城市煤气耐硫甲烷化反应器优化分析(英文)

建立了耐硫甲烷化列管式反应器的拟均相二维数学模型，运用隐式差分法求解，对日产五万立方煤气反应器的设备参数及操作参数的灵敏度进行了模拟分析。结果表明，管径对温度分布影响很大，气体入口温度及熔盐流量的影响不显著；气体入口压力及熔盐进口温度是反应器操作的灵敏因素。     

外冷列管式耐硫煤气甲烷化反应器分析

使用Ｃｒａｎｋ－Ｎｉｃｏｌｓｏｎ隐格式差分法求解耐硫甲烷化固定床反应器的二维拟均相模型，通过模拟分析，考究管径、管数、反应气入口状态（压力、温度）、溶盐流量及入口温度对反应器操作的影响。对５万Ｎｍ＾３／ｄ煤气的反应器进行优化设计分析，为该工指导。     

烟煤快速加氢热解的研究Ⅱ．温度和压力影响的考察

用内蒙东胜烟煤在气流床反应器中进行了快速加氢热解的研究。在５００～８００℃的温度和０．１～６．０ＭＰａ的氢压范围考察了温度、压力等因素与生成物产率的关系。实验表明：温度和氢压对气、液态生成物产率有很大影响。液态烃（ＨＣＬ）与温度的关系呈山型曲线，６．０ＭＰａ氢压下、７００℃时，ＨＣＬ产率最大，达１６．１％；甲烷产率８００℃时达３７．６％。     

吸收增强式甲烷水蒸气重整制氢实验研究

利用固定床反应器对吸收增强式甲烷水蒸气重整制氢反应进行了考察，研究了温度、甲烷流量、颗粒粒径和吸收剂种类等参数对反应过程的影响。结果表明，吸收增强式制氢反应过程最佳反应温度受热力学和动力学两方面因素影响；常压下以CaO为吸收剂时，最佳反应温度为600℃~700℃；CH4流量的选取要根据反应器内吸收剂的量与吸收增强段持续时间综合比较而定； 颗粒粒径大于90 μm，分析纯CaO和新型钙基CO2吸收剂CaO/Ca12Al14O33 均能达到较好的吸收增强效果。     

Fe2O3/LaNiO3载氧体在化学链制氢中应用的可行性研究

采用柠檬酸络合法制备了Fe2O3/LaNiO3复合氧化物,将该氧化物作为化学链制氢反应的载氧体,对燃料反应器温度、蒸汽反应器温度、剂烷比(Fe2O3/CH4)、进水量等工艺条件进行了考察。实验结果表明:燃料反应器温度达到800℃以上甲烷都可以全部转化,燃料反应器温度、剂烷比和进水量对氢气产量影响比较大。在燃料反应器温度为850℃、蒸汽反应器温度为900℃、常压、剂烷比为2/1,进水量为0.1 mL时对载氧体进行连续60次氧化-还原循环,结果是前57次循环载氧体稳定性非常好,从第58次循环开始氢气产量迅速下降,结合XRD和TEM表征发现载氧体在高温下连续进行氧化-还原反应,导致部分载氧体结构发生分解,失去了原来结构具有很强的储氧-释氧能力,导致氢气产量下降,稳定性变差。     

C302铜基甲醇合成催化剂颗粒设计Ⅱ. 颗粒结构对Lurgi型合成反应器性能的影响

基于本文（I）报的研究结果，以固定床反应器二维非均相数学模型为基础，模拟考察了C302铜基甲醇合成催化剂颗粒设计对Lurgi型合成反应器性能的影响。结果表明，由于颗粒结构设计改变了粒内反应－扩散耦合行为的相互匹配关系，使得催化剂的宏观反应活性发生变化，进而对反应器的操作性能产生显著的影响（包括反应器生产能力、温度和浓度分布特性、床层压力降和热点温度等），为提高反应器的生产能力和改善反应器的操作性能，进行催化剂颗粒的适宜结构设计是非常必要和有价值的。     

甲烷常压O2部分氧化合成甲醛反应动力学

用Ｍｏ／ＳｉＯ２催化剂在常压流动体系固定床反应器中进行了甲烷部分氧化合成甲醛反应的本征动力学研究，确定了反应途径和反应级数，通过Ｌａｐｌａｃｅ变换计算了各步反应速度常数和活化能，给出了Ｏ２浓度和反应温度对产物分布和最佳空时的影响规律，并预测了不同反应温度下的最佳空时及空时收率（ＳＴＹ）。     

甲烷生物催化氧化制甲醇:固定化细胞催化剂的制备及其催化性能的研究

研究了利用无机载体（活性炭、氧化铝、分子筛等）吸附法和天然藻胶（海藻酸钙等）包埋法制备的固定化甲烷氧化细菌的催化性能及其在生物反应器中的反应，结果表明，在进行甲烷制甲醇的反应中、活性炭吸附制备的固定化细胞的操作稳定性最好，但其初始酶活性与休止游离细胞相比损失了６０％￣８０％，海藻酸钙包埋的固定化细胞初始酶活性高（与游离细胞相比，可保持５５％￣９０％的酶活性），但反应中甲醇累积速度很低，而双重介质（     

固定床F-T合成反应器的稳态和动态行为特性 Ⅱ.稳态和动态模拟计算结果(英文)

讨论了固定床F－T合成反应器的稳态和动态行为。首先研究了操作条件对固定床F－T合成反应器稳态行为的影响,然后探讨了当反应器进口原料温度、原料流速和冷却介质温度突变后床层的动态响应行为。     

沼气中CO2的甲烷化反应及反应器研究

本文采用计算流体力学方法建立了以沼气为原料气的CO₂甲烷化反应器模型，通过多物理场耦合求解获得了不同反应条件下甲烷化反应器内的温度分布和反应速率等数据，考察了反应温度、压力、流速等对甲烷化反应的影响。研究结果表明，提高反应温度和压力有利于提高CO₂甲烷化反应速率和生产效率，但在相同装填量的催化剂床层CO₂的出口转化率降低。以Al₂O₃为载体的Ni催化剂，在床层直径小于25 mm时，恒壁温条件下床层内外温差为3.1℃。综合热力学和动力学两方面的影响，以沼气为原料的CO₂甲烷化反应温度应以300～400℃为宜。在300℃,1.0 MPa的反应条件下，反应停留时间大于257.6 s可达到高于98%的CO₂转化率。     

A batch membrane reactor for laboratory studies

A membrane reactor consisting of two recirculating flow systems connected via a membrane module has been constructed and used to study the dehydrogenation of cyclohexane. When the reactor is operated differentially it is possible to obtain the same information that is generated when using more conventional steady flow reactors. The batch system has the advantages of easily varying the ratio of membrane area to reactor volume and sampling a very wide range of effective Damköhler numbers. These are important variables in design studies. This ability has been demonstrated for the dehydrogenation of cyclohexane. The batch system reproduced results from studies using a more conventional flow reactor. In addition, with the batch reactor it was possible to experimentally confirm predictions that were based upon computer simulation but which were outside the range of experimental study for the conventional reactors used.     

生物质焦油模拟物重整制取富氢气体实验研究

以流化床作为反应器,进行生物质焦油模拟物(苯)催化重整制取富氢气体的实验研究,主要探究实验温度(780℃~900℃)、水蒸气/焦油模拟物质量比S/T (3.0~6.0)、床高(5.0cm~20.0cm)和床料(催化剂)对焦油模拟物重整制取富氢气体过程的影响。实验结果表明,焦油模拟物重整制取富氢气体的理想操作工况分别是温度为860℃~900℃,S/T 值为5.0,床层高度为15.0cm~20.0cm;通过比较,在上述理想操作条件下,合成的碱土金属催化剂(20CaAl)具有较好的催化活性,而其改性后的SCaFeNiAl催化剂具有更好的活性。在SCaFeNiAl作用下,焦油模拟物重整过程的活化能为58.87kJ/mol,指前因子为1.36×10⁷h^-1,且获得较好的实验效果,H₂体积分数为67.28%,H₂产率为303.50g/kg-tar,焦油模拟物转化率为95.93%,总气体产率为5.05m³/kg-tar。     

Comparison of dry reforming of methane in low temperature hybrid plasma-catalytic corona with thermal catalytic reactor over Ni/γ-Al2O3

In the current study,the hybrid effect of a corona discharge and γ-alumina supported Ni catalysts in CO2 reforming of methane is investigated.The study includes both purely catalytic operation in the temperature range of 923-1023K,and hybrid catalytic-plasma operation of DC corona discharge reactor at room temperature and ambient pressure.The effect of feed flow rate,discharge power and Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalysts are studied.When CH4/CO2 ratio in the feed is 1/2,the syngas of low H2/CO ratio at about 0.56 is obtained,which is a potential feedstock for synthesis of liquid hydrocarbons.Although Ni catalyst is only active above 573K,presence of Ni catalysts in the cold corona plasma reactor(T≤523K) shows promising increase in the conversions of methane and carbon dioxide.When Ni catalysts are used in the plasma reaction,H2/CO ratios in the products are slightly modified,selectivity to CO increases whereas fewer by-products such as hydrocarbons and oxygenates are formed.     

Modeling of a counterflow plasma reactor

Modeling of a counterflow plasma reactor is presented, using liquid injection for the synthesis of fine particles. An experimental reactor has been developed in this laboratory, and feasibility has been demonstrated for synthesizing advanced ceramic powders. The flow field calculations show two major recirculating regions which are of importance for increasing the particles' residence time inside of the reactor. In addition, the temperature within these recirculation zones remains relatively uniform. For simulation, water droplet trajectories have been calculated for droplets produced by an injection probe. It is shown that the droplets in a size range below 50 m in diameter will follow the streamlines and evaporate completely within a short traveling distance. This finding suggests that this reactor configuration provides a favorable environment for the synthesis of fine particles using liquid precursors.     

