂含氧化合物的选择性。     

制备方法对Ni2P/SiO2催化剂结构及萘加氢性能的影响

采用程序升温还原法和次磷酸盐歧化法制备了Ni_2P/SiO_2催化剂,结合现代仪器分析表征技术,研究了制备方法对Ni_2P/SiO_2催化剂结构和萘加氢性能的影响。结果表明,两种方法均可制备出仅含Ni_2P活性相的Ni_2P/SiO_2催化剂,在反应温度340℃、氢气压力4 MPa、空速为20.8 h~(-1)下,程序升温还原法制备的Ni_2P/SiO_2催化剂表现出更高的萘加氢活性,这主要是因为程序还原法制备的Ni_2P/SiO_2催化剂中有更多Ni_2P物种生成,提供了较多的活性位点(CO吸附量21.6μmol/g);且催化剂表面弱酸位点多,有利于芳烃吸附。当选用程序升温还原法制备Ni_2P/SiO_2催化剂时,在保证生成纯相Ni_2P的前提下,较低的Ni/P比更有利于合成高加氢活性的Ni_2P/SiO_2催化剂。     

改性SiO2对铁基催化剂H2、CO吸附及加氢性能的影响

采用溶胶凝胶方法通过掺杂修饰剂M（M=Mn、Zn、Zr、Sr）制备出改性SiO₂载体,再用浸渍法将Fe元素负载于该载体上制成系列催化剂。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、氮气物理吸附-脱附、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等手段表征了催化剂的织构性质、晶相组成和电子性质。利用程序升温手段研究了催化剂的H₂还原吸附性质和CO加氢性能。借助动力学分析方法研究了催化剂与H之间的相互作用。结果表明,少量掺杂的修饰剂对催化剂的Fe物相组成以及表面Fe物种电子状态基本没有影响,但降低了催化剂的比表面积以及活性相分散度,削弱了对H₂的吸附能力,降低催化剂的H₂脱附活化能。Zn、Zr的掺杂抑制了催化剂的还原,而Mn、Sr的掺杂却促进催化剂的还原。Mn、Zn、Zr的掺杂抑制催化剂表面CO的解离吸附,Sr则促进CO的解离吸附,Mn、Zn、Zr、Sr均促进低温区间C-C耦合和加氢反应,其中,Mn、Zr促进加氢的作用更显著。     

不同载体对负载型Cu-Fe催化剂CO加氢反应性能的影响

以不同的氧化物为载体,采用共浸渍法制备了一系列负载型的Cu-Fe催化剂Cu-Fe/MO_x(MO_x=ZnO、ZrO₂、TiO₂、SiO₂、MgO、Al₂O₃),并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、N₂吸附(N₂-adsorption)、程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)和一氧化碳程序升温脱附(CO-TPD)技术对催化剂进行了表征。在温度为250℃、压力为3 MPa和原料气空速为6 000 mL/(g·h)的反应条件下,在连续流动微型固定床反应装置上考察了其催化CO加氢合成低碳醇的反应性能。结果表明,与其他氧化物为载体的催化剂相比,Cu-Fe/SiO₂催化剂表面CuO的分散度较高,在较低的温度下容易被还原,具有较强的CO吸附能力,从而同时具有较高的活性和低碳醇选择性。     

Study of an iron-based Fischer–Tropsch synthesis catalyst incorporated with SiO2

The effect of adding SiO₂ to a precipitated iron-based Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalyst was investigated using N₂ physical adsorption, H₂ differential thermogravimetric analysis, temperature-programmed reduction/desorption (TPR/TPD) and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The FTS performances of the catalysts with or without SiO₂ were compared in a fixed bed reactor. The characterization results indicated that SiO₂ facilitates the high dispersion of Fe₂O₃ and significantly influences the Fe/Cu and Fe/K contacts, which play an important role in the surface basicity, reduction and carburization behaviors, as well as the FTS performances. The incorporation of SiO₂ enhances the Fe/Cu contact, further enlarges the H₂ adsorption and promotes the reduction of Fe₂O₃ → FeO_x, while the transformation of FeO_x → Fe is suppressed probably due to the strong Fe–SiO₂ interaction. SiO₂ indirectly weakens the surface basicity and severely suppresses the carburization and CO adsorption of the catalyst. In the FTS reaction, it was found that SiO₂ decreases the FTS initial activity but improves the catalyst stability. Due to the lower surface basicity than the catalyst without SiO₂, the catalyst incorporated with SiO₂ has higher selectivity to light hydrocarbons and methane and decreased selectivity to the olefins and heavy hydrocarbons.