翼型多目标气动优化设计方法

将数值优化软件modeFRONTIER同计算流体力学(CFD)软件相结合,对NACA0012翼型的气动性能进行优化.计算采用N-S方程作为主控方程以计算翼型气动性能,分别采用多目标遗传算法(MOGA)和多目标模拟退火算法(MOSA)作为翼型的气动性能优化算法.计算结果表明,优化后的翼型相对于优化前的翼型的气动性能有很大提高(升阻比增幅可达182%).     

The application of the gradient-based adjoint multi-point optimization of single and double shock control bumps for transonic airfoils

A shock control bump (SCB) is a flow control method that uses local small deformations in a flexible wing surface to considerably reduce the strength of shock waves and the resulting wave drag in transonic flows. Most of the reported research is devoted to optimization in a single flow condition. Here, we have used a multi-point adjoint optimization scheme to optimize shape and location of the SCB. Practically, this introduces transonic airfoils equipped with the SCB that are simultaneously optimized for different off-design transonic flight conditions. Here, we use this optimization algorithm to enhance and optimize the performance of SCBs in two benchmark airfoils, i.e., RAE-2822 and NACA-64-A010, over a wide range of off-design Mach numbers. All results are compared with the usual single-point optimization. We use numerical simulation of the turbulent viscous flow and a gradient-based adjoint algorithm to find the optimum location and shape of the SCB. We show that the application of SCBs may increase the aerodynamic performance of an RAE-2822 airfoil by 21.9 and by 22.8 % for a NACA-64-A010 airfoil compared to the no-bump design in a particular flight condition. We have also investigated the simultaneous usage of two bumps for the upper and the lower surfaces of the airfoil. This has resulted in a 26.1 % improvement for the RAE-2822 compared to the clean airfoil in one flight condition.     

An application of particle swarm optimization to identify the temperature-dependent heat capacity

An inverse analysis of estimating temperature-dependent heat capacity for a heat conduction problem is presented. The heat capacities are assumed to be temperature-dependent of first and second-order polynomial functions, respectively. A fitness function is minimized by implementing the particle swarm optimization algorithm for the inverse analysis. Computation results are provided to demonstrate the performance of the particle swarm optimization algorithm. The comparison to the modified genetic algorithm is also included.     

一种可用于机翼优化设计中的气动噪声预测模型

发展了一种可用于翼型/机翼外形设计中的气动噪声快速预测方法。相较于传统的半经验噪声预测方法,该方法以两方程非线性k-ε湍流模型模化雷诺应力的雷诺平均方程为背景,考虑了升力系数、三维流动效应以及机翼几何参数等因素对后缘噪声的影响。而相对于直接数值模拟或声类比拟方法,该方法虽不能准确预测噪声强度,但其计算量小,能给出不同翼型/机翼的相对总声压级,以及总声压级随升力系数的变化情况,易于应用于翼型/机翼气动外形优化设计中。通过计算分析二维NACA0012翼型几何参数或来流状态的改变所带来的气动噪声差异,与ANOPP软件及Brooks等计算结果进行对比,验证了该模型的可靠性。最后,计算分析二维、三维翼型/机翼气动噪声,凸显该方法在翼型/机翼气动外形优化设计中的应用价值。     

基于气动特性翼型参数化方法的适用性研究

翼型的优化设计在飞机的研发生产过程中占据相当重要的地位,因为翼型的几何外形会直接影响到飞机的整体气动性能．合理选择恰当的翼型表达方式是翼型优化设计成功的关键之一,其中,参数化方法在近年来得到了广泛应用．针对翼型参数化方法,提出“几何鲁棒性”和“性能鲁棒性”作为评判方法优劣的重要参考标准．选取三种常用的翼型参数化方法--NURBS、CST和PARSEC方法,七种不同类型的翼型,采用四项指标作为系统的评判准则来研究各方法的拟合精度与多点扰动下的几何鲁棒性,并利用Foil Design软件计算气动性能的相关数据,研究各方法在多点扰动下的性能鲁棒性．经对比分析,这三种参数化方法对大部分翼型均具有良好的表达能力,且不同程度地体现了一定的几何鲁棒性与性能鲁棒性．     

褶皱幅度对仿生翼型滑翔气动特性的影响

蜻蜓翅膀具有独特的褶皱状形貌．研究者们致力于利用仿生学原理,设计在低雷诺数条件下具有更优气动性能的褶皱翼型．本文采用计算流体力学方法,求解二维不可压Navier-Stokes方程组,探讨了四种翼型（平板翼型、流线翼型、小幅度褶皱翼型和大幅度褶皱翼型）的气动表现．在低雷诺数条件下得到以下结果：(1) 较小幅度的褶皱结构有利于增加升力和减小阻力．(2) 雷诺数变化时褶皱翼型的升力系数呈非线性变化;在特定雷诺数区间,幅度相近的褶皱翼型会发生相对气动优势的转变．(3) 褶皱结构内的回流区通过减小粘性阻力,使得翼型总阻力下降．(4) 翼型前缘的极小区域会产生脉冲高升力,对升力表现产生较大影响．这些结果表明,调整褶皱幅度是实现褶皱翼型气动优化的有效方案．     

