尿中氯硝西泮代谢物7-氨基氯硝西泮的薄层色谱检测法

采用高效薄层色谱法检测尿中氯硝西泮代谢物7－氨基氯硝西泮（7ACLZ），分析物斑点用弗路兰进行荧光显现，灵敏度高，检出限5μg/L，定量下限15μg/L，可以检测人口服2mg氯硝西泮后48h内排泄尿的7ACLZ,适用于麻醉抢劫犯罪案件中药物检测。     

氯硝西泮及其代谢产物7-氨基氯硝西泮的化学合成

以2-氰基-4-硝基苯胺为原料，经氧化偶联、酰胺化、亲核取代反应、分子内Wittig反应、还原反应等过程实现了7-氨基氯硝西泮的化学合成，在反应完成后可以直接过滤淋洗即可得到产物，无需其他纯化，操作简便。      

硝西泮、氯硝西泮甲基衍生物的气相色谱-质谱分析

对硝西泮和氯硝西泮的衍生化条件、色谱及质谱行为进行了研究,确立了猪肉中硝西泮、氯硝西泮残留的GC-MS检测方法.应用5因素4水平的正交试验,最终确定衍生化条件为反应温度60℃、反应时间30 min、丙酮用量0.5 mL、衍生化试剂20μL、催化剂无水碳酸钾20mg,在此条件下可生成较完全的甲基衍生物.衍生物具有较好的气相色谱和电子轰击质谱行为.硝西泮衍生物的分子离子峰为m/z 295,基峰离子为m/z 267,主要碎片离子分别为m/z 206、220、248、294;氯硝西泮衍生物的分子离子峰为m/z 329,基峰离子为m/z 328,主要碎片离子分别为m/z205、220、248、266、294、331,并对这些离子的产生进行了解析.这些离子均具有较强的相对丰度,可作为其微量检测的多离子选择定性和确证,而基峰离子可用于单离子选择定量.用乙腈提取药物,C18固相萃取柱净化,GC-MS分析.本方法采用外标法定量,两种药物的标准曲线线性回归系数均在0.99以上,线性范围20～500 μg/L,回收率80%左右,相对标准偏差6.9%～14.9%,检出限16.7 μg/kg.     

气相色谱电子捕获检测法测定人尿中氟硝西泮的代谢物7-氨基氟硝西泮

采用气相色谱电子捕获检测法测定人尿中氟硝西泮的代谢物 7 氨基氟硝西泮。测定时尿中加入内标 7 氨基硝西泮 ,用β 葡萄糖醛酸苷酶水解及碱性液液萃取 ,再用七氟丁酸酐衍生化。尿中 7 氨基氟硝西泮提取率为 96.8% ;回收率为 98.6± 3 .4% (平均值±SD) ;检出限为 1 .2 μg L ,对口服治疗量氟硝西泮的人尿进行检测 ,可检出服药后 60h尿中的 7 氨基氟硝西泮。     

自动固相萃取/液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血液中氯硝西泮及其代谢产物7-氨基氯硝西泮

建立了血液中氯硝西泮及其代谢产物7-氨基氯硝西泮的自动固相萃取/液相色谱-串联质谱(ASPE/LC-MS/MS)分析方法。样品经C18固相萃取柱提取后,采用LC-MS/MS进行测定,外标法定量。在Waters Atlantis TM d C18反相柱上分离,梯度洗脱,流动相为甲醇和0.1%甲酸水溶液,质谱采集为电喷雾正离子多反应监测模式。2种目标物在2~1 000μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.995 9~0.998 2,检出限为0.2~0.5μg/L;加标水平为50,200,1 000μg/L时,方法的回收率为72.6%~96.3%,相对标准偏差为4.2%~10.3%。本方法可用于法庭与临床的毒物分析。     

特丁基二甲基硅烷衍生化-气相色谱-质谱联用法分析尿中硝西泮的代谢物7-氨基硝西泮

建立了用特丁基二甲基硅烷(TBDMS)衍生化-气相色谱-质谱联用分析尿中硝西泮的主要代谢物7-氨基硝西泮(7ANIZ)的高灵敏方法。方法的样品萃取率为83．6％；线性范围为10～500μg/L；检出限(LOD)为1μg/L;定量限(LOQ)为3μg/L；RSD为3．6％-5．8％，回收率为96．3％-102．6％。对口服10mg硝西泮者96h内所排泄的尿液进行了7ANIZ检测，结果表明：本方法能满足司法鉴定的要求。     

高效薄层法检测尿中氟硝西泮的代谢物7-氨基氟硝西泮

 报道了尿中氟硝西泮代谢物 7 氨基氟硝西泮 (7AFLZ)的高效薄层 (HPTLC)定性分析和半定量分析方法 ,分析物斑点用荧光胺进行荧光显现 ,灵敏度高 ,检测限 (LOD)为 5 μg/L ,测量限 (LOQ)为 15 μg/L。该方法可以检测人口服 1mg氟硝西泮后 48h内排泄尿中的 7AFLZ ,适于麻醉抢劫犯罪案件中的药物检测。     

