Cu/SiO2催化剂上苯胺和正丙醇高效合成N-丙基苯胺

采用等体积浸渍法经程序升温焙烧制备了Cu/SiO2催化剂,考察了该催化剂对苯胺和正丙醇气相合成N-丙基苯胺的催化活性和选择性.常压下,当反应温度为260℃时,Cu/SiO2上正丙醇转化率达到100%,N-丙基苯胺选择性超过92%.X射线衍射分析表明,该催化剂具有较好的铜结晶度.     

铁促进的Cu/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂上高效气相合成3-甲基吲哚

以苯胺和生物质来源的丙三醇为反应原料,在铁促进的Cu/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂上气相合成了3-甲基吲哚,采用X射线光电子能谱、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP)、氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)以及热重(TG)分析等技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,向Cu/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂加入铁助剂不仅能明显提高催化剂的活性和选择性,而且能大大改善催化剂的稳定性.在Cu-Fe/ SiO2-Al2O3催化剂上,反应3h,3-甲基吲哚收率能够达到48％,而且催化剂经过再生可以重复使用,即使反应43 h,其产物收率也没有明显的降低.各种表征表明,向Cu/SiO2-Al2O3加入铁助剂能增强铜和载体之间的相互作用,由此大大提高了铜粒子在载体表面的分散度,并且有效减少了反应过程中铜组分的流失;此外,铁助剂还能显著减少催化剂的中强酸中心数,增加弱酸中心数,从而提高3-甲基吲哚的选择性,并且抑制了积炭的形成.     

用于吲哚直接合成的高性能Cu/SiO2-MgO催化剂

 通过分步浸渍法制备的Cu/SiO2-MgO催化剂对苯胺和乙二醇直接合成吲哚表现出优异的催化性能. 在Cu负载量为0.68 mmol/g和MgO含量为Cu负载量的0.25%时,乙二醇转化率和吲哚选择率分别达到100%和94%,而且催化剂的催化性能比较稳定. XRD结果表明,催化剂活性和选择性较高时,铜晶体的结晶度较高.     

In-Cu/SiO2催化剂用于醋酸甲酯加氢反应制乙醇

工业上常用玉米生产乙醇,从而造成粮食和燃料的选择两难局面.随着页岩气研究的不断深入以及全球可观的煤炭存量,用醋酸甲酯加氢制乙醇已引起广泛关注.铜基催化剂对酯加氢生成醇有高的转化率和选择性,其中铜铬催化剂性能较高,但铬对人体和环境的潜在危害限制了其广泛应用.Cu/SiO2催化剂价格低廉,环境友好,但其稳定性较差,容易失活不利于工业上应用.因此人们对Cu/SiO2催化剂进行改性.本文采用氨蒸法制备了一系列掺杂不同量氧化铟(In2O3)的Cu催化剂(In-Cu/SiO2).采用X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气吸脱附、氢气程序升温脱附(H2-TPD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)以及电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)等手段对催化剂进行了表征,同时评价了催化剂的活性和稳定性.结果发现,In2O3的改性提高了Cu/SiO2催化剂在醋酸甲酯加氢制乙醇反应中的活性和稳定性; 其中当添加1%In2O3时,醋酸甲酯转化率从83.7%提高至97.8% (反应温度523 K,反应压力3 MPa,氢酯摩尔比15,液时空速2 h?1),且对液时空速的变化耐受性比较强.当液时空速大于3 h?1时,随着液时空速的增加,Cu/SiO2催化剂的活性和选择性急剧下降,而1In-Cu/SiO2催化剂变化相对较小.TEM和XRD结果表明,适量In2O3的掺入改善了Cu/SiO2催化剂活性组分的分散性,铜粒径变小;FT-IR和N2O化学吸附结果显示,In2O3的加入使得页硅酸铜含量增加,从而有效地抑制了催化剂还原过程中铜的聚合,因此催化剂性能提高.XPS结果表明,表面Cu0和Cu+活性位点之间的协同作用有助于改善催化剂性能.Cu/SiO2和1In-Cu/SiO2催化剂100 h的稳定性测试发现,Cu/SiO2催化剂的失活主要是由于活性组分颗粒尺寸聚集变大和表面Cu0和Cu+分布的破坏所致; 而1In-Cu/SiO2催化剂物化性质几乎保持不变,表明适量的In2O3可稳定Cu/SiO2催化剂,延长其使用寿命.由此推断,In2O3可能作为一种隔离剂以抑制铜纳米粒子的热迁移和聚集,从而有效地提高Cu/SiO2催化剂活性和稳定性.     