高速列车气动外形优化研究进展

随着运行速度的提升, 高速列车对气动外形的要求也越来越高, 追求性能优异、美观大方的气动外形是新型高速列车研发的一个重要方向. 基于当前高速列车外形研发的思路, 可以将气动外形优化概括为基于流场机理的改型优化和基于优化算法的外形优化两类. 本文简要回顾了当前国内外在这两类优化途径上的系列工作, 着重介绍了作者所在团队近年来做过的一系列气动外形优化工作. 在基于流场机理的改型优化上, 着重从"和谐号"和"复兴号"这两款主力车型的外形研发上探讨其改型优化的思路, 主要探讨了空调导流罩、受电弓平台、风挡和转向架裙板几类对列车阻力影响较为明显的部件的优化设计,并介绍了其相对于上一代车型在气动性能上的提升. 基于优化算法的外形优化方法,则因循气动外形优化流程, 在列车外形已经具有较好性能的基础上,以高速列车头型流线型为主要优化对象,分别从高速列车参数化方法、替代模型开发以及优化算法改进三个方面进行介绍.其中,高速列车参数化方法主要介绍了局部型函数法、修正车辆造型函数法和类别/形状函数法三类;替代模型开发介绍了最优化替代模型和基于交叉验证的Kriging模型; 在优化算法的改进上介绍了改进的非劣分类多目标粒子群算法和连续域混沌蚁群算法两方面的内容.基于上述三个方面介绍了气动外形优化策略在典型工程上的应用案例.      

Numerical evaluation of the aerodynamic influence of the helicopter composite blade trailing edge tabs

In classical composite helicopter rotor blade production, a small flat tab must be formed along the entire trailing edge, in order to enable proper merging of the upper and the lower surface plies during manufacturing. By this, the original airfoil shape is altered. Such fixed tabs have been added in a range of possible angular positions to several existing asymmetrical helicopter airfoils, and their capability to change the moment coefficient about the aerodynamic center of the airfoils was initially analyzed. Although usual tabs are proportionally small, angular domains in which they do not remarkably change the required nearly zero aerodynamic moment, were quantified as very narrow. In the next stage, an algorithm has been defined and implemented: (a) for the determination of optimum angular tab positions for several asymmetrical airfoils, that satisfy the moment requirement (for such airfoils optimum tab direction cannot be known in advance), and (b) for the reduction of the influence of eventual inherent numerical errors of applied software to a minimum. The accuracy of this algorithm has been verified on a symmetrical airfoil, for which the optimum tab position is readily known. In the next step, the tab influence on other aerodynamic airfoil characteristics, and the influence on flight performance of a light helicopter from an on-going project, has been analyzed. Several possible tab design concepts were defined, and some characteristic aspects of their implementation were considered. At the level of preliminary helicopter performance calculations, the influence of the two general outcomes of the tab designs were analyzed, one that preserves initial relative airfoil thickness, and another which leads to its reduction. In the first case, the influence of the slight increase of drag coefficient was taken into account, while in the second one, the decrease of drag coefficient, accompanied with necessary additional strengthening and added blade mass was considered. In both cases applied modifications proved to have moderate direct influence on helicopter flight performance, compared with a hypothetic case that the original airfoil without tab could have been used instead. General conclusions have imposed the need for very careful approach in tab design for asymmetrical airfoils, which must be primarily focused on the tab’s potential remarkable influence on the aerodynamic moment.     

Particle swarm optimization with fractional-order velocity

This paper proposes a novel method for controlling the convergence rate of a particle swarm optimization algorithm using fractional calculus (FC) concepts. The optimization is tested for several well-known functions and the relationship between the fractional order velocity and the convergence of the algorithm is observed. The FC demonstrates a potential for interpreting evolution of the algorithm and to control its convergence.     

APPLICATION OF VARIABLE-FIDELITY MODELS TO AERODYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION

For aerodynamic shape optimization, the approximation management framework (AMF) method is used to organize and manage the variable-fidelity models. The method can take full advantage of the low-fidelity, cheaper models to concentrate the main workload on the low-fidelity models in optimization iterative procedure. Furthermore, it can take high-fidelity, more expensive models to monitor the procedure to make the method globally convergent to a solution of high-fidelity problem. Finally, zero order variable-fidelity aerodynamic optimization management framework and search algorithm are demonstrated on an airfoil optimization of UAV with a flying wing. Compared to the original shape, the aerodynamic performance of the optimal shape is improved. The results show the method has good feasibility and applicability.     

Robust design of natural laminar flow supercritical airfoil by multi-objective evolution method

A transonic, high Reynolds number natural laminar flow airfoil is designed and studied. The γ-θ transition model is combined with the shear stress transport(SST)k-w turbulence model to predict the transition region for a laminar-turbulent boundary layer. The non-uniform free-form deformation(NFFD) method based on the non-uniform rational B-spline(NURBS) basis function is introduced to the airfoil parameterization.The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II(NSGA-II) is used as the search algorithm, and the surrogate model based on the Kriging models is introduced to improve the efficiency of the optimization system. The optimization system is set up based on the above technologies, and the robust design about the uncertainty of the Mach number is carried out for NASA0412 airfoil. The optimized airfoil is analyzed and compared with the original airfoil. The results show that natural laminar flow can be achieved on a supercritical airfoil to improve the aerodynamic characteristic of airfoils.     

Automated critