压电智能环形板的主动控制

对在不同位置粘有任意多组压电传感器和压电执行器的轴对称弹性环形薄板的振动控制进行了研究．根据压电执行元件的等效作用量得到了压电智能环板的振动控制方程和传感方程,再利用分离变量法以及由传感器测得的电量和作用在执行器上电压之间的控制模式得到振动方程的全解．实行了对整体结构的主动控制．对不同的压电片布置进行了数值计算．结果表明：当离散分布压电元件布置越密,振动衰减的效果越佳     

Free vibration of functionally graded sandwich plates using four-variable refined plate theory

This paper uses the four-variable refined plate theory (RPT) for the free vibration analysis of functionally graded material (FGM) sandwich rectangular plates. Unlike other theories, there are only four unknown functions involved, as compared to five in other shear deformation theories. The theory presented is variationally consistent and strongly similar to the classical plate theory in many aspects. It does not require the shear correction factor, and gives rise to the transverse shear stress variation so that the transverse shear stresses vary parabolically across the thickness to satisfy free surface conditions for the shear stress. Two common types of FGM sandwich plates are considered, namely, the sandwich with the FGM facesheet and the homogeneous core and the sandwich with the homogeneous facesheet and the FGM core. The equation of motion for the FGM sandwich plates is obtained based on Hamilton’s principle. The closed form solutions are obtained by using the Navier technique. The fundamental frequencies are found by solving the eigenvalue problems. The validity of the theory is shown by comparing the present results with those of the classical, the first-order, and the other higher-order theories. The proposed theory is accurate and simple in solving the free vibration behavior of the FGM sandwich plates.     

Free vibration of functionally graded sandwich plates using four-variable refined plate theory

This paper uses the four-variable refined plate theory (RPT) for the free vibration analysis of functionally graded material (FGM) sandwich rectangular plates.Unlike other theories, there are only four unknown functions involved, as compared to five in other shear deformation theories. The theory presented is variationally consistent and strongly similar to the classical plate theory in many aspects. It does not require the shear correction factor, and gives rise to the transverse shear stress variation so that the transverse shear stresses vary parabolically across the thickness to satisfy free surface conditions for the shear stress. Two common types of FGM sandwich plates are considered, namely, the sandwich with the FGM facesheet and the homogeneous core and the sandwich with the homogeneous facesheet and the FGM core. The equation of motion for the FGM sandwich plates is obtained based on Hamilton's principle. The closed form solutions are obtained by using the Navier technique. The fundamental frequencies are found by solving the eigenvalue problems. The validity of the theory is shown by comparing the present results with those of the classical, the first-order, and the other higher-ordex theories. The proposed theory is accurate and simple in solving the free vibration behavior of the FGM sandwich plates.     

Three-dimensional free vibration analysis of functionally graded piezoelectric annular plates on elastic foundations

Three-dimensional free vibration analysis of functionally graded piezoelectric (FGPM) annular plates resting on Pasternak foundations with different boundary conditions is presented. The material properties are assumed to have an exponent-law variation along the thickness. A semi-analytical approach which makes use of state-space method in thickness direction and one-dimensional differential quadrature method in radial direction is utilized to obtain the influences of the Winkler and shearing layer elastic coefficients of the foundations on the non-dimensional natural frequencies of functionally graded piezoelectric annular plates. The analytical solution in the thickness direction can be acquired using the state-space method and approximate solution in the radial direction can be obtained using the one-dimensional differential quadrature method. Numerical results are given to demonstrate the convergency and accuracy of the present method. The influences of the material property graded index, circumferential wave number and thickness of the annular plate on the dynamic behavior are also investigated. Since three-dimensional free vibration analysis of FGPM annular plates on elastic foundations has not been implemented before, the new results can be used as benchmark solutions for future researches.     

Vibration analysis of FG annular sector in moderately thick plates with two piezoelectric layers

Free vibration of functionally graded(FG) annular sector plates embedded with two piezoelectric layers is studied with a generalized differential quadrature(GDQ)method. Based on the first-order shear deformation(FSD) plate theory and Hamilton's principle with parameters satisfying Maxwell's electrostatics equation in the piezoelectric layers, governing equations of motion are developed. Both open and closed circuit(shortly connected) boundary conditions on the piezoelectric surfaces, which are respective conditions for sensors and actuators, are accounted for. It is observed that the open circuit condition gives higher natural frequencies than a shortly connected condition. For the simulation of the potential electric function in piezoelectric layers, a sinusoidal function in the transverse direction is considered. It is assumed that properties of the FG material(FGM) change continuously through the thickness according to a power distribution law.The fast rate convergence and accuracy of the GDQ method with a small number of grid points are demonstrated through some numerical examples. With various combinations of free, clamped, and simply supported boundary conditions, the effects of the thicknesses of piezoelectric layers and host plate, power law index of FGMs, and plate geometrical parameters(e.g., angle and radii of annular sector) on the in-plane and out-of-plane natural frequencies for different FG and piezoelectric materials are also studied. Results can be used to predict the behaviors of FG and piezoelectric materials in mechanical systems.     

压电功能梯度板自由振动的三维解

基于三维弹性理论和压电理论，导出了有限长矩形压电功率梯度板的动力学方程及相应的边界条件，并用幂级数展开法进行了求解，得到了压电功能梯度板自由振动的三维精确解公式，求解了自由振动的固有频率，并分析了压电系数的梯度变化对不同电学边界条件下压电板的自由振动频率的影响，结果可用于校核不同的近似理论及理解压电结构的动态行为。     

功能梯度压电圆板自由振动问题的三维精确分析

本文对周边为广义刚性滑动和广义简支两种边界条件下的功能梯度压电材料圆板自由振动问题进行分析。根据轴对称横观各向同性压电材料基本方程,并利用有限Hankel变换得到了功能梯度压电材料圆板的状态空间方程。假设材料的机械和电学性质均沿板厚方向按统一的指数函数形式梯度分布,从而获得了周边为广义刚性滑动和广义弹性简支两种边界条件下功能梯度压电圆板自由振动问题的三维精确频率方程,该方程是一个关于自由振动频率的超越方程,通过求解该超越方程可得到在不同板厚以及不同的材料性质梯度变化情况下的圆板自由振动频率值,结果表明在相同的材料性质梯度变化情况下频率均随着板厚增加而增大,而在相同的板厚情况下频率则随材料性质梯度变化指数的增大而减小的结论。     

Free vibration of functionally graded material beams with surface-bonded piezoelectric layers in thermal environment

Free vibration of statically thermal postbuckled functionally graded material （FGM） beams with surface-bonded piezoelectric layers subject to both temperature rise and voltage is studied. By accurately considering the axial extension and based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, geometrically nonlinear dynamic governing equations for FGM beams with surface-bonded piezoelectric layers subject to thermo-electro- mechanical loadings are formulated. It is assumed that the material properties of the middle FGM layer vary continuously as a power law function of the thickness coordinate, and the piezoelectric layers are isotropic and homogenous. By assuming that the amplitude of the beam vibration is small and its response is harmonic, the above mentioned non-linear partial differential equations are reduced to two sets of coupled ordinary differential equations. One is for the postbuckling, and the other is for the linear vibration of the beam superimposed upon the postbuckled configuration. Using a shooting method to solve the two sets of ordinary differential equations with fixed-fixed boundary conditions numerically, the response of postbuckling and free vibration in the vicinity of the postbuckled configuration of the beam with fixed-fixed ends and subject to transversely nonuniform heating and uniform electric field is obtained. Thermo-electric postbuckling equilibrium paths and characteristic curves of the first three natural frequencies versus the temperature, the electricity, and the material gradient parameters are plotted. It is found that the three lowest frequencies of the prebuckled beam decrease with the increase of the temperature, but those of a buckled beam increase monotonically with the temperature rise. The results also show that the tensional force produced in the piezoelectric layers by the voltage can efficiently increase the critical buckling temperature and the natural frequency.     

功能梯度材料明德林矩形微板的热弹性阻尼

功能梯度材料微板谐振器热弹性阻尼的建模和预测是此类新型谐振器热?弹耦合振动响应的新课题. 本文采用数学分析方法研究了四边简支功能梯度材料中厚度矩形微板的热弹性阻尼. 基于明德林中厚板理论和单向耦合热传导理论建立了材料性质沿着厚度连续变化的功能梯度微板热弹性自由振动控制微分方程. 在上下表面绝热边界条件下采用分层均匀化方法求解变系数热传导方程, 获得了用变形几何量表示的变温场的解析解. 从而将包含热弯曲内力的结构振动方程转化为只包含挠度振幅的偏微分方程. 然后,利用特征值问题在数学上的相似性,求得了四边简支条件下功能梯度材料明德林矩形微板的复频率解析解, 进而利用复频率法获得了反映谐振器热弹性阻尼水平的逆品质因子. 最后, 给出了材料性质沿板厚按幂函数变化的陶瓷?金属组分功能梯度矩形微板的热弹性阻尼数值结果. 定量地分析了横向剪切变形、材料梯度变化以及几何参数对热弹性阻尼的影响规律. 结果表明, 采用明德林板理论预测的热弹性阻尼值小于基尔霍夫板理论的预测结果, 而且两者的差别随着相对厚度的增大而变得显著.      

Mechanical buckling and free vibration of thick functionally graded plates resting on elastic foundation using the higher order B-spline finite strip method

In this study, the mechanical buckling and free vibration of thick rectangular plates made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) resting on elastic foundation subjected to in-plane loading is considered. The third order shear deformation theory (TSDT) is employed to derive the governing equations. It is assumed that the material properties of FGM plates vary smoothly by distribution of power law across the plate thickness. The elastic foundation is modeled by the Winkler and two-parameter Pasternak type of elastic foundation. Based on the spline finite strip method, the fundamental equations for functionally graded plates are obtained by discretizing the plate into some finite strips. The results are achieved by the minimization of the total potential energy and solving the corresponding eigenvalue problem. The governing equations are solved for FGM plates buckling analysis and free vibration, separately. In addition, numerical results for FGM plates with different boundary conditions have been verified by comparing to the analytical solutions in the literature. Furthermore, the effects of different values of the foundation stiffness parameters on the response of the FGM plates are determined and discussed.     

A continuum damage model for piezoelectric materials

In this paper, a constitutive model is proposed for piezoelectric material solids containing distributed cracks. The model is formulated in a framework of continuum damage mechanics using second rank tensors as internal variables. The Helrnhotlz free energy of piezoelectric mate- rials with damage is then expressed as a polynomial including the transformed strains, the electric field vector and the tensorial damage variables by using the integrity bases restricted by the initial orthotropic symmetry of the material. By using the Talreja＇s tensor valued internal state damage variables as well as the Helrnhotlz free energy of the piezoelectric material, the constitutive relations of piezoelectric materials with damage are derived. The model is applied to a special case of piezoelectric plate with transverse matrix cracks. With the Kirchhoff hypothesis of plate, the free vibration equations of the piezoelectric rectangular plate considering damage is established. By using Galerkin method, the equations are solved. Numerical results show the effect of the damage on the free vibration of the piezoelectric plate under the close-circuit condition, and the present results are compared with those of the three-dimensional theory.     

功能梯度与均匀圆板静动态解之间的相似转换关系

基于经典板理论,研究了功能梯度材料圆板的轴对称弯曲、屈曲和自由振动解与相应的均匀材料圆板解之间的转换关系.通过消去拉-弯耦合项得到了以挠度函数表示的功能梯度圆板的弯曲、屈曲和自由振动控制方程.分析功能梯度圆板与均匀圆板的控制方程之间的相似性,得到了功能梯度材料圆板与均匀圆板的解之间解的相似转换关系,在假定FGM圆板的材料性质沿厚分别以幂函数和指数函数的度变规律后,给出了相应的转换系数的解析表达式.该系数集中反映了功能梯度圆板的材料非均匀性.在已知均匀材料圆板轴对称解的条件下,可将功能梯度材料圆板轴对称问题的求解转化为相似转换系数的计算问题.这一方法可为非均匀板的求解提供了十分便捷有效的途径,而且便于工程应用.     

Three-dimensional stress and free vibration analyses of functionally graded plates with circular holes by the use of the graded finite element method

Static and free vibration analyses of plates with circular holes are performed based on the three-dimensional theory of elasticity. The plates are made of a functionally graded material (FGM), and the volume fractions of the constituent materials vary continuously across the plate. The effective properties of the FGM plate are estimated by using the Mori–Tanaka homogenization method. A graded finite element method based on the Rayleigh–Ritz energy formulation is used to solve the problem. Effects of different volume fractions of the materials and hole sizes on the behavior of FGM plates under uniaxial tension are investigated. Natural frequencies of a fully clamped FGM plate with a circular cutout are derived. The results obtained are compared with available experimental data.     

Stress concentration factor due to a functionally graded ring around a hole in an isotropic plate

The aim of this work is to present an analytical solution to reduce the stress concentration factor (SCF) around a circular hole in an isotropic homogeneous plate subjected to far-field uniaxial loading. In this paper the elastic response of an inhomogeneous annular ring made of functionally graded material (FGM), inserted around a hole of a homogeneous plate, is studied. By assuming that Young’s modulus varies in the radial direction with power law and that Poisson’s ratio is constant, the governing differential equations for plane stress conditions are obtained. Using stress function a general solution in explicit closed form is presented and the SCF investigated to highlight the inhomogeneity effects. Furthermore, the explicit solution for an inner homogeneous ring, with different properties with respect to those of the plate, is explicitly obtained and numerical results are compared between homogeneous ring and FGM ring.     

NONLINEAR DYNAMICS OF A FGM PLATE WITH TWO CLAMPED OPPOSITE EDGES AND TWO FREE EDGES

This paper deals with the nonlinear forced vibration of FGM rectangular plate with a boundary of two edges clamped opposite and the other two free. The plate is subjected to transversal and in-plane excitations. The present research treats the material properties of the FGM plates as temperature-dependent and graded continuously throughout the thickness direction, following the volume fraction of the constituent materials according to the power law. The temperature is assumed to be constant in the plane and varied only in the thickness direction of the plate. In the framework of geometrical nonlinearity the plate is modeled and the equations of motion are obtained on Hamilton＇s principle. With the help of Galerkin discretization, the nonlinear ordinary differential equations describing transverse vibration of the plate are proposed. By the numerical method, the nonlinear dynamical responses of the FGM plate with two clamped opposite and two free edges are analyzed.     

弹性地基上多孔功能梯度材料矩形板的自由振动与临界屈曲载荷分析

多孔功能梯度材料(FGM)构件的特性与孔隙率和孔隙分布形式有密切关系。本文基于经典板理论,考虑不同孔隙分布形式时修正的混合率模型,研究Winkler弹性地基上四边受压多孔FGM矩形板的自由振动与临界屈曲载荷特性。首先利用Hamilton原理和物理中面的定义推导Winkler弹性地基上四边受压多孔FGM矩形板自由振动的控制微分方程并进行无量纲化,然后应用微分变换法(DTM)对无量纲控制微分方程和边界条件进行变换,得到计算无量纲固有频率和临界屈曲载荷的代数特征方程。将问题退化为孔隙率为零时的FGM矩形板并与已有文献进行对比以验证其有效性。最后计算并分析了梯度指数、孔隙率、地基刚度系数、长宽比、四边受压载荷及边界条件对多孔FGM矩形板无量纲固有频率的影响以及各参数对无量纲临界屈曲载荷的影响。     

Rotating sandwich cylindrical shells with an FGM core and two FGPM layers: free vibration analysis

The free vibration analysis of a rotating cylindrical shell with an analytical method is investigated. The shell is considered as a sandwich structure, where the middle layer is a functionally graded material(FGM) shell, and it is surrounded by two piezoelectric layers. Considering piezoelectric materials to be functionally graded(FG),the material properties vary along the thickness direction as one innovation of this study.Applying the first-order shear deformation theory(FSDT), the equations of motion of this electromechanical system are derived as the partial differential equations(PDEs) using Hamilton's principle. Then, the Galerkin procedure is used to discretize the governing equations, and the present results are compared with the previously published results for both isotropic and FGM shells to verify the analytical method. Finally, the effects of FGM and functionally graded piezoelectric material(FGPM) properties as well as the thickness ratio and the axial and circumferential wave numbers on the natural frequencies are studied. Moreover, the Campbell diagram is plotted and discussed through the governing equations. The present results show that increasing the non-homogeneous index of the FGM decreases the natural frequencies on the contrary of the effect of non-homogeneous index of the FGPM.     

Closed-form solutions for free vibration of rectangular FGM thin plates resting on elastic foundation

This article presents closed-form solutions for the frequency analysis of rectangular functionally graded material(FGM) thin plates subjected to initially in-plane loads and with an elastic foundation. Based on classical thin plate theory, the governing differential equations are derived using Hamilton's principle. A neutral surface is used to eliminate stretching–bending coupling in FGM plates on the basis of the assumption of constant Poisson's ratio. The resulting governing equation of FGM thin plates has the same form as homogeneous thin plates. The separation-ofvariables method is adopted to obtain solutions for the free vibration problems of rectangular FGM thin plates with separable boundary conditions, including, for example, clamped plates. The obtained normal modes and frequencies are in elegant closed forms, and present formulations and solutions are validated by comparing present results with those in the literature and finite element method results obtained by the authors. A parameter study reveals the effects of the power law index n and aspect ratio a/b on frequencies.     

Nonlinear vibration analysis of piezo-thermo-electrically actuated functionally graded circular plates

A theoretical model for geometrically nonlinear vibration analysis of thermo-piezoelectrically actuated circular plates made of functionally grade material (FGM) is presented based on Kirchhoff’s–Love hypothesis with von-Karman type geometrical large nonlinear deformations. The material properties of the FG core plate are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to the power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. Dynamic equations and boundary conditions including thermal, elastic and piezoelectric couplings are formulated and solutions are derived. An exact series expansion method combined with perturbation approach is used to model the nonlinear thermo-electro-mechanical vibration behavior of the structure. Control of the FG plate’s nonlinear deflections and natural frequencies using high control voltages is studied and their nonlinear effects are evaluated. Numerical results for FG plates with various mixtures of ceramic and metal are presented in dimensionless forms. A parametric study is also undertaken to highlight the effects of the thermal environment, applied actuator voltage and material composition of the FG core plate on the nonlinear vibration characteristics of the composite structure.     

Dynamic modelling and active vibration control of a submerged rectangular plate equipped with piezoelectric sensors and actuators

The active vibration control of a rectangular plate either partially or fully submerged in a fluid was investigated. Piezoelectric sensors and actuators were bonded to the plate, and the assumed mode method was used to derive a dynamic model for the submerged plate. The properties of the piezoelectric actuators and sensors, as well as their coupling to the structure, were used to derive the corresponding equations of their behaviour. The fluid effect was modelled according to the added virtual mass obtained by solving the Laplace equation. The natural vibration characteristics of the plate both in air and in water were obtained theoretically and were found to be consistent with the experimental results, and the changes in the natural frequencies resulting from submersion in fluid can be accurately predicted. A multi-input, multi-output positive position feedback controller was designed by taking the natural vibration characteristics into account and was then implemented by using a digital controller. The experimental results show that piezoelectric sensors and actuators along with the control algorithm can effectively suppress the vibration of a rectangular plate both in air and submerged in a fluid.