Protein Loading Capacity and Textural Properties of Column Packings in Reversed-Phase HPLC

Abstract

The relationship between the textural properties (pore size, pore volume and surface area) of reversed-phase silica gel packings for HPLC and the dynamic loading capacity of large biomolecules was studied by using silica gels manufactured by similar processes. Several silica gels whose unbonded pore diameters range from 100 to 250 A and whose pore volumes range from 1.0 to 1.4 ml/g have been prepared and characterized. The bonded phase is monomeric C18. The textural properties of the bonded silica gels are also presented and related to the properties of the unbonded silica gels.

Chromatographic evaluation with typical proteins in an underload-to-overload condition was performed in order to relate the influence of textural properties of silica gel to loading capacity and resolution. The packings with larger pore size and pore volume produced better column performance and higher loading of proteins.     

Liquid chromatography of macromolecules at the critical adsorption point. II. Role of column packing: Bare silica gel

Liquid chromatography of macromolecules at the critical adsorption point (LC CAP) presents a potentially very powerful method for molecular characterization of complex polymers. However, LC CAP applicability is limited due to various experimental problems. The pore sizes and surface chemistry of the column packings belong to the most important weak points of the method. The LC CAP behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate)s was investigated using bare silica gels of 6, 12, and 100 nm pore sizes and with various amounts of surface silanols. Tetrahydrofuran as the adsorption suppressing liquid and toluene as the adsorption promoting liquid were mixed to form the “nearly critical” eluents. Both pore size and surface chemistry of silica were found to strongly influence the retentive characteristics of the system in the critical adsorption area. Macromolecules that were large enough to be excluded from the packing pores hardly followed the LC CAP rules: their retention volumes changed irregularly with the polymer molar mass and their recovery dropped sharply. The narrow pore silica gel-packed column governed the elution patterns of the whole column set composed of silica gels with different pore sizes. This makes the conventional LC CAP characterization of common polymers with broader molar mass distribution impractical and even not feasible. A hybrid column system was proposed containing narrow pore nonadsorptive column added in series to the meso- and macroporous LC CAP silica gels. This narrow pore column would allow separation of gas, impurities, and system peaks from the polymer peaks. The possible successive changes of the surface of silica gel, e.g., due to formation of silanols by hydrolysis or due to irreversible adsorption of some admixtures from the sample or eluent may make the LC CAP irrepeatable. Pronounced peak broadening was observed in the critical adsorption area and this effect increased strongly with the polymer molar mass. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1363–1371, 1998     

锆基色谱填料的制备方法和物理化学性质

氧化锆基质色谱填料适合于碱性物质,特别是生物大分子的分离,因而具有良好的应用前景。它的制备方法对其物理化学性质有很大的影响,从而影响填料的色谱性能。该文对氧化锆微球的制备方法及其物理化学性质进行了综述。分析表明,目前氧化锆基质色谱填料的制备方法存在着难以克服的缺点,要制备理想的锆基色谱填料需要新的思路。     

凝胶渗透色谱多孔硅胶吸附问题的研究

本文以端基为羟基的聚二甲基硅氧烷为测试样品,甲苯为淋洗液,研究了凝胶色谱柱填料多孔硅胶的表面羟基含量等与吸附效应的关系。说明采用对硅胶进行表面处理和在淋洗液中加入吸附抑制剂的方法,不能避免吸附。建议采用端基封闭剂(如三甲基氯硅烷)处理聚合物的活性端基——羟基的方法,解决吸附问题。     

硅胶表面结构的热稳定性研究

本文研究了热处理(200-1100℃)对自制的一种硅胶的表面结构的影响;测定了BET比表面(低温氮气吸附法)、孔体积、乙醇的吸附-脱附等温线,计算了孔径分布,求得了最可几Kelvin半径。结果表明,杂质的存在明显地降低硅胶的热稳定性。在发生熔结以前,孔径分布基本不变,当发生熔结时,孔半径显著减小。红外光谱的测定表明,随着热处理温度的升高,硅胶表面缔合羟基(～3500cm^-1)迅速减少,在～800°时已去除殆尽,而自由羟基(～3720cm^-1)减少缓慢,在1100℃时才迅速消失。X-射线衍射图表明,发生熔结后的硅胶显示有β-鳞石英的衍射峰,说明出现了有序晶相。对上述实验结果,文中作了初步的解释。     

尺寸排除色谱扩展因子的分子量依赖性与填料的孔洞表面结构

用聚苯乙烯标样作为探针,对多种SEC柱的分离和扩展效应作同时的校准,扩展因子随探针分子量的增加而增大,增大的幅度与SEC填料的孔洞表面结构有关。大孔径多孔硅球的比表面积较低,孔洞表面比较平滑,溶质分子在孔洞中运动时阻碍粳少,高分子量聚苯乙烯(M?10~6)的扩展因子只比低分子量(M?10~3)的大2—3倍。交联聚苯乙烯型凝胶的比表面积较大,表面比较粗糙,高分子量探针的扩展因子要比低分子量的高出几十倍,显示溶质分子在孔洞中运动所受阻碍较大。后一现象可用有机交联凝胶永久性孔洞的骨架表面具有自由链端得到说明。     

Influence of the pore structure on the properties of silica based reversed phase packings for LC

This paper describes the preparation and investigation of new, highly loaded, monomeric, silica based, reversed phase C18 and C30 packings. The influence of pore structure and endcapping on the properties of C18 and C30 packings is described. Using hydrothermal procedures, silicas with predictable pore size (9.3-25.5 nm) and surface area have been prepared. Silylation with long chain silanes substantially alters the pore structure of the silica: pore size and pore volume decrease. A new parameter, the volumetric surface coverage [mm3 x m(-2)] has been introduced. This parameter--calculated from on-column measured porosity data--indicates the pore volume portion occupied by the hydrocarbon chains. Endcapping does not significantly change the pore structure of the bonded phases. The reduced retentions (reduced with respect to unit area: [k/m2])--a good measure for comparing the retention behaviour of packings with different surface areas--are similar for most of the phases, demonstrating good accessibility of the pores for the solutes. Slightly lower retentions were found on the endcapped than on the non-endcapped phases for probes with dense pi-electron system (e.g. polyaromatic hydrocarbons) demonstrating the contribution of silanophilic interactions to the retention. The phases had been successfully used for various demanding separations, e.g. for the separation of flavonoids, carotenoids, resveratrol, and tocopherol isomers, fullerenes, and anions.     

Pore Structure Simulation of Gels with a Binary Monomer Size Distribution

The pore size distribution in silica gels can be tailored by the addition of silica soot particles during the gel formation. We introduce a numerical model in order to simulate the structure of this “composite gel”. The algorithm is based on Diffusion-Limited Cluster-Cluster Aggregation model with an initial binary distribution of monomer sizes. The textural properties of the simulated gels are calculated using a simple triangulation method. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption experiments show that with the powder addition the mean pore size is shifted towards larger pore size and the specific surface area decreases. Numerical results of the mean pore size, specific surface area, and particles are in good agreement with experimental data. Because of these textural properties this new type of gels and aerogels has larger permeability and interesting properties as host matrix. The composite gels and the numerical model could also be helpful to simulate the natural allophanic gel found in volcanic soils.     

凝胶法制备条件对载体硅胶孔结构的影响

以水玻璃、硫酸为原料采用凝胶法制备了烯烃环氧化催化剂载体硅胶,为探讨制备条件对硅胶孔结构的影响,采用物理吸附仪对不同条件下制备的硅胶进行了表征,结果表明:溶胶pH值、老化温度和老化时间、氨水pH值对硅胶孔结构影响显著,当溶胶pH值为1.5,在80℃下用pH 10.5的氨水浸泡老化凝胶2 h,所得硅胶的比表面积在300 m2.g-1左右,孔径和孔容分别在9.71 nm和0.92 cm3.g-1以上,以此硅胶为载体制得的非均相催化剂Ti/SiO2对于氯丙烯和环己基过氧化氢的环氧化反应具有明显的催化活性。     

高效液相色谱快速分离生物大分子的大孔硅质固定相的研制及应用

介绍了不同孔径的大孔硅胶基质的制备、二醇固定相的合成及其对蛋白质的色谱分离；考察了焙烧温度对硅胶孔隙度的影响；探讨了流动相中盐浓度和ｐＨ对蛋白质保留时间、柱效、分离度的影响以及硅胶孔径对键合密度和分离性能的影响。该种大孔固定相相对于常规多孔固定相具有小的比表面积、柱容量低、从而有利于生物大分子的微量分离分析。     

A detailed discussion of the influence of the amount of deposited polymer on the retention properties of polymer-coated silicas

Problems of the modification of the surface of micro-spherical silica gel with layers of polymer and the influence of the quantity of the coated polymer on the chromatographic properties of the resulting sorbents have been considered. The polymer modification of the surface of wide-pore micro-spherical silica gel obtained by means of hydrothermal treatment of the meso-porous silica gel under autoclave conditions is described. The polymer layer itself is formed by an octadecylmethacrylate-methylmethacrylate co-polymer. As a result, packings for RP-HPLC were obtained. An increase of the capacity factor (k) has been observed with an increase of the quantity of the polymer deposited during the polymer modification process. The indicated phenomenon depends on the increase of the number of C18 groups in the packing.     

吸附剂的物理结构和表面性质的研究——酸处理对硅胶孔结构和吸附性能的影响

测定了样品的孔结构参数和水蒸气吸附性能。试验表明:用pH3.00酸化的自来水洗涤酸性水凝胶可制得典型的细孔硅胶;用3mol/L以上的硫酸溶液浸泡酸性水凝胶可制得平均孔半径约为300的特粗孔硅胶。     

Preparation and Characterization of Porous Titania by Modified Sol-Gel Method

Mesoporous titania, especially anatase, is attractive due to its potential applications. A novel method to control pore structure of titania, surfactant- or polymer modification, is proposed. The wet gels and gel films, prepared from Ti(O-nC₄H₉)₄ were dried at 90°C and annealed at 500°C after immersion in surfactant or polymer solutions, and mesoporous anatase was obtained. The pore size, pore volume and specific surface area of the surfactant-modified bulk gels, estimated from N₂ absorption-desorption curves, are more than twice larger than those of the gels without modification. The pore size of the surfactant-modified gel films, observed by SEM, are similar to that of the bulk gels. The pore size obviously depended on the size of micelles. The pore size of the gels modified with hydrophilic polymers hardly increased, but the pore volume and the specific surface area increased.     

Preparation of Mesoporous Titania by Templating with Polymer and Surfactant and its Characterization

Mesoporous titania was obtained by gelation from Ti-alkoxide in alcoholic solutions with addition of polymer and/or surfactant. The structure and surface morphology of the gels were characterized by N₂-adsorption measurements, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The specific surface area and pore volume of the gels can be increased with addition of hydrophilic polymer such as polyethyleneglycol. Surfactants like cetyltrimetylammoniumchloride are effective to control the pore size and to increase the pore volume and surface area. The surface morphology of the gels can be modified by the mixing method with polymer and/or surfactant. The effects of the templating on pore size distribution, pore shape, surface area and crystallization behaviors have been discussed.     

Application of liquid phase deposited titania nanoparticles on silica spheres to phosphopeptide enrichment and high performance liquid chromatography packings

A novel core-shell composite (SiO(2)-nLPD), consisting of micrometer-sized silica spheres as a core and nanometer titania particles as a surface coating, was prepared by liquid phase deposition (LPD). Here, we show the resulting core-shell composite to have better efficient and selective enrichment for mono- and multi-phosphopeptides than commercially available TiO(2) spheres without any enhancer. The material exhibited favorable characteristics for HPLC, which include narrow pore size distribution, high surface area and pore volume. We also show that the core-shell composite can efficiently separate adenosine phosphate compounds due to the Lewis acid-base interaction between titania and phosphate group when used as HPLC packings. After coating the silica sphere with titania by LPD, the silanol of silica spheres will be shielded and that the stationary phase, C(18) bonded SiO(2)-3LPD, could be used under extreme pH condition.     

Characterization of internal surface reversed-phase silica supports for liquid chromatography

Internal surface reversed-phase (ISRP) supports synthesized from commercially available porous silica particles with a variety of nominal pore diameters and specific surface areas are characterized with regard to physical and chromatographic properties. Bonded phase coverage, pore size, capacity and efficiency measurements are made upon the various ISRP supports in order to evaluate the effect that the physical properties of silica have upon the chromatographic performance of ISRP packings. In addition, various models that describe the pore structure of silica supports are discussed.     

Long-Chain Alkylsilane-Modified Porous Silica Beads as GPC Packings

Abstract

A series of silica gels having various molecular weight exclusion limits has been modified by reaction with octadecyltrichlorosilane. Toluene being used as moving phase and hydroxyl-end blocked polydimethylsiloxane as solute, the chromatographic process on these modified silica packings is mainly controlled by size exclusion; an additional absorptive retention can still be observed with the low molecular species. Thus, calibration in this case should be performed using standard samples of the specific polymer to be determined.     

Fabrication and characterization of hexagonal mesoporous silica monolith via post-synthesized hydrothermal process

Large-sized, optical transparent mesostructured Brij 56/silica monolith has been fabricated using a lyotropic liquid crystal of Brij 56 (C₁₆EO₁₀) as a template and TMOS as a silica source, combined with a optimizing sol-gel process and a hydrothermal aging process. By programmed temperature drying and calcinations, translucent mesoporous silica monolith with two-dimensional hexagonal structure (P6mm) has bee obtained. The ordered mesoporous silica monoliths have been characterized by small-angle X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nitrogen adsorption, which shows that the materials have a highly ordered two-dimensional hexagonal mesostructure with the high specific surface area of 837 m² · g⁻¹ and narrow pore distribution with a mean BJH pore diameter of 2.73 nm. Based on calculations and differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analyses, the action mechanism of the hydrothermal aging process has been proposed: the 100°C hydrothermal conditions and autogenous 2.3 atm pressure promote the condensation and dehydration of silanol groups, with the result that cross-linking degree, the flaws and moisture content in gels are reduced notably. Those processes guarantee the integrity of gels in the following drying process.     

Porous silicon oxycarbide glasses from organically modified silica gels of high surface area

High surface area alkyl-substituted silica aerogels and xerogels were successfully prepared by sol-gel processing and supercritical drying. The gels were further heat treated in inert atmosphere to temperatures as high as 1000°C. Surface areas and pore structure of the gels and gels pyrolyzed at high temperatures were determined by multipoint BET surface area measurement. The aerogels and xerogels exhibited surface areas of about 1100 m²/g. No significant effect of pH was found on the surface areas of gels in the two step sol-gel process, but gels of low pH showed smaller pore diameter and higher density. Xerogels showed smaller surface area, pore size, and pore volume compared to aerogels. Upon pyrolyzing in inert atmosphere, the surface areas of all the gels decreased with temperature as a result of collapse of micropores and shrinkage of mesopores. Unlike pure silica gel, which loses almost all surface area and densifies at 1000°C, the advantage of the alkyl-substituted gels is that they maintained a high surface area of 400 m²/g at 1000°C.Also with the Department of Agronomy.     

Effect of non-ionic surface active agents on TEOS-derived sols,gels and materials

The sol-gel process, starting from tetraethylorthosilicate precursor, is a suitable technique for the preparation of silica thin films. The use of specific organic additives, like non ionic surface-active agents, drastically modifies the gelation process and allows the preparation of microporous materials with a high microporous volume. The effects of additives on the sol, gel and material characteristics have been investigated by several methods such as ²⁹Si NMR, QELS, SAXS (for sols and gels), and N₂ adsorption, FESEM (for fired materials). It appears that the interactions of surface active agents with TEOS derived species limit condensation reactions and particle growing. A brittle gel structure is generated which leads to highly porous microporous silica after the elimination of organic chains by thermal treatment at 450°C. The material porous texture (specific surface area, pore size distribution and porous volume) can be varied especially by varying the surface active agent chain length and quantity. This kind of sol-gel system is suitable to prepare microporous silica membranes candidate for gas separation or catalytic reactor applications.