多壁碳纳米管修饰乙炔炭黑微电极测定碘

以多壁碳纳米管修饰乙炔炭黑微电极为工作电极,研究了碘离子在该修饰电极上的阳极溶出伏安特性。在0.1 mol/L KH2PO4 缓冲液(pH4.0)中,从200 mV以200 mV/s的速率正向扫描至1200 mV,碘离子在570 mV处出现一灵敏的阳极溶出峰。峰电流与碘离子的浓度在2.0×10-6～1.0×10-3 mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为8.0×10-7 mol/L。方法用于食盐中碘含量的测定,结果满意。     

多壁碳纳米管修饰乙炔炭黑电极测定碘

以多壁碳纳米管修饰乙炔炭黑电极为工作电极,研究了碘离子在该修饰电极上的伏安分析特性,讨论了支持电解质种类、酸度等因素对碘离子氧化峰电流的影响,获得了最佳的实验条件. 在0.4 mol/L KH2PO4缓冲液(pH=4.0)中,从200 mV以200 mV/s的速率正向扫描至1 200 mV,碘离子在570 mV处出现一灵敏的氧化峰,峰电流比未修饰电极增大约3倍. 采用二阶导数线性扫描伏安法进行定量分析,峰电流与碘离子的浓度在2.0×10-6～1.0×10-3 mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为8.0×10-7 mol/L. 方法用于食盐中碘含量的测定,相对标准偏差为1.2%～1.6%,回收率为97.4%～103%.     

锑(Ⅲ)-碘化钾-罗丹明B体系共振瑞利散射光谱法测定痕量锑

在稀硫酸和聚乙烯醇介质中,锑(Ⅲ)与碘离子的配阴离子和若丹明B染料形成的三元缔合物具有共振瑞利散射光谱,其最强共振瑞利散射峰位于623nm处。锑(Ⅲ)离子浓度在2.000×10-7mol/L~2.560×10-6mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检测限为1.9×10-9mol/L。基于共振瑞利散射峰的增强,建立了测定痕量锑(Ⅲ)的共振瑞利散射方法,用于水样中锑的测定。     

锑(Ⅲ)-碘化钾-若丹明B体系共振瑞利散射光谱法测定痕量锑

在稀硫酸和聚乙烯醇介质中,锑(Ⅲ)与碘离子的配阴离子和若丹明B染料形成的三元缔合物具有共振瑞利散射光谱,其最强共振瑞利散射峰位于623nm处。锑(Ⅲ)离子浓度在2.000×10-7mol/L~2.560×10-6mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检测限为1.9×10-9mol/L。基于共振瑞利散射峰的增强,建立了测定痕量锑(Ⅲ)的共振瑞利散射方法,用于水样中锑的测定。     

纳米银掺杂炭气凝胶修饰电极对卤素离子的电化学响应

首次以新型的纳米银掺杂炭气凝胶为材料,制备了一种新型纳米银炭电极,并考察了该电极对卤素离子的电化学响应。在0.1 mol/L的KNO3中,用微分脉冲伏安法对含Cl-的溶液以及卤素离子共存时的溶液进行测定,结果表明:峰电流与Cl-浓度呈线性关系,线性范围为2.0×10-7-4.2×10-5mol/L;检出限为1.2×10-8mol/L。此外响应电流与Cl-、Br-、I-3种离子的总浓度在6.0×10-7-1.2×10-5mol/L范围内呈线性关系。结果表明,纳米银掺杂炭气凝胶修饰电极可望用于痕量卤素离子的测定。     

钯掺杂聚精氨酸修饰电极同时测定5-羟基色氨酸和多巴胺

制备了钯掺杂聚L-精氨酸修饰玻碳电极(Pd-PA/GCE),研究了5-羟基色氨酸(5-HTP)和多巴胺(DA)在该修饰电极上的电化学行为,建立了同时测定5-HTP和DA的电化学新方法。在pH=2.0的磷酸缓冲溶液中,扫描速率为160mV/s时,DA在该电极上产生一对氧化还原峰,峰电位分别为0.515V和0.464V;5-HTP在该电极上产生一个氧化峰,峰电位为0.643V,两者的氧化峰电位差达128mV。在最优条件下,同时测定5-HTP和DA的线性范围分别为:9.00×10-7~1.00×10-5 mol/L、1.00×10-5~4.00×10-5 mol/L(5-HTP);7.00×10-7~1.00×10-5 mol/L、1.00×10-5~4.00×10-5 mol/L(DA)。检出限分别为7.0×10-7 mol/L和5.0×10-7 mol/L。方法可用于药剂中5-HTP和DA的测定。     

