西气东输管道工程中卫黄河穿越隧道场地工程地质条件评价

西气东输工程中卫黄河穿越隧道长1197.77m,高4.3m,宽5.6m。隧道入口高于黄河水位28m,出口高于黄河水位45m。隧道顶板高程为1130m。位于黄河水下100m。隧道场地围岩为寒武系磨盘井组灰绿色、银灰色浅变质中厚层细粒长石石英砂岩、千枚状板岩、绢云母化千枚岩。围岩为弱风化Ⅲ～Ⅳ类岩石。透水率为4～67Lu,纵波波速为500～3300m.s^-1。BQ为300～400。变形模量为6.11～9.22GPa。泊松比（μ）0.14～0.24。内摩擦角（ψ）为42.1°～44.7°。地下水为基岩裂隙水。含水层为寒武系浅变质岩,受大气降水渗入补给,单井涌水量为1.0～50m³.d^-1。隧道轴线穿越区岩体较完整—较破碎,未有全新活动断层。隧道位置选择和开挖深度设计是可行的。施工和长期运营是安全的。     

Acoustical scattering identification with local impedance through a spectral approach

Acoustical scattering in waveguides is studied in this paper. The Wave Finite Element (WFE) approach is mainly used, since it allows the reduction of problems dealing with periodic waveguides. The paper deals with guided acoustical propagation, that is, propagation in a main direction is privileged. The scattering by a locally reacting lining is first studied. The liner can be characterised by its local impedance in this case. The equivalent surface impedance is therefore calculated. Then, scattering by a porous layer is considered. A full three-dimensional modelling of the lining is preferred since porous materials are bulk reacting. The scattering matrix of the lined part is computed, and acoustical scattering of high-order modes and conversion between modes are highlighted. The acoustic power attenuation is further evaluated. The response of ducts subjected to constraining boundary conditions is also calculated. Numerical results are presented and compared to those obtained with conventional approaches.     

Application and analysis of functionally graded piezoelectrical rotating cylinder as mechanical sensor subjected to pressure and thermal loads

The exact thermoelastic analysis of a functionally graded piezoelectrical (FGP) rotating cylinder is investigated analytically. The cylinder is subjected to a combination of electrical, thermal, and mechanical loads simultaneously. The structure is a simplified model of a rotational sensor or actuator. The basic governing differential equation of the system is obtained by using the energy method. A novel term, named as the additional energy, is introduced to exact the evaluation of the energy functional. The solution to the governing differential equation is presented for two types of boundary conditions including free rotating and rotating cylinders exposed to the inner pressure. The effect of the angular velocity is investigated on the radial distribution of various components. The mentioned structure can be considered as a sensor for measuring the angular velocity of the cylinder subjected to the pressure and temperature. The obtained results indicate that the electrical potential is proportional to the angular velocity.     

Mohr-Coulomb准则主应力回映算法及在地基问题的应用

针对Mohr-Coulomb准则在应力空间中存在奇异点的问题,提出了主应力空间应力回映算法。分析了多屈服面下塑性流动法则,给出了应力更新过程中应力回映区域的判定方法,推导了不同映射区域下塑性因子的Newton-Raphson迭代求解式和应力更新方程,建立了对应的一致切线模量表达式。利用C++语言,编制了弹塑性有限元求解程序,并对岩土地基问题进行求解,计算结果的比对证明了所编程序的可行性和精确性。     

Singular perturbation analysis of dynamic fields in a thermoelastic solid with a small surface-breaking crack

An asymptotic analysis is presented for a dynamic problem of a semi-infinite isotropic thermoelastic solid with a small surface breaking crack. The exterior surface of the solid is subjected to a series of short thermal pulses. The crack surface is traction free and an ideal thermal contact is assumed across the crack. The stress intensity factor is asymptotically evaluated as a function of the crack depth and time. The effect of a boundary layer associated with the diffusive term is identified. The theoretical model is supplied with numerical simulations.     