Parametric study of atmospheric-pressure diamond synthesis with an inductively coupled plasma torch

Polycrystalline diamond coatings have been deposited run molybdenum and silicon substrates using an inductively coupled, atmospheric-pressure plasma torch. Growth rates are on the order of 10 hr. The inductively coupled plasma reactor is found to produce a uniform, well-characterized growth environment for experimental and computational .study of the atmospheric-pressure diamond growth regime. Growth morphology is found to be sensitive to reactor conditions such as substrate surface temperature and methane-to-hydrogen feed ratio. An experimental parametric study of these variables is performed and the resultant growth analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction Spectroscopic analysis of the gas phase is also performed. Results indicate that the, substrate temperature range over which diamond growth occurs shifts toward higher temperatures as the methane-to-hydrogen feed ratio is increased. The growth rate is observed to reach a maximum with varying methane-to-hydrogen feed ratio at constant substrate temperature. Raman analysis of the deposits indicates that higher-quality diamond is achieved at the highest limits of substrate temperature for a given methane-to-hydrogen ratio. Higher-quality diamond is also observed to be, formed at lower methane-to-hydrogen feed ratios.     

含氮合成气在三相淤浆床-固定床中直接合成二甲醚

在三相淤浆床－固定床反应装置中,研究含氮合成气直接合成二甲醚。使用双功能混合催化剂,粒度为0.15 mm～0.18 mm。在220 ℃～260 ℃、3.0 MPa～7.0 MPa、空速1 000 mL·g-1·h-1时考察了温度、压力及两种反应器中催化剂的装填比例对CO转化率及二甲醚选择性的影响。结果表明,一氧化碳转化率随反应压力的增加而提高,随着温度升高二甲醚的选择性变化不大,CO转化率的升高较明显,因此在催化剂活性适宜的温度范围内,该反应装置可以采用较高的反应温度。当260 ℃、7.0 MPa、三相床与固定床中催化剂比例为1∶1时,CO的转化率可达84.5％,二甲醚的选择性为78.7％。淤浆床－固定床反应装置具有操作稳定性好、CO转化率高的优点。催化剂在该装置中反应370 h活性没有明显下降。     

甲醇POSR制氢的反应网络热力学分析和有效因子的估算

在Cu/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂上对甲醇部分氧化蒸汽重整制备氢气反应的动力学过程进行了研究。在常压和473 K～1 073 K温度范围内对该反应网络中的甲醇部分氧化、甲醇蒸汽重整、甲醇分解和水煤气反应的化学平衡进行了分析。在对这些反应的催化剂Cu/ZnO/Al2O3动力学研究的基础上，根据有效因子的基本概念，考虑催化剂颗粒内的扩散限制，对每个反应沿反应器床层的有效因子进行了估算。     

Natural iron ore as an oxygen carrier for biomass chemical looping gasification in a fluidized bed reactor

Chemical looping gasification (CLG) of biomass was performed in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TG) reactor together with a fluidized reactor with natural iron ore oxygen carrier under inert atmosphere. TG experiments indicated that iron ore can provide oxygen source for biomass conversion in the form of lattice oxygen. In the fluidized bed experiments, the influences of reduction temperature on CLG of biomass were emphatically investigated in terms of gas distribution and solid characters. The gas yield and carbon conversion increased, but the tar content decreased in the temperature range of 1,013–1,213 K. In this temperature range, the conversion of oxygen carrier increased from 24.11 to 53.59 %. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that more FeO was generated with temperature increasing. Scanning electron microscope analysis indicates that sintering was observed at elevated temperature. An optimum mass ratio of biomass/oxygen carrier (B/O) of 0.67 was obtained with aim of achieving maximum gasification efficiency of 76.93 %.     

Chemical-looping gasification of biomass in a 10 kW_(th) interconnected fluidized bed reactor using Fe_2O_3/Al_2O_3 oxygen carrier

Abstract:The aim of this research is to design and operate a 10 kW hot chemical-looping gasification(CLG)unit using Fe2O3/Al2O3as an oxygen carrier and saw dust as a fuel.The effect of the operation temperature on gas composition in the air reactor and the fuel reactor,and the carbon conversion of biomass to CO2and CO in the fuel reactor have been experimentally studied.A total60 h run has been obtained with the same batch of oxygen carrier of iron oxide supported with alumina.The results show that CO and H2concentrations are increased with increasing temperature in the fuel reactor.It is also found that with increasing fuel reactor temperature,both the amount of residual char in the fuel reactor and CO2concentration of the exit gas from the air reactor are degreased.Carbon conversion rate and gasification efficiency are increased by increasing temperature and H2production at 870℃reaches the highest rate.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and BET-surface area tests have been used to characterize fresh and reacted oxygen carrier particles.The results display that the oxygen carrier activity is not declined and the specific surface area of the oxygen carrier particles is not decreased significantly.