离子缔合富集明极溶出伏安法测定痕量碘——Ⅰ.以丁基罗丹明B为离子缔合剂

本文提出在0.1mol/LH_2SO_4,7.5×10~(-4)mol/LBr~-和6×10~(-5)mol/L丁基罗丹明B(R~+)的底液中,在+1.0V下,I~-离子于玻璃电极上被氧化生成I_2BrR离子缔合物,藉以阴极溶出伏安法测定碘、I~-离子浓度在1～50ppb范围内与峰电流呈线性关系。用于食盐中痕碘的测定。     

吡啶类碳离子液体电极对酚磺乙胺的电化学行为及其分析应用

用离子液体1-丁基吡啶六氟磷酸盐(BuPyPF6)作为粘合剂构置了碳离子液体修饰电极(BuPyPF6-CILE).在0.05 mol/L H2SO4溶液中,用循环伏安法研究了在BuPyPF6-CILE和传统碳糊电极(TCPE)上酚磺乙胺(ESL)的电化学行为,建立了测定尿样和血清样品中ESL含量的新方法.ESL在BuPyPF6-CILE上的氧化峰电流响应是其在TCPE上的8.7倍,峰电位差降低到0.101 V,电子转移速率常数Ks=0.544 s-1,电极表面平均吸附量为1.66×10-9 mol·cm2.ESL的氧化电流与其浓度在8.0×10-8～2.0×10-6mol/L和5.0×10-6～1.0×10-4mol/L范围内呈线性关系,检出限为3×10-8mol/L(S/N=3).连续5次测定2.0×10-6mol/L ESL溶液的RSD为1.5%.     

黄嘌呤在离子液体-纳米金-碳纳米管复合物修饰电极上的电化学行为

研究了黄嘌呤在离子液体-纳米金-碳纳米管修饰玻碳电极上的电化学行为。结果表明,在0.1mol/L磷酸盐(pH=4.4)介质中,修饰电极对黄嘌呤氧化具有强的电催化作用,黄嘌呤在0.9V(vs.SCE)左右产生一灵敏的氧化峰。在优化的实验条件下,用此峰测定黄嘌呤的线性范围为1.5×10-7～1.0×10-5mol/L,检出限为3.5×10-8mol/L。该修饰电极具有良好的重现性和稳定性。     

掺杂硒碳糊电极阳极溶出法测定铋

建立了一种测定痕量铋的新方法,即利用掺杂硒碳糊电极作为工作电极的阳极溶出法.在0.1 mol/L的HCl底液中,Bi3+于+0.05V(vs.Ag/AgCl)出现灵敏的氧化溶出峰,铋离子的浓度在1.0×10-5～1.0×10-9 mol/L范围内其对数值lgc与铋的氧化峰电流值呈线性关系,检出限达1.0×10 -10 ...     

Enantiomer separation by CEC——Enantiomer separation by packed-capillary electrochromatography

Three chiral compounds were successfully separated in a short time with two enantiomer separation models on packed-capillary electrochromatography (CEC). (i) 75 μm I.D. capillaries were packed with 5 μm β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) chiral stationary phase (CSP). Effects of voltage, pH and concentration of organic modifier on electroosmotic flow (EOF) and chiral separations were investigated systematically. Enantiomers of a neutral compound (benzoin) and a neutral drug (mephenytoin) were separated within a short time with high efficiency. Efficiency of 32 000 theoretical plates per meter and resolution (R_s) of 1.42 were achieved for enantiomers of benzoin using a βCD packed column with 6.2 cm packed length. Efficiency of 45 000 theoretical plates per meter and R_s of 3.40 were obtained for enantiomers of mephenytoin. Especially, the enantiomer separation of mephenytion was performed in just 3.4 min with R_s of 2.60. (ⅱ) 75 μm I.D. capillary was packed with octadecylsilica particles (ODS). Chiral separat     

Regioselectivity of olefin oxidation by iodosobenzene catalyzed by metalloporphyrins : control by the catalyst

The regioselectivity of the oxidation of three monosubstituted olefins, 6-phenoxyhex-1-ene, hex-1-ene and styrene, by iodosobenzene in the presence of various Fe-, Mn- or Cr-tetraaryl-porphyrins, was studied. It was found that, besides epoxides, known products from such systems, allylic alcohols and aldehydes were formed, the latter not being derived from the corresponding epoxides. The relative importance of these reactions greatly depends upon both the metal and porphyrin constituents of the catalyst. More particularly, the competition between epoxidation and allylic hydroxylation can be efficiently controlled by non-bonded interactions between the olefin and porphyrin substituents. No hydroxylation of the aromatic rings and no oxidative dealkylation of the ether function was detected.     

