AlOOH在一氧化碳加氢反应中结构与性能的研究

采用沉淀水热法,通过调变水热过程中水与凝胶的质量比制备了不同的AlOOH,将其与工业甲醇催化剂C302混合形成复合催化剂,考察复合催化剂对一氧化碳加氢的影响,同时运用XRD、FT-IR、BET、NH_3-TPD-M S、TG-DTG和H_2-TPR等技术对不同AlOOH进行了表征。结果表明,水热过程中水与凝胶的质量比对AlOOH择优取向晶面、孔结构、表面酸强度等存在明显影响,进而导致复合催化剂产物中出现分布不同的低碳醇或二甲醚。其中,当水和凝胶的质量比为2∶1时,AlOOH的(020)和(120)晶面择优取向,孔容增大,且其表面具有适宜的强弱酸比例中心,复合催化剂呈现出较高的低碳醇选择性,表明AlOOH具有碳链增长的作用,这为合成气制取低碳醇催化剂提供了新的思路。     

聚乙二醇介质对浆态床合成气制乙醇催化性能的影响

采用不同分子量的聚乙二醇(400、600、800和1 000)作为浆态床反应介质,工业甲醇合成催化剂C302作为催化剂进行一氧化碳加氢反应,运用XRD、H_2-TPR、NH_3-TPD-MS、BET、XPS等方法对催化剂进行表征,考察催化剂C302在不同浆态床反应介质中进行一氧化碳加氢反应后其结构及性能的变化.结果表明浆态床反应介质对催化剂性能的发挥具有显著的影响,以聚乙二醇作为浆态床反应介质,C302用于一氧化碳加氢反应时产物中均出现了乙醇,同时催化剂表现出良好的稳定性.其中以聚乙二醇600作为浆态床反应介质时,反应后催化剂C302中Cu晶粒尺寸降低,存在两种形态的Cu2O且两者数量匹配,同时其弱酸中心增多,表面Zn富集,这些为催化剂高选择性合成乙醇提供了适宜结构,活性评价显示乙醇选择性达到25.21%.     

Cu-MFI催化剂上Cuδ+催化乙醇脱氢制乙醛(英文)

作为一种清洁的可再生能源产品,乙醇可用于制造乙醛、丙烯、正丁醇、1,3-丁二烯和芳香烃等高值化学品.对于大多数的乙醇催化转化过程,第一步是乙醇脱氢生成乙醛,因而该反应具有重要的研究意义和应用价值.铜基催化剂因在乙醇脱氢反应中具有高活性和高选择性,受到广泛关注与研究.然而,由于催化剂上铜配位结构较为复杂,价态多变,催化剂的关键活性位点目前仍难以确定.此外,铜的Tamman温度较低,在反应条件下因铜活性位容易烧结或团聚而导致催化剂失活,因此需要进一步提升铜催化剂的稳定性.构筑具有明确结构和高稳定性的铜基催化剂是获得高性能乙醇脱氢反应的关键,也是深入认识该反应中催化剂结构与性能构效关系的前提.本文首先采用蒸氨法制备了一系列的Cu-MFI催化剂,再通过酸处理将催化剂上不稳定的CuO_x物种除去,留下与MFI载体强相互作用的Cu物种.通过优选Cu负载量和优化反应条件,发现在250°C和WHSV=0.64 h^-1的反应条件,在最佳催化剂5%Cu-MFI-de Cu上实现了95%的乙醛选择性和约87%的乙醇转化率,且可稳定运行120 h.系统表征(氢气程序升...     

Cr/MgO催化剂上乙腈和甲醇选择性合成丙烯腈的研究

用浸渍法制备了系列MgO负载过渡金属氧化物催化剂，比较了这些催化剂的催化性能，详细考察了Cr／MgO催化剂的活性组份含量、焙烧温度及反应温度等因素对乙腈和甲醇选择性合成丙烯腈的影响。结果表明，对于Cr／MgO催化剂，当负载量3％时催化性能最佳，过高的负载量对生成丙烯腈的选择性影响不大，但乙腈转化率呈下降趋势，焙烧温度对生成丙烯腈选择性的影响不大，但经600℃焙烧的催化剂乙腈转化率最高，随着反应温度提高，乙腈转化率提高，而生成丙烯腈选择性400℃左右出现最高值，CO2-TPD表明，催化剂强吸附碱中心越多，越有利于乙腈和甲醇选择性合成丙烯腈反应，Cr／MgO催化剂中引入Na2O后，提高了乙腈的转化率，而生成丙烯腈的选择性降低。     