A modeling and vibration analysis of a piezoelectric micro-pump diaphragm

The vibration analysis of a micro-pump diaphragm is presented. A piezoelectric micro-pump is studied. For this purpose, a dynamic model of the micro-pump is derived. The micro-pump diaphragm is modeled as circular double membranes, a piezoelectric one as actuator and a silicon one for representing the membrane for pumping action. The damping effect of the fluid is introduced into the equations. Vibration analysis is established by explicitly solving the dynamic model. The natural frequencies and mode shapes are calculated. The orthogonality conditions of the system are discussed. To verify the results, the finite-element micro-pump model is developed in ANSYS software package. The results show that the two methods are well comparable.     

界面超高速自相似动态分层分析：反平面情况

对材料界面超高速自相似动态分层的反平面问题进行了解析分析。分层模拟为界面裂纹由零长度自相似扩展，扩展速度为蹭音速或超音速。首先考虑运动集中载荷作用下界面动态分层的情况，利用界面裂纹自相似扩展的运动位错模型将问题归结为奇异积分方程，并求得解析解，分析了裂纹尖端的应力奇性，获得了动应力强度因子。最后，利用叠加原理给出了ｘ＾ｎ型载荷作用下界面动态分层的解。     

任意边界形状的二维刚塑性成形过程的无网格分析方法

将无网格伽辽金方法引入到塑性成形过程模拟,结合刚塑性材料假设,提出了基于刚塑性理论的无网格伽辽金方法,推导了其刚度矩阵方程和求解列式,给出了模具形状任意的二维塑性成形问题摩擦力边界条件的施加方法以及无网格方法应用于任意边界形状的塑性成形问题时的坐标转换关系,建立了无网格方法模拟任意边界形状的塑性成形问题的步骤,并编写了相应的计算程序。应用建立的方法对典型塑性成形过程进行了无网格方法分析,通过与刚塑性有限元方法分析结果的比较,验证了本文所建立方法的可行性。     

Three‐dimensional lubrication flow of a Herschel–Bulkley fluid

In this paper three‐dimensional lubrication flow of grease is analysed numerically. The lubrication flow configuration is formed by two ellipsoid rollers. The load is assumed to be light enough for the lubrication mode to be purely hydrodynamic. The fluid behaviour is modelled using the Herschel–Bulkley model, and a two‐dimensional modified Reynolds equation is derived. The numerical solutions are obtained by using a hybrid spectral/iterative technique and the Galerkin projection scheme. The effects of the material and geometrical parameters on pressure distribution are emphasized in the study. The investigation is conducted for a situation where the two ellipsoids are fully immersed in a grease lubricant. The effect of the geometry on the pressure distribution is determined by varying the ratio of the semi‐axes and the minimum gap of the two rollers, respectively. The effect of the material parameters is examined by varying the power‐law index and yield stress. It is found that the pressure distribution is strongly influenced by the shape of the rollers, the size of the minimum gap of the rollers and the rheological parameters. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analytical solution of rectangular plate with in-plane variable stiffness

The bending problem of a thin rectangular plate with in-plane variable stiffness is studied. The basic equation is formulated for the two-opposite-edge simply supported rectangular plate under the distributed loads. The formulation is based on the assumption that the flexural rigidity of the plate varies in the plane following a power form, and Poisson’s ratio is constant. A fourth-order partial differential equation with variable coefficients is derived by assuming a Levy-type form for the transverse displacement. The governing equation can be transformed into a Whittaker equation, and an analytical solution is obtained for a thin rectangular plate subjected to the distributed loads. The validity of the present solution is shown by comparing the present results with those of the classical solution. The influence of in-plane variable stiffness on the deflection and bending moment is studied by numerical examples. The analytical solution presented here is useful in the design of rectangular plates with in-plane variable stiffness.     

Simulation of fabric drape using a thin plate element with finite rotation

The draping behavior of fabric is simulated by using four node quadrilateral thin plate elements with finite rotation. The finite element formulation is based on the total Lagrangian approach. An exact representation of finite rotation is introduced. The strain energy function accounting for the material symmetry is obtained by the tensor representation theory. To avoid shear locking, the assumed strain technique for transverse shear is adopted. The conjugate gradient method with a proposed line search algorithm is employed to minimize energy and reach the final shape of fabric. The draping behavior of a rectangular piece of fabric over a rectangular table is simulated.     