Glycosidase inhibition by macrolide antibiotics elucidated by STD-NMR spectroscopy

A glycosynthase approach was attempted to glycodiversify macrolide antibiotics, using DesR, a family-3 retaining beta-glucosidase involved in the self-resistance mechanism of methymycin production. STD-NMR was used to probe enzyme-substrate interactions. Analysis of competitive STD-NMR experiments between erythromycin A and a chromogenic substrate (pNP-beta-d-glucose) with the hydrolytically inactive nucleophile mutants led us to discover a family of unprecedented glycosidase inhibitors. Analysis of kinetic data with wild-type DesR determined that erythromycin is a competitive inhibitor of the glucosidase (IC50 = 2.8 +/- 0.3 microM and Ki = 2 +/- 0.2 microM) with respect to the hydrolysis of pNP-beta-d-glucose. Comparable inhibitory data was obtained for clarithromycin; however, the inhibitory effect of azithromycin was weak and no significant inhibition was observed with methymycin or d-desosamine. This report documents significant inhibition of glycosidases by macrolide antibiotics and provides insight into the design of novel glycosidase inhibitors based on the macrolactone ring of macrolide antibiotics.     

Membrane solubilization by detergent: resistance conferred by thickness

The commonly held model for membrane dissolution by detergents/surfactants requires lipid transport from the inner to the outer bilayer leaflet ('flip-flop'). Although applicable to many systems, it fails in cases where cross-bilayer transport of membrane components is suppressed. In this paper we investigate the mechanism for surfactant-induced solubilization of polymeric bilayers. To that end, we examine the dissolution of a series of increasingly thick, polymer-based vesicles (polymersomes) by a nonionic surfactant, Triton X-100, using dynamic light scattering. We find that increasing the bilayer thickness imparts better resistance to dissolution, so that the concentration required for solubilization, after a fixed amount of time, increases nearly linearly with membrane thickness. Combining our experimental data with a theoretical model, we show that the dominant mechanism for the surfactant-induced dissolution of polymeric vesicles, where polymer flip-flop across the membrane is suppressed, is the surfactant transport through the bilayer. This mechanism is different both qualitatively and quantitatively from the mechanisms by which surfactants dissolve pure lipid vesicles.     

Antibiotic recognition by binuclear metallo-beta-lactamases revealed by X-ray crystallography

Metallo-beta-lactamases are zinc-dependent enzymes responsible for resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in a variety of host bacteria, usually Gram-negative species that act as opportunist pathogens. They hydrolyze all classes of beta-lactam antibiotics, including carbapenems, and escape the action of available beta-lactamase inhibitors. Efforts to develop effective inhibitors have been hampered by the lack of structural information regarding how these enzymes recognize and turn over beta-lactam substrates. We report here the crystal structure of the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia L1 enzyme in complex with the hydrolysis product of the 7alpha-methoxyoxacephem, moxalactam. The on-enzyme complex is a 3'-exo-methylene species generated by elimination of the 1-methyltetrazolyl-5-thiolate anion from the 3'-methyl group. Moxalactam binding to L1 involves direct interaction of the two active site zinc ions with the beta-lactam amide and C4 carboxylate, groups that are common to all beta-lactam substrates. The 7beta-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)malonyl]-amino substituent makes limited hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding contacts with the active site groove. The mode of binding provides strong evidence that a water molecule situated between the two metal ions is the most likely nucleophile in the hydrolytic reaction. These data suggest a reaction mechanism for metallo-beta-lactamases in which both metal ions contribute to catalysis by activating the bridging water/hydroxide nucleophile, polarizing the substrate amide bond for attack and stabilizing anionic nitrogen intermediates. The structure illustrates how a binuclear zinc site confers upon metallo-beta-lactamases the ability both to recognize and efficiently hydrolyze a wide variety of beta-lactam substrates.