甲醇与一氧化碳合成甲酸甲酯反应机理的理论研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)研究了甲醇与一氧化碳的微观反应机理. 在B3LYP/6-311＋＋G(d,p)水平上优化了反应物、过渡态及产物的几何构型, 并通过振动分析和内禀反应坐标方法(IRC)分别确认了过渡态的结构与反应途径. 在CCSD/6-311＋＋G(d,p)水平上进行能量校正, 并根据计算的势能面探讨了CH₃OH＋CO反应机理. 结果表明, CH₃OH＋CO反应体系有三个可能的反应通道, 产物分别为甲酸甲酯、乙酸、羟基乙醛. 在无催化条件下, 计算得到生成甲酸甲酯、乙酸和羟基乙醛的反应活化能分别是364.715, 460.775和611.402 kJ•mol^－1, 生成甲酸甲酯和羟基乙醛的反应为吸热反应, 而生成乙酸的反应为放热反应.     

贵金属对 NM/WO3-ZrO2 (NM = Ru, Rh 和 Pd) 催化乙烯直接氧化制乙酸反应的影响

 研究了负载 Ru, Rh 和 Pd 的 WO3-ZrO2 催化剂在乙烯直接氧化制乙酸反应中的催化性能. 结果显示, 负载的贵金属对催化剂的催化性能有非常重要的影响. Rh/WO3-ZrO2 催化剂具有最高的乙烯转化率, 而 Ru/WO3-ZrO2 催化剂对反应几乎没有活性. H2 化学吸附结果显示, 高的催化性能来源于高的金属分散度. Pd/WO3-ZrO2 催化剂显示了最高的乙酸选择性 (75%), 而其它两个催化剂的乙酸选择性都非常低 (~10%). 程序升温氧化和程序升温还原结果显示, 贵金属–O 键的键强对产物的选择性具有重要的影响. 弱的贵金属–O 键可以通过将氧插入到乙烯和/或乙醛中而有利于乙酸的生成, 而强的贵金属–O 键会导致乙烯完全氧化为 COx.     

完全液相法制备CuZnAl催化剂中Si含量对二甲醚直接合成性能的影响

在完全液相法制备工艺中,考察不同Si含量对浆状CuZnAl催化剂上合成气直接制备二甲醚性能的影响。其中,SA0.5催化剂(Si/Al=0.5)显示了最优异的催化性能,CO转化率为63.31%,二甲醚选择性为72.96%,在反应480 h过程中催化剂催化性能稳定。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和氮气吸附-脱附表征发现,Si的引入促进了催化剂Cu物种颗粒的分散及比表面积的增大,提高了CO转化率。此外,氢气程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征揭示了Cu物种与催化剂其他组分(Si物种)之间存在电子相互作用,抑制了Cu物种还原,催化剂表面富集更多Cu~+物种,有利于甲醇合成,同时有效地抑制了水煤气副反应产物CO_2的生成。再者,SA0.5催化剂表面富集了大量的Al物种(AlOOH),有利于甲醇脱水,促进二甲醚的生成。总之,浆状CuZnAlSi体系中Cu~+和AlOOH协同催化作用,提高了催化剂活性及二甲醚选择性。     

氧化硅负载的固体碱上乙醛的气相缩合反应

在氧化硅负载的含碱金属固体碱催化剂上乙醛能有效地缩合生成丁烯醛及丁烯醇,反应具有中等转化率、较好的选择性(约90％)和稳定性.考察了不同反应条件对催化性能的影响,并对可能的反应活性相进行了探讨.     

光照和加热条件下Pt/TiO_2催化二氧化碳加氢(英文)

浸渍法制备了Pt负载量为0.5 to 2%的Pt/TiO2催化剂,考察它们在光照和加热条件下二氧化碳催化加氢性能.结果表明,二氧化碳加氢反应均可在Pt/TiO2的催化下进行,但在不同反应条件下加氢反应通过不同方式进行.在加热条件下,二氧化碳可转化为一氧化碳和甲烷,且在低温加热条件下一氧化碳是主产物(CO选择性为100%,250℃,0.5%Pt/TiO2).在1.5%Pt/TiO2催化剂上,当反应温度从250℃升高到450℃时,CH4的选择性由0增加到60.94%.同时,增加Pt的负载量也会导致CH4的选择性的增加.然而,在光照条件下,产物只有甲烷.CO2-TPD结果表明,二氧化碳通过羰基基团与作为吸附中心的Pt相连接.结合催化活性与表征结果,提出在光照条件下,反应可能以二氧化碳和氢气分别被光生电子活化反应生成甲酸中间体,随后经由甲酸加氢和脱水生成甲烷的机理进行.而在加热条件下,反应可能以二氧化碳首先吸附在催化剂表面形成羰基Pt物种,随后加氢生成一氧化碳,一氧化碳继续加氢生成甲烷的机理进行.     

负载型金催化剂催化乙醇选择氧化反应

选择不同氧化物(Al2O3,SiO2,TiO2,MgO)和H-ZSM-5分子筛作为载体,以尿素为沉淀剂,采用沉积-沉淀法制备了一系列负载型金催化剂.采用X射线衍射、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱、程序升温还原、NH3程序升温脱附和透射电镜等技术对催化剂样品进行了表征,并测定了催化剂对乙醇选择氧化反应的催化性能.选择Au/Al2O3催化剂,考察了金负载量、反应条件(温度、压力、时间)和添加剂对乙醇选择氧化反应的影响.结果表明,所制备的Au/Al2O3催化剂的金负载率较高,金粒子较小(3～4 nm)且分布均匀.载体对金催化剂催化乙醇氧化反应有显著影响,主要产物为乙醛、乙酸乙酯和缩醛.以TiO2为载体时,乙醇转化率较高.以Al2O3为载体时,乙酸乙酯选择性较高;少量碱性添加剂可抑制缩醛的生成,并可提高乙醇转化率和乙酸乙酯选择性.在优化的条件下,乙醇转化率可达4.7%,乙酸乙酯选择性可达93.5%.     

Syngas reactions XII. The selective preparation of acetaldehyde,alkanols, esters and acetic acid from synthesis gas

Several classes of commercially important oxygenates, including acetaldehyde, ethanol, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate and acetic acid as well as C₁–C₃ alcohol/acetate ester mixtures, may each be selectivelygenerated from synthesis gas through the application of novel classes of ruthenium-containing bimetallic catalysts particularly those of ruthenium and cobalt (Ru? Co). A particular feature of these versatile catalysts is that all precursors are iodidefree. Products are formed through a combination of carbon monoxide hydrogenation, methanol homologation, methyl acetate homologation and methanol carbonylation reaction sequences.     

UHV Studies of Methanol Decomposition on Mono‐ and Bimetallic CoPd Nanoparticles Supported on Thin Alumina Films

Bimetallic nanoparticles often turn out to be superior to the corresponding monometallic systems with respect to their catalytic properties. To study such effects for the methanol decomposition reaction, model catalysts were prepared by physical vapor deposition of Pd and Co under ultrahigh‐vacuum (UHV) conditions. Monometallic Pd and Co particles as well as CoPd core–shell particles were generated on an epitaxial alumina film grown on NiAl(110). The interaction with methanol is examined by temperature‐programmed desorption of methanol and carbon monoxide and by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The decomposition of methanol proceeds in two reaction pathways independent of the particle composition: complete dehydrogenation towards carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and C? O bond scission yielding carbon deposits. Pd is the most active material studied here. The relative importance of the two channels varies for the different particle systems: on Pd dehydrogenation is preferred, whereas the C? O bond cleavage is more pronounced on Co. The bimetallic clusters show a moderate performance for both pathways. Carbon deposition poisons the model catalysts by blocking the adsorption sites for methoxide, which is the first intermediate product during methanol decomposition. In particular on Co, large amounts of carbon deposits can also be caused by dissociation of the final product of the dehydrogenation pathway, carbon monoxide. A comparison with the results of methanol decomposition on Co, Pd, and CoPd catalysts in continuous‐flow reactors demonstrates that the findings of the present UHV study are relevant for catalytic performance under high‐pressure conditions.     