数字全息计量技术及其在微小位移测量中的应用

数字全息是用数字的方式记录和处理全息图像，避免了传统全息照相的化学处理，既简化了处理过程，更便于用数字图像处理的方式来改进图像质量和提取信息。数字全息干涉计量技术是一种全场、非接触的光学测量方法，该方法测量精度高，光路简单，对防振要求低，实验条件容易满足，特别适合微小物体的微小位移或变形的精确测量。本文运用数字全息干涉计量法测定了两端固支梁的微小离面位移；经实验验证数字全息计量术能精确测量物体0．01微米量级位移或变形；而且该方法可靠性好、成本低；是非接触的无损测量。数字全息计量技术的这些特点使得该技术在小物体的微小变形测量上具有特别的优越性，因而在MEMS结构及MEMS材料参数(如弹性模量、泊松比、热变形系数等)的测定中有广阔的应用前景。     

Transient response of a ship to an abrupt flooding accounting for the momentum flux

Numerical non-linear time domain simulation method for damaged ship motions is presented. Floodwater motion modelling is based on the lumped mass method with a moving free surface. The ship and floodwater motions are fully coupled. The variation of the floodwater mass is accounted for. A model to account for the flooding ingress transporting the momentum is presented. The experiments of abrupt flooding have shown that the ship may experience the first large roll towards the undamaged side, especially when a large undivided compartment is flooded. The presented time domain model is validated against the experimental data on the roll damping of the flooded ship and transient flooding. Two different initial stability conditions and two different compartment layouts are studied. Viscous dissipation of the floodwater motions is modelled with an equivalent friction coefficient. The impact of the viscous damping is studied. Transient flooding tests show that the inflow momentum has to be accounted for when the undivided compartment is flooded. The simulation model is capable of capturing the impact of the inflooding jet and the first roll on the opposite side of the damage is reproduced.     

Thermoelastoplastic deformation of noncircular cylindrical shells

A method to determine the nonstationary temperature fields and the thermoelastoplastic stress-strain state of noncircular cylindrical shells is developed. It is assumed that the physical and mechanical properties are dependent on temperature. The heat-conduction problem is solved using an explicit difference scheme. The temperature variation throughout the thickness is described by a power polynomial. For the other two coordinates, finite differences are used. The thermoplastic problem is solved using the geometrically nonlinear theory of shells based on the Kirchhoff-Love hypotheses. The theory of simple processes with deformation history taken into account is used. Its equations are linearized by a modified method of elastic solutions. The governing system of partial differential equations is derived. Variables are separated in the case where the curvilinear edges are hinged. The partial case where the stress-strain state does not change along the generatrix is examined. The systems of ordinary differential equations obtained in all these cases are solved using Godunov's discrete orthogonalization. The temperature field in a shell with elliptical cross-section is studied. The stress-strain state found by numerical integration along the generatrix is compared with that obtained using trigonometric Fourier series. The effect of a Winkler foundation on the stress-strain state is analyzed Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 44, No. 8, pp. 79–90, August 2008.     

Geometrically nonlinear,steady state vibration of viscoelastic beams

The problem of geometrically non-linear steady state vibrations of beams excited by harmonic forces is considered in this paper. The beams are made of a viscoelastic material defined by the classic Zener rheological model - the simplest model that takes into account all the basic properties of real viscoelastic materials. The constitutive stress-strain relationship for this type of material is given as a differential equation containing derivatives of both stress and strain. This significantly complicates the solution to the problem. The von Karman theory is applied to describe the effects of geometric nonlinearities of beam deformations. The equations of motions are derived using the finite element methodology. A polynomial approximation of bending moments is used. The order of basis functions is set so as to obtain a coherent approximation of moments and displacements. In the steady-state solution of equations of motion, only one harmonic is taken into account. The matrix equations of amplitudes are derived using the harmonic balance method and the continuation method is applied for solving them. The tangent matrix of equations of amplitudes is determined in an explicit form. The stability of steady-state solution is also examined. The resonance curves for beams supported in a different way are shown and the results of calculation are briefly discussed.     

