苯和苯胺类硝基衍生物热解机理和撞击感度的理论研究

在DFT-B3LYP/6-31G*水平获得苯和苯胺类硝基衍生物的全优化分子几何和电子结构.通过非限制性(U)B3LYP/6-31G*计算求得标题物各化学键离解能(BDE).用UHF-PM3 MO方法求得引发键C-NO2键均裂反应的活化能(Ea).以静态指标(键集居数、前线轨道能级差和硝基上净电荷)和动态理论指标(BDE和Ea)阐明了热解引发机理,关联了实验撞击感度.运用SPSS程序关联静态和动态理论指标,表明它们均可以用作预示标题物的热解引发机理和撞击感度.     

高能化合物热解机理和撞击感度的理论研究-苯和苯胺类硝基衍生物

在DFT-B3LYP/6-31G*水平求得苯和苯胺类硝基衍生物的全优化分子几何和电子结构。通过非限制性 (U) B3LYP/6-31G*计算求得标题物各化学键离解能(BDE)。用UHF-PM3 MO方法求得引发键C-NO2键均裂反应的活化能(Ea)。以静态指标(键集居数、前线轨道能级差和硝基上净电荷)和动态理论指标(BDE和Ea) 阐明了热解引发机理,关联了实验撞击感度。运用SPSS程序关联静态和动态理论指标,表明它们可平行或等价地用作预示标题物的热解引发机理和撞击感度。     

n‐Butane Monomolecular Cracking on Acidic Zeolites: A Density Functional Study

采用5T簇模型,利用密度泛函理论在B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d)水平下研究正丁烷在酸性分子筛上的单分子催化裂解反应。本文重点详细研究了正丁烷在分子筛表面不同C位的脱氢反应。在B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d)水平下计算所得第一和第二位C-C键裂解的活化能垒分别为 238、217 kJ/mol。而第一第二序位脱氢反应能垒分别为296、242 kJ/mol。正丁烷不同序位脱氢反应的活化能垒相差54 kJ/mol。从计算结果可以看出,正丁烷在分子筛上催化裂解脱氢反应优先发生在第二位C原子上。此外,本文还讨论了簇模型结构与酸性的关系,结果显示改变封端Si-H键的键长的方法可以用来模拟分子筛酸性变化。最后研究了分子筛酸性变化与正丁烷催化裂解反应能垒的关系。     

CH3CH2S自由基H迁移异构化及裂解反应的理论研究

采用密度泛函方法(B3LYP)在6-311+G(d,p)基组水平上研究了CH3CH2S自由基H迁移异构化以及裂解反应的微观动力学机理. 在QCISD(T)/6-311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)+ZPE水平上进行了单点能校正. 利用经典过渡态理论(TST)与变分过渡态理论(CVT)分别计算了在200~2000 K温度区间内的速率常数kTST和kCVT, 同时获得了经小曲率隧道效应模型(SCT)校正后的速率常数kCVT/SCT. 研究结果表明, CH3CH2S自由基1,2-H迁移、1,3-H迁移、C—C键断裂和β-C—H键断裂反应的势垒ΔE≠分别为149.74, 144.34, 168.79和198.29 kJ/mol. 当温度低于800 K时, 主要发生1,2-H迁移反应, 高于1800 K时, 主要表现为C—C键断裂反应, 在1300—1800 K范围内, 1,3-H迁移反应是优势通道, 在计算的整个温度段内, β-C—H键断裂反应可以忽略.     

C6FmH6－m (m＝1～6)结构及芳香性的理论研究

运用密度泛函理论方法B3LYP, 选取6-31G(d,p)和6-31G(d)两种基组对C₆F_mH_{6－ m}(m＝1～6)进行了几何优化, 并对优化结构运用B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)方法进行了键能计算, 选用B3LYP-GIAO/6-31＋＋G(d,p)方法进行核无关化学位移(Nucleus-Independent Chemical Shifts, NICS)的计算. 研究表明, 所研究的氟代苯的基态均呈平面几何结构, 6-31G(d,p)基组计算的键长、键角的结果与实验值更加吻合, 其芳香性都较苯的大, 且随取代F数目的增加而增大. 用NBO对分子总NICS及各键对NICS的贡献进行了分解, 结果显示, 氟的p_z孤对电子参与六元环π键的形成是使氟代苯分子芳香性变大的主要原因.     

亚甲基氰自由基(HCCN)与一氧化氮(NO)反应势能面的理论研究

在CCSD(T)/6-311G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)+ZPE水平上对反应HCCN+NO的二重态反应势能面进行了计算,得到了4种产物:P1(HCN+NCO),P2(OH+NCCN),P₃[HCN+(CNO)]和P4(HCN+CNO).其中产物P1为主要产物,P2为次要产物,P₃和P4很难得到.在G2(B3LYP/MP2/CC)水平,对产物P1和P2的反应通道的单点能量进行了校正.     

乙醛二聚体内蓝移型氢键的理论研究

利用理论方法研究了乙醛二聚体内的氢键. 在MP2/6-31＋G(d), B3LYP/6-31＋G(d), B3LYP/6-311＋＋G(d,p)和B3LYP/6-311＋＋G(3df,2p)水平上, 利用常规方法和均衡校正方法对3种稳定的乙醛二聚体进行了几何优化和振动频率计算. 计算结果表明: 在二聚体A和C中乙醛中C—H键强烈收缩, 存在显著的C—H…O蓝移型氢键. 自然键轨道(NBO)分析表明, 电子供体轨道和电子受体轨道之间相互作用的稳定化能、分子内电子密度重排、轨道再杂化和结构重组是决定氢键红移和蓝移的主要因素. 其中, 轨道间稳定化能属于键伸长效应, 分子内电子密度重排、轨道再杂化和电子受体内部结构重组属于键收缩效应. 在二聚体A和C中, 由于键收缩效应处于优势地位导致C—H…O蓝移氢键存在.     

戊烯自由基阳离子的密度泛函理论研究

使用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法和6-31G(d,p)、6-31＋G(d,p)、6-311G(d,p)及6-311＋G(d,p)基组，分别对2-C5H10＋和1-C5H10＋的各种构象进行了几何构型优化，并用B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)进行了频率分析计算.计算预言1-C5H10＋具有非平面构型，与以往报导的从头算计算结论相反.在两个自由基阳离子的各种构象的B3LYP几何构型上，进行了B3LYP和UMP2(full)方法的超精细偶合常数计算，得到了比以往更好的结果.     

聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯二聚体模化物键离能的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论方法计算了聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)二聚体模化物的键离能,并设计PET热解的3条可能路径,分析PET热解机理.由于乙酸甲酯与PET具有相同的酯基官能团,因此以乙酸甲酯为简单模型参照物,采用M06-2X,B3P86,B3LYP以及BHandHLYP方法分别在基组LanL2DZ,6-31G(d),3-21G和6-31++G(d,p)水平下对乙酸甲酯的键离能进行计算.通过计算可知,B3P86与M06-2X方法的计算结果与iBonD数据库的乙酸甲酯实验测定值最接近.因此本研究采用B3P86与M06-2X方法对PET的键离能进行计算.计算结果表明:PET的各键中C—C(aromatic)键的键离能最大,主链上的C—C键离能最小,其次是C—O键.在PET的可能热解路径中,PET可能主要通过主链进行协同反应,生成苯甲酸、对苯二甲酸等有机酸以及CH_3CHO和CO_2等气体产物.     

CH_3SH+CN微观反应机理的理论研究

采用BMC-CCSD//B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)方法对CH3SH+CN反应机理进行了详细的理论研究.反应中涉及的各稳定点的构型、振动频率和零点能在B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)水平下计算得到,计算结果表明,该反应存在两种反应机理,5条可能的反应通道.SN2机理由于能垒太高,与直接氢抽提机理相比可以忽略.该反应的最可行通道为CN中的C原子进攻SH中的H原子经由一个前期和一个后期分子络合物生成产物CH3S和HCN.计算得到的反应焓变与已有实验值非常吻合.     

Molecular structure, vibrational spectra and NBO analysis of phenylisothiocyanate by density functional method

The molecular geometry, vibrational frequencies and NBO analysis of phenylisothiocyanate (PITC) in the ground state have been calculated by using density functional theory calculation (B3LYP) with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The optimized geometrical parameters obtained by DFT calculations are in good agreement with experimental values. Comparison of the observed fundamental vibrational frequencies of the PITC and calculated result by density functional theory (B3LYP) indicates B3LYP is superior for molecular vibrational problems. The entropy of the title compound was also performed at HF/B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) levels of theory. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis of title molecule is also carried out. A detailed interpretation of the IR and Raman spectra of PITC is reported on the basis of the calculated potential energy distribution (PED). The theoretical spectrogram for IR spectrum of the title molecule has been constructed.     

Influence of the d orbital occupation on the nature and strength of copper cation-pi interactions: threshold collision-induced dissociation and theoretical studies

Threshold collision-induced dissociation techniques are employed to determine the bond dissociation energies of a wide variety of copper cation-pi complexes, Cu(+)(pi-ligand), where pi-ligand = benzene, flurobenzene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, iodobenzene, phenol, toluene, anisole, pyrrole, N-methylpyrrole, indole, naphthalene, aniline, N-methylaniline, and N,N-dimethylaniline. The primary and lowest energy dissociation pathway corresponds to the endothermic loss of the intact neutral pi-ligand for all complexes except those to N-methylpyrrole, indole, aniline, N-methylaniline, and N,N-dimethylaniline. In the latter complexes, the primary dissociation pathway corresponds to loss of the intact ligand accompanied by charge transfer, thereby producing a neutral copper atom and ionized pi-ligand. Fragmentation of the pi-ligands is also observed at elevated energies in several cases. Theoretical calculations at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory are used to determine the structures, vibrational frequencies, and rotational constants of these complexes. Multiple low-energy conformers are found for all of the copper cation-pi complexes. Theoretical bond dissociation energies are determined from single point energy calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p) level of theory using the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) optimized geometries. The agreement between theory and experiment is very good for most complexes. The nature and strength of the binding in these copper cation-pi complexes are studied and compared with the corresponding cation-pi complexes to Na(+). Natural bond orbital analyses are carried out to examine the influence of the d orbital occupation on copper cation-pi interactions.     

Experimental and computational studies on (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Z</Emphasis>)-1-((4-phenylamino)phenylamino)-methylene)naphthalen-2(1<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>)-one

The Schiff base compound (Z)-1-((4-phenylamino)phenylamino)methylene)naphthalen-2(1H)-one has been synthesized and characterized by IR, UV–Vis, and X-ray single-crystal determination. Molecular geometry from X-ray experiment of the title compound in the ground state have been compared using the Hartree–Fock (HF) and density functional method (B3LYP) with 6−31G(d,p) basis set. Calculated results show that density functional theory DFT and HF can well reproduce the structure of the title compound. Using the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) and Hartree–Fock (TD-HF) methods, electronic absorption spectra of the title compound have been predicted and a good agreement with the TD-DFT method and experimental ones is determined. The energetic behavior of the title compound in solvent media has been examined using B3LYP method with the 6−31G(d,p) basis set by applying the polarizable continuum model (PCM). The total energy of the title compound decreases with increasing polarity of the solvent. In addition, DFT calculations of the title compound, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), natural bond orbital analysis (NBO), and non-linear optical (NLO) properties were performed at B3LYP/6−31G(d,p) level of theory.     

A simple model for metal cation-phosphate interactions in nucleic acids in the gas phase: Alkali metal cations and trimethyl phosphate

Threshold collision-induced dissociation techniques are employed to determine the bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of complexes of alkali metal cations to trimethyl phosphate, TMP. Endothermic loss of the intact TMP ligand is the only dissociation pathway observed for all complexes. Theoretical calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory are used to determine the structures, vibrational frequencies, and rotational constants of neutral TMP and the M+(TMP) complexes. Theoretical BDEs are determined from single point energy calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,2p) level using the B3LYP/6-31G* optimized geometries. The agreement between theory and experiment is reasonably good for all complexes except Li+(TMP). The absolute M+-(TMP) BDEs are found to decrease monotonically as the size of the alkali metal cation increases. No activated dissociation was observed for alkali metal cation binding to TMP. The binding of alkali metal cations to TMP is compared with that to acetone and methanol.     

Vibrational assignment of the spectral data and thermodynamic properties of 2-chloro-4-fluorobenzophenone using DFT quantum chemical calculations

The FT-Raman (3500-100 cm⁻¹) and FT-IR (4000-450 cm⁻¹) spectra of 2-chloro-4-fluorobenzophenone were recorded in the solid phase. Density functional theory calculations with B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) basis set was used to determine the ground state molecular geometries (bond lengths and bond angles), harmonic vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities and Raman activities of this compound. Potential energy distributions (PEDs) and normal modes, for the spectral data computed at B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) level, have also been obtained from force-field calculations. The wavenumbers found after scaling of the force field showed very good agreement with the experimentally determined values. A comparison of the theoretical spectra and experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of the title molecule has been made and full vibrational assignments of the observed spectra have been proposed. On the basis of vibrational analyses, the thermodynamic properties of title compound at different temperatures have been calculated.     

Solvation of copper ions by acetone. structures and sequential binding energies of Cu+(acetone)x,x = 1-4 from collision-induced dissociation and theoretical studies

Collision-induced dissociation of Cu+(acetone)(x), x = 1-4, with Xe is studied as a function of kinetic energy using guided ion beam mass spectrometry. In all cases, the primary and lowest energy dissociation channel observed is endothermic loss of one acetone molecule. The primary cross section thresholds are interpreted to yield 0 and 298 K bond energies after accounting for the effects of multiple ion-neutral collisions, internal energy of the complexes, and dissociation lifetimes. Density functional calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory are used to determine the structures of these complexes and provide molecular constants necessary for the thermodynamic analysis of the experimental data. Theoretical bond dissociation energies are determined from single point calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,2p) and MP2(full)/6-311+G(2d,2p) levels, using the B3LYP/6-31G* optimized geometries. The experimental bond energies determined here are in good agreement with previous experimental measurements made in a high-pressure mass spectrometer for the sum of the first and second bond energy (i.e., Cu+(acetone)2 --> Cu+ + 2 acetone) when these results are properly anchored. The agreement between theory and experiment is reasonable in all cases, but varies both with the size of the cluster and the level of theory employed. B3LYP does an excellent job for the x = 1 and 3 clusters, but is systematically low for the x = 2 and 4 clusters such that the overall trends in sequential binding energies are not parallel. In contrast, all MP2 values are somewhat low, but the overall trends parallel the measured values for all clusters. The trends in the measured Cu+(acetone), binding energies are explained in terms of 4s-3d sigma hybridization effects and ligand-ligand repulsion in the clusters.     

木质素模化物紫丁香酚热解机理的量子化学研究

采用密度泛函理论方法B3LYP/6-31G++(d,p),对木质素模化物紫丁香酚的热解反应机理进行了量子化学理论研究。提出了三种可能的热解反应途径,对各种反应的反应物、产物、中间体和过渡态的结构进行了能量梯度全优化。计算了各热解反应途径的标准动力学参数,分析了各种主要热解产物的形成演化机理。键离解能计算结果表明,紫丁香酚中CH₃-O键的键离解能最小,各种键离解能的大小顺序为CH₃-O < O-H < CH₃O-C_aromatic < CH₂-H < HO-C_aromatic < C_aromatic-H。在反应路径(1)中,主要热解产物是3-甲氧基邻苯二酚,其形成反应的总能垒为366.6 kJ/mol;在反应路径(2)中主要热解产物是2-甲氧基-6-甲基苯酚,其形成反应的总能垒为474.8 kJ/mol;在反应路径(3)中形成邻甲氧基苯酚的总能垒很低,为21.4 kJ/mol,这表明,在连接甲氧基的碳原子上加氢后能够有效地降低木质素芳环模化物紫丁香酚去甲氧基反应的反应能垒。     

Thermochemistry of 2-amino-3-quinoxalinecarbonitrile-1,4-dioxide. Evaluation of the mean dissociation enthalpy of the (N-O) bond

The standard enthalpy of formation of the 2-amino-3-quinoxalinecarbonitrile-1,4-dioxide compound in the gas-phase was derived from the enthalpies of combustion of the crystalline solid measured by static bomb combustion calorimetry and its enthalpy of sublimation determined by Knudsen mass-loss effusion at T= 298.15 K. This value is (383.8 +/- 5.4) kJ mol(-1) and was subsequently combined with the experimental gas-phase enthalpy of formation of atomic oxygen and with the computed gas-phase enthalpy of formation of 2-amino-3-quinoxalinecarbonitrile, (382.0 +/- 6.3) kJ mol(-1), in order to estimate the mean (N-O) bond dissociation enthalpy in the gas-phase of 2-amino-3-quinoxalinecarbonitrile-1,4-dioxide. The result obtained is (248.3 +/- 8.3) kJ mol(-1), which is in excellent agreement with the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) computed value.     

Bond dissociation energies and equilibrium structures of Cu+(MeOH)x, x = 1-6, in the gas phase: competition between solvation of the metal ion and hydrogen-bonding interactions

The solvation of Cu+ by methanol (MeOH) was studied via examination of the kinetic energy dependence of the collision-induced dissociation of Cu+(MeOH)x complexes, where x = 1-6, with Xe in a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. In all cases, the primary and lowest-energy dissociation channel observed is the endothermic loss of a single MeOH molecule. The primary cross section thresholds are interpreted to yield 0 and 298 K bond dissociation energies (BDEs) after accounting for the effects of multiple ion-neutral collisions, kinetic and internal energy distributions of the reactants, and lifetimes for dissociation. Density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G* level are performed to obtain model structures, vibrational frequencies, and rotational constants for the Cu+(MeOH)x complexes and their dissociation products. The relative stabilities of various conformations and theoretical BDEs are determined from single-point energy calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,2p) level of theory using B3LYP/6-31G*-optimized geometries. The relative stabilities of the various conformations of the Cu+(MeOH)x complexes and the trends in the sequential BDEs are explained in terms of stabilization gained from sd hybridization, hydrogen-bonding interactions, electron donor-acceptor natural bond orbital stabilizing interactions, and destabilization arising from ligand-ligand repulsion.     

Unimolecular dissociation of aniline molecular ion: A theoretical study

The potential energy surface (PES) for dissociation of aniline ion was determined using density functional theory molecular orbital calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. On the basis of the PES obtained, kinetic analysis was performed by Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) calculations. The RRKM dissociation rate constants agreed well with previous experimental data. The most favorable channel was formation of the cyclopentadiene ion by loss of HNC, occurring through consecutive ring opening and re-closure to a five-membered ring. Loss of H could compete with the HNC loss at high energy, which occurred by direct cleavage of an N–H bond or through ring expansion.