Co或Ni促进的Cu/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂上丙三醇和苯胺气相合成3-甲基吲哚

对丙三醇和苯胺在Co或Ni促进的Cu/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂上气相合成3-甲基吲哚进行了研究.采用N2吸附、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、电感耦合等离子体(ICP)发射光谱、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)及热重(TG)分析等技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,向Cu/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂加入钴或镍助剂改善了催化剂的催化性能,钴比镍更加有效.在催化剂Cu-Co/SiO2-Al2O3和Cu-Ni/SiO2-Al2O3上,反应第3 h,3-甲基吲哚收率分别达到47%和45%,而且催化剂经过6次再生收率仍能达到44%和42%.各种表征表明,向Cu/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂加入钴或镍助剂能增强铜和载体之间的相互作用,其结果不仅促进了铜粒子在载体表面的分散度,而且有效减少了反应过程中铜组分的流失.另外,加入钴或镍助剂还能减少催化剂的中强酸中心数,从而提高3-甲基吲哚的选择性,并且抑制积炭的形成.此外,钴助剂还能增加催化剂的弱酸中心数,促进3-甲基吲哚的生成.提出了金属铜与弱酸中心共同促进3-甲基吲哚合成的催化反应机理.     

高活性Cu/SiO2催化剂应用于丙二酸二乙酯加氢制1,3-丙二醇

作为聚对苯二甲酸丙二醇酯(PTT)的不可替代原料,1,3-丙二醇(1,3-PDO)广泛应用于聚酯、树脂、化妆品、润滑剂和制冷剂等领域.采用丙二酸二乙酯(DEM)一步加氢合成1,3-PDO可避免传统化学工艺中醛类副产物的生成和生物法中产品纯度不高的问题,进而满足下游PTT的品质要求. Cu/SiO2催化剂因铜与载体间的强相互作用以及硅胶的弱酸性有利于催化活性中心的建立而被广泛应用于气相加氢反应,可以选择性地活化C?O键而不活化C?C键.因此,本文将Cu/SiO2催化剂应用于DEM加氢反应,重点考察了焙烧温度对催化剂结构与性能影响的本质原因.
　　采用蒸氨法制备Cu/SiO2催化剂,将一定量氨水滴加到硝酸铜水溶液中形成铜氨溶液后滴加JN-30硅溶胶,经老化、过滤、洗涤、烘干、焙烧、压片成型后得到40?60目的催化剂.将不同温度(623?1023 K)焙烧的Cu/SiO2催化剂装填入自制连续高压固定床反应器中进行DEM加氢反应,并采用N2物理吸脱附、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱、N2O化学吸附、X射线衍射、傅里叶红外光谱、H2程序升温还原(TPR)、透射电镜及X射线光电子能谱等手段对不同温度焙烧催化剂进行表征.结果表明,在723 K焙烧的催化剂具有最大的比表面积和最均一的孔径分布,其铜组分分散均匀,活性铜表面积最大,焙烧后可以形成最多的页硅酸铜,导致还原后Cu+/Cu0比例较高.在该催化剂作用下,于473 K、2.0 MPa、氢酯摩尔比330和液体空速1.8 h–1条件下, DEM转化率为90.7%,1,3-PDO选择性为32.3%.
　　焙烧温度对Cu/SiO2催化剂组成、织构、结构、形貌及还原后的价态有较大影响.在焙烧温度为623?1023 K时,低温焙烧有利于生成页硅酸铜,而高温焙烧则有利于形成CuO.在焙烧温度升高的过程中,铜组分形态会发生较大变化,在623?723 K焙烧的催化剂中页硅酸铜含量不断增加;继续升高温度至823 K,页硅酸铜含量减少,但是分散变差,导致铜的比表面积、孔体积和孔径最小;进一步升高温度至923 K,页硅酸铜消失, CuO分散均匀, H2-TPR的还原峰窄且对称;当温度升高到1023 K时,铜晶体迅速长大而较难被还原.     