溶胶凝胶法制备甲醇裂解铜系催化剂

甲醇具有能量密度高、易于储存运输及价格低廉等优点,以甲醇作为氢气载体裂解制H2,可以解决氢气难以储存运输的困难。用于该反应的催化剂较多,铜系催化剂以其价格便宜、毒性小等特点而受到研究者的广泛关注。但是该催化剂在低温下活性不高。本文用溶胶一凝胶法制备技术研制了一系列加助剂的铜系催化剂,进行热重和TPR表征,讨论其在甲醇裂解制氢模型反应中的应用。     

辉光放电等离子体对合成甲醇用铜基催化剂的改性作用

以辉光放电等离子体方法制备了新型高效铜基催化剂, 应用XRD、SEM、H2-TPR、BET、H2-TPD、CO-TPD技术以及对CO加氢合成甲醇反应进行研究, 分析了在氮气、氢气或先氮气后氢气等方式的不同气氛中进行等离子体处理对铜基催化剂的结构和性能的影响. 结果表明, 催化剂前体经等离子体改性处理后, 样品的比表面积增大, 活性中心数增加; 当等离子体气氛为先氮气后氢气时, 催化剂上的CO加氢活性和甲醇的时空产率显著提高.     

Hydroesterification reactions with palladium-complexed PAMAM dendrimers immobilized on silica

Highly active, recyclable catalytic systems for the hydroesterification reaction of olefins with methanol and carbon monoxide were prepared by complexing various palladium species to generation zero through four PAMAM dendrimers immobilized on silica. The silica-dendrimer-Pd(PPh2)2 complexes were the most facile recyclable catalysts and could be recycled four to six times by filtration under air. These catalysts show selectivity for the linear reaction product.     

New Catalytic Functions of Pd and Pt Catalysts for Hydrogenolysis of Methyl Formate

The catalytic performance of supported Pd and Pt catalysts for the title reaction was greatly improved upon the formation of Pd and Pt alloys. Over Pd and Pt alloys, methyl formate was selectively hydrogenolyzed to methanol, while over metallic Pd and Pt, it was decarbonylated to methanol and carbon monoxide. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The influence of strongly reducing conditions on strong metal-support interactions in Cu/ZnO catalysts used for methanol synthesis

A systematic series of binary and ternary copper catalysts was investigated using the methanol synthesis reaction at atmospheric pressure. Strong metal-support interactions between copper and zinc oxide induced by strongly reducing conditions were probed by the adsorption of carbon monoxide, which was monitored qualitatively and quantitatively by a combination of microcalorimetry, temperature-programmed desorption experiments and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. For the zinc oxide-containing catalysts, the pretreatment in flowing carbon monoxide at 493 K resulted in a severe decoration of the copper metal particles with ZnOx adspecies, whereas after methanol synthesis at 493 K the state of the copper was essentially identical to that seen after hydrogen reduction. Copper was always found to be present in its zero-valent state.     

Thermal degradation of bromine containing polymers—Part 4: Mechanisms of decomposition of copolymers of 2-bromoethyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate and blends of the homopolymers

The principal products of degradation of copolymers of 2-bromoethyl methacrylate (2BEM) and methyl acrylate (MA) and of blends of the two homopolymers are the two monomers, methyl bromide, 1,2-dibromoethane, methanol, acetaldehyde, methyl methacrylate, carbon dioxide, 2-bromoethanol and chain fragments. There are also a number of minor products including carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane. Possible mechanisms of formation of these compounds are suggested and discussed in the light of the experimental evidence and an integrated reaction sequence has been drawn up.     

Synthesis and properties of alternating copolymers of carbon monoxide with 5-vinyl-2-norbornene

The alternating cooligomers of carbon monoxide and 5-vinyl-2-norbornene have been first synthesized in the presence of catalysts based on palladium complexes containing N^N and P^P ligands. It has been shown that the insertion of carbon monoxide proceeds for the most part via a C(2)-C(3) bond of the norbornene ring. The degree of involvement of both olefinic bonds of diene in alternating copolymerization is decreased when the reaction is carried out in a protic solvent (methanol). The structure of terminal groups of the copolymers depends on the nature of a bidentate ligand and acid.     

铜系催化剂上甲醇蒸气转化制氢过程的原位红外研究

 用原位红外光谱法跟踪研究了不同条件下铜系催化剂上甲醇蒸气转化制氢反应的初始开车过程．结果表明，反应过程中二氧化碳不是在一氧化碳之后产生的．可以推断，铜系催化剂上的甲醇蒸气转化制氢过程不是先进行甲醇分解为一氧化碳和氢气，然后一氧化碳和水蒸气发生变换反应生成二氧化碳和氢气．甲醇蒸气转化反应的主要过程是甲醇和水直接生成二氧化碳和氢气．