三甲基硅烷衍生化-气相/质谱联用法分析尿中7-氨基硝西泮

 建立了分析尿中硝西泮主要代谢物 7 氨基硝西泮 (7 ANIZ)的三甲基硅烷衍生化 气相 /质谱联用方法。尿样经乙醚 乙酸乙酯 (体积比为 99∶1 )萃取后 ,用N ,O 双 (三甲基硅 )三氟乙酰胺进行衍生化 ,检测衍生物的总离子流。根据 7 ANIZ衍生物质谱中主要特征离子的相对丰度及其质量的保留时间进行定性分析 ;用 7 氨基氯硝西泮做内标 ,根据衍生物基峰离子的质量进行定量分析。本方法中 7 ANIZ的萃取率为 82 8% ,线性范围为 1 0 μg/L～ 50 0 μg/L,检出限为 1 2 μg/L,定量限为 3 5μg/L。     

4—氯—2—氧代—3（2H）—苯并噻唑乙酸乙酯除草剂及基相关化合物的高效液

报道了4－氯－氧代－3（2H）－苯并噻唑乙酸乙酯除草剂及相关化合物的反相高效液相色谱分析方法,基线分离了4－氯－2－氧代－3（2H）－苯并噻唑乙酸乙酯及相关化合物5个组分,定量测定了4－氯－2氧代－3（2H）－苯并噻唑乙酸乙酯和2－羟基4－氯苯并噻唑,方法的相对标准偏差RSD分别为1．68％和1．03％,平均回收率分别为101．0％和100．2％,检测限分别为10．2ng和4．6ng.     

胶束液相色谱法同时测定血浆中的苯巴比妥、艾司唑仑和氯硝西泮

采用胶束液相色谱法(MLC)分离测定血浆中苯巴比妥、艾司唑仑和氯硝西泮,运用三相平衡理论探讨了流动相中表面活性剂浓度(CM)、氢离子浓度(CH)、助表面活性剂浓度(Cφ)对溶质保留行为的影响,同时运用多元线性回归建立了保留因子的对数(log k)与溶质性质参数和流动相组成之间的相关模型。结果表明,溶质保留因子(k)随CM、Cφ和CH的增加而减小,与理论模型完全一致。而且log k与溶质的疏水性常数的对数(log P)和电离常数(Ka)以及CM、CH和Cφ之间呈现良好的多元线性关系。在确定的色谱条件下,血浆中的3种药物与其他组分之间有较好的分离效果。3种药物的血药浓度分别在2.5～50 mg/L、0.25～5.0 mg/L和0.05～5.0 mg/L间具有良好的线性关系。本方法简便、准确、重现性良好、灵敏度高。3种药物的最低检出限(S/N=3)分别为10.27、1.17、0.867 ng,平均加标回收率范围分别为99.80%～102.9%, 94.00%～98.20%和96.30%～98.70%。     

Simultaneous determination of benzodiazepines and their metabolites in human serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using a high-resolution octadecyl silica column compatible with aqueous compounds

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method using a high-resolution octadecyl silica column compatible with aqueous compounds was developed for the simultaneous determination of benzodiazepines and their metabolites in human serum. This method enabled us to determine multiple benzodiazepines, including flurazepam, bromazepam, chlordiazepoxide, nitrazepam, clonazepam, flunitrazepam, estazolam, clobazam, lorazepam, alprazolam, triazolam, brotizolam, fludiazepam, diazepam, quazepam, prazepam and their metabolites such as 7-aminonitrazepam, 7-aminoclonazepam, 7-acetamidonitrazepam, N-desmethylclobazam and N-desmethyldiazepam. The analytes spiked into human serum were subjected to solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The running time was within 25 min for the measurement of 22 benzodiazepines and their metabolites. The recovery rates exceeded 58.1% for those compounds except for quazepam, which showed a recovery of 45.8%. The limit of detection ranged from 0.3 to 11.4 ng/mL. Linearity was satisfactory for all compounds. These data suggest that the present method can be applicable to routine assay for benzodiazepines in the clinical setting.     