Objective function choice for control of a thermocapillary flow using an adjoint-based control strategy

The problem of suppressing flow oscillations in a thermocapillary flow is addressed using a gradient-based control strategy. The physical problem addressed is the “open boat” process of crystal growth, the flow in which is driven by thermocapillary and buoyancy effects. The problem is modeled by the two-dimensional unsteady incompressible Navier–Stokes and energy equations under the Boussinesq approximation. The goal of the control is to suppress flow oscillations which arise when the driving forces are such that the flow becomes unsteady. The control is a spatially and temporally varying temperature gradient boundary condition at the free surface. The control which minimizes the flow oscillations is found using a conjugate gradient method, where the gradient of the objective function with respect to the control variables is obtained from solving a set of adjoint equations. The issue of choosing an objective function that can be both optimized in a computationally efficient manner and optimization of which provides control that damps the flow oscillations is investigated. Almost complete suppression of the flow oscillations is obtained for certain choices of the objective function.     

一种弹性损伤材料的Ⅲ型裂纹解

本文用复变函数中保角映射的方法求得了一种弹性损伤材料的 Ⅲ 型裂纹在小范围损伤条件下的全场解。给出了损伤区形状、损伤耗散能、裂纹表面剪开位移及损伤区前方应力分布等数值结果。为校核小范围损伤条件,还计算了距裂纹尖端不同远处本文解与k_Ⅲ 场之差。     

A Control Algorithm for a 3D Hopping Machine

The paper addresses several control problems for a three-dimensional hopping machine. The machine consists of a ponderable torso and an imponderable leg. The leg is a kinematic chain with joints allowing rotation and translation. The leg is attached at the torso's center of mass. The force in the leg is developed by a linear spring. A control system is synthesized within the framework of a periodic linear quadratic problem. The efficiency of the controller is exemplified by a case where the hopper changes the direction of its motion     

A HYDRO-MECHANICAL-CHEMICAL COUPLING MODEL FOR GEOMATERIAL WITH BOTH MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL DAMAGES CONSIDERED

A general framework of hydro-mechanical-chemical coupling model is proposed for geomaterial subjected to the dual effects of mechanical loading and chemical degradation. Mechanical damage due to microcracks in solid matrix and chemical damage induced by the increase of porosity due to dissolution of matrix minerals as well as their interactions are considered. A special model is proposed for sandstone. The reaction rate is formulated within the framework of mineral reaction kinetics and can thus take into account different dissolution mechanisms of three main mineral compositions under different pH values. The increase of porosity is physically defined by the dissolution of mineral composition and the chemical damage is related to the increase of porosity. The mechanical behavior is characterized by unified plastic damage and viscoplastic damage modeling. The effective stress is used for describing the effect of pore pressure. The elastic parameters and plastic evolution as well as viscoplastic evolution are dependent on chemical damage. The advection, which is coupled with mechanical damage and chemical damage, is considered as the dominant mechanism of mass transfer. The application of model proposed is from decoupled experiments to fully coupled experiment. The model offers a convenient approach to describing the hydro-mechanical-chemical coupled behavior of geomaterial.     

水平弹性支撑圆拱的动力特性研究

用柔度法建立了水平弹性支撑拱结构的自由振动方程,考虑了拱脚处集中质量的附加惯性力. 计算分析了水平弹性支撑对两铰圆拱固有特性的影响,水平弹性支撑会使拱结构的自振频率减小,当拱结构的矢跨比为0.1 左右时影响最为显著,同时还会改变拱结构的振动形态,尤其在高阶振型中将完全按照梁的特点振动.分析了圆弧梁与两铰圆拱的振动内力特点,提出了柔度系数的概念,经过计算得到了水平弹性支撑拱转化为两铰圆拱和圆弧梁的临界柔度系数以及对应的临界刚度系数.