Cr-Cu/SiO2 催化剂上顺酐和1,4-丁二醇的耦合反应

研究了Cr-Cu/SiO2催化剂上顺酐加氢反应和1,4-丁二醇脱氢反应耦合制备重要的精细化学品γ-丁内酯.耦合反应显著提高了顺酐转化率和γ-丁内酯选择性.Cr修饰提高了催化剂的脱氢活性,抑止了催化剂的过度加氢活性,使1,4-丁二醇的转化率和γ-丁内酯选择性显著提高.Cr修饰量为w=5%的Cr-Cu/SiO2催化剂上耦合反应的原料转化率为100%,γ-丁内酯选择性达98.8%.XRD,XPS等研究表明,Cr修饰促进了催化剂上铜元素的分散,氧化铬对氧化铜有给电子作用,Cr修饰的Cr-Cu/SiO2催化剂还原后比Cu/SiO2具有更多的Cu ,这有利于催化剂脱氢活性和γ-丁内酯选择性的提高.     

CeO2改性Cu/Al2O3催化剂上甲醇水蒸气重整制氢

研究CeO2改性Cu/Al2O3催化剂上甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应过程,得到低温活性、氢选择性和稳定性较好的催化剂.Cu/Al2O3催化剂中添加CeO2提高了催化剂的活性和稳定性,当CeO2质量分数为20％时,催化剂活性表现最佳.在反应温度250 ℃,水醇摩尔比为1.0,液体空速为3.28 h －1条件下,甲醇转化率为95.5％,氢气选择性为100％.此外,CeO2通过促进水气转化反应降低了重整气中CO的含量.Cu/CeO2/Al2O3催化剂在200 h的寿命实验中,活性仍保持在90.0％以上,而Cu/Al2O3催化剂在100 h的寿命实验中,活性已很快下降.XRD和TPR分析及表面元素分布结果表明,铜和铈相互作用促进了铜在催化剂表面的高度分散,阻止了铜晶粒团聚、烧结,促使铜晶粒细小化,促进了铜的还原,改善了Cu/CeO2/Al2O3催化剂的性能.     

CeO2改性Cu/Al2O3催化剂上甲醇水蒸气重整制氢

研究CeO2改性Cu/Al2O3催化剂上甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应过程,得到低温活性、氢选择性和稳定性较好的催化剂.Cu/A12O3催化剂中添加CeO2提高了催化剂的活性和稳定性,当CeO2质量分数为20%时,催化剂活性表现最佳.在反应温度250℃,水醇摩尔比为1.0,液体空速为3.28 h-1条件下,甲醇转化率为95.5%,氢气选择性为100%.此外,CeO2通过促进水气转化反应降低了重整气中CO的含量.Cu/CeO2/Al2O3催化剂在200 h的寿命实验中,活性仍保持在90.0%以上,而Cu/Al2O3催化剂在100 h的寿命实验中,活性已很快下降.XRD和TPR分析及表面元素分布结果表明,铜和铈相互作用促进了铜在催化剂表面的高度分散,阻止了铜晶粒团聚、烧结,促使铜晶粒细小化,促进了铜的还原,改善了Cu/CeO2/Al2O3催化剂的性能.     

Cu/SiO2纳米气凝胶的组成及催化氧化CO性能研究

以硝酸铜、 正硅酸乙酯和硝酸铈为原料, 利用溶胶-凝胶-超临界流体干燥技术制备了不同n(Cu)/n(Si)的用于CO催化氧化的Cu/SiO2系列气凝胶催化剂. 利用TEM、 XRD、 物理吸附、 微型反应器和气相色谱等对试样进行了表征. TEM观察结果显示, 试样中含有介孔的气凝胶结构, 5 nm左右的Cu粒子均匀地分布在SiO2的网络组织中. BET分析结果表明, 试样的比表面积均在140 m2/g以上. XRD分析结果显示, 添加铈前后, 试样的物相发生了从Cu 2+ →Cu+ →Cu的转变, 使试样的催化活性进一步提高. 试样的催化氧化CO活性表明, 组分中铜含量的不同及铜的不同物种直接影响试样的催化氧化CO的活性, 当组分中n(Cu)/n(Si)=2时, Cu/SiO2试样上CO完全氧化的温度降为210 ℃; 于400 ℃低温焙烧, 可使试样中有效活性组分全部转变成纳米晶CuO, 并进一步降低了CO完全转变成CO2的温度; 添加少量铈组分, 使试样催化氧化CO的tstart, t50及t90温度提前20 ℃以上, Cu/SiO2试样催化氧化CO动力学研究结果显示, 试样降低CO氧化温度的实质是降低了CO氧化的反应活化能.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.