Elimination of 7-aminoclonazepam in urine after a single dose of clonazepam

The objective of this paper was to determine how long after administration of benzodiazepine clonazepam (CLO), its major metabolite 7-aminoclonazepam (7-ACLO) could be detected in urine collected from 10 healthy volunteers who received a single 3-mg dose of Klonopin (clonazepam). Such data would be of great importance to law enforcement agencies trying to determine the best time interval for urine collection from a victim of drug-facilitated sexual assault in order to reveal drug use. A highly sensitive NCI–GC–MS method for the simultaneous quantitation of CLO and its major metabolite 7-ACLO in urine was developed and validated. The following urine samples were collected from each volunteer: one before CLO administration, and 6 h, and 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 14, 21 and 28 days after. All urine samples (1 mL) were extracted following addition of the internal standard (D₅-diazepam) and enzymatic hydrolysis (-glucuronidase) using solid-phase extraction columns. Standard curves for CLO (500–4000 pg mL^–1) and 7-ACLO (50–2000 pg mL^–1) were prepared by spiking aliquots of negative urine. The urine from every subject was still positive for 7-ACLO 14 days after administration of the drug. Eight of the ten volunteers had measurable amounts of the metabolite 21 days after administration. One volunteer was still positive 28 days after administration. Six of the volunteers had urine concentrations of 7-ACLO that peaked at 1 day after administration. One volunteer had the highest concentration of 7-ACLO at 3 days, two volunteers at 5 days, and one at 8 days. The range of concentrations detected was from 73.0 pg mL^–1 to 183.2 ng mL^–1. CLO was not detected in any of the samples.     

Rapid and sensitive determination of two degradation products of flumethrin in honey by ultrasonically assisted extraction and gas chromatography with electron capture detection

A rapid and sensitive method for the determination of 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzaldehyde cyanohydrin (FPBC) and 4-fluoro-3-phenoxy-benzaldehyde (FPB) in honey samples using ultrasonically assisted extraction and gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) has been developed. The different factors affecting the efficiency of the extraction were carefully optimized. The honey sample was extracted with a mixture of hexane and dichloromethane (v/v, 1:1) utilizing the ultrasonically assisted technique and cleaned up by solid-phase extraction on Oasis HLB cartridges. The eluate was evaporated to dryness and residues were reconstituted to 1.0 mL with hexane and determined by GC-ECD. The calibration curves of fortified samples showed acceptable linear response (R(2) >0.99) over a range of 3-100 ng/g for FPBC and FPB in seven replicate determinations of six concentrations, respectively, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a lack-of-fit test was performed to validate the regression data. Overall average recoveries ranged from 90.9 to 106.2% for honey samples. The detection limits were 0.9 ng/g for FPBC and 1.0 ng/g for FPB, respectively. This method can be successfully applied to routine determination of two degradation products of flumethrin in honey samples.     

Application of a novel sol-gel polydimethylsiloxane-poly(vinyl alcohol) solid-phase microextraction fiber for gas chromatographic determination of pesticide residues in herbal infusions

A simple and environmentally friendly methodology for headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) using a new fiber coated with polydimethylsiloxane-poly(vinyl alcohol) (PDMS/PVA) is reported for the trace determination of organochlorine (OCP) and organophosphorus (OPP) pesticides in herbal infusions of Passiflora L. by GC-ECD. The capacity of the PDMS/PVA coating for the pesticides was compared to that of commercial PDMS fibers, with advantageous results. The effects of parameters such as the sample ionic strength, dilution of the infusion, extraction temperature and time were investigated. The optimized conditions for the determination of OCP and OPP in Passiflora L. infusions were extraction time and temperature, respectively, of 38 min and 67.5 degrees C, with 5 min of sample/headspace equilibration time. The analytical curves for the range between 0.04 ng mL(-1) to 6 ng mL(-1) of each compound presented a good quality (correlation coefficients of 0.921 or better). The detection limits for the OCP and OPP in these matrices varied from 0.01 ng mL(-1) (beta-endosulfan) to 1.5 ng mL(-1) (malathion). The sensitivity of studied methodology was adequate, as well as its accuracy (78.7-91.5%) and precision (R.S.D. = 1.2-14.2%).     

Gold nanoparticle-based immunochromatographic assay for the detection of 7-aminoclonazepam in urine

An analytical system of immunochromatographic assay based on gold nanoparticles was developed for the detection of 7-aminoclonazepam (7-ACLZ) in human urine. The qualitative assay was based on the competitive immunoassay using anti-7-ACLZ polyclonal antibody (PcAb) and a detector reagent that contains colloidal gold particles coated with anti-7-ACLZ PcAb. Nitrocellulose membrane was separately immobilised with goat anti-rabbit IgG (control line) and 7-ACLZ-OVA conjugate (test line). The sensitivity of the strip was tested for detecting 7-ACLZ spiked in urine and each specimen was independently measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Good correlation was showed by the recovery results. The limit of detection for the strip test in urine was 100 ng mL^?1. The assay can be applied to the rapid detection of 7-ACLZ with the short testing time.     

Clonazepam quantification in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry in a bioequivalence study

A rapid, sensitive and specific method for quantifying clonazepam in human plasma using diazepam as the internal standard (IS) is described. The analyte and the IS were extracted from plasma by liquid-liquid extraction using a hexane/diethylether (20 : 80, v/v) solution. The extracts were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS-MS). Chromatography was performed on a Jones Genesis C8 4 microm analytical column (100 x 2.1 mm i.d.). The method had a chromatographic run time of 3.0 min and a linear calibration curve over the range 0.5-50 ng/ml (r2 > 0.9965). The limit of quantification was 0.5 ng/ml. This HPLC/MS/MS procedure was used to assess the bioequivalence of two clonazepam 2 mg tablet formulations (clonazepam test formulation from Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd and Rivotril from Roche Laboratórios Ltda as standard reference formulation).     

Determination of organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides in fruit and vegetables using solid phase extraction clean-up cartridges

A method to determine six organochlorine and three pyrethroid pesticides in grape, orange, tomato, carrot and green mustard based on solvent extraction followed by solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up is described. The pesticides were spiked into the sample prior to analysis, extracted with ethyl acetate, evaporated and reconstituted with a solvent mixture of acetone:n-hexane (3:7). Three different sorbents (Strong Anion Exchanger/Primary Secondary Amine (SAX/PSA), Florisil and C18) were used for the clean-up step. Pesticides were eluted with 5mL of acetone:n-hexane (3:7, v/v) and determined by gas chromatography and electron-capture detection (GC-ECD). SAX/PSA was the sorbent, which provided chromatograms with less interference and the mean recoveries obtained were within 70-120% except for captafol. The captafol recoveries for grape were within acceptable range with C18 clean-up column.     

Liquid chromatographic analysis of clonazepam in human serum with solid-phase (Bond-Elut) extraction

A simple, sensitive, selective and precise liquid-column chromatographic assay for clonazepam is described, in which 1 ml of serum containing 50 micrograms/l methylclonazepam as an internal standard is extracted by elution from a Bond-Elut column with 400 microliter of methanol. An aliquot of the eluate is injected on to a reversed-phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of acetonitrile--phosphate buffer (30:70) at a flow-rate of 2 ml/min at a column temperature of 50 degrees C. Detection is at 254 nm. Chromatography is complete in 12 min. A sensitivity of 2 ng/ml is attained when 1 ml of serum is extracted. Analytical recovery of the clonazepam added to serum ranged from 91% to 99% with a coefficient of variation of 6.0%. This assay for clonazepam has good precision, with coefficients of variation of 11% at 15 ng/ml and 2.6% at 50 ng/ml. There was no interference from any of the commonly used antiepileptics.     

Detection of organochlorine pesticides in estuarine sediments of protected wetlands in Taiwan using high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-electron capture detector

Trace residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in estuarine surface sediments were investigated at three protected wetlands in southern Taiwan using high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) and gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). This study facilitates the development of new strategies for investigating OCPs, particularly at background levels. Linear relationships were obtained between total OCP concentrations (∑OCP), as analyzed by HRGC/HRMS, and the sediment's total organic carbon (TOC) and water content. It contrasted with the results acquired by GC-ECD, where no significant relationship was found. GC-ECD is a rugged option for daily routine practice, particularly in cases of patterns yielded by GC-ECD is clear; the HRGC/HRMS method provides more reliable qualitative and quantitative capabilities and is highly recommended for studying the fate of OCPs and carrying out risk assessments. The average ∑OCP of these three wetlands by HRGC/HRMS was found in a range of 0.214 to 1.049 ng/g dry weight. The highest OCP level might be attributed to associated irrigation systems receiving massive discharges of domestic sewage from an urban area upstream of the wetland. The ratio of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) to its metabolites indicated that the DDT residue in these areas was from aged input. According to sediment quality guidelines, adverse ecotoxicological effects of OCPs upon sediments were not expected in these protected wetlands.     

A New Method for the Measurement of Airborne Formaldehyde Using Derivatization with 3,5-Bis(Trifluoromethyl) Phenylhydrazine and Analysis by GC-ECD and GC-MS/SIM

Abstract

A new method was developed and described for the measurement of airborne formaldehyde using derivatization with 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylhydrazine (TFMPH) coated onto silica solid phase extraction cartridges. Analysis by GC-ECD provides a detection limit of 74 ng formaldehyde per sample. A field study was conducted to compare the use of TFMPH to 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) and NIOSH method 3500 (chromotropic acid, CTA). Samples were collected from indoor and outdoor environments known or suspected to contain formaldehyde. Use of TFMPH with GC-ECD analysis correlates well with both methods (R²=0.93, slope=1.07 vs. DNPH; R²=0.99, slope=1.06 vs. CTA). Spiked samples were shown to be stable at least 7 days when stored at –20 °C. Analysis of samples by GC-MS with selected ion monitoring (GC-MS/SIM) also proved feasible. Laboratory and field results show the use of TFMPH to be viable for quantifying airborne formaldehyde in occupational and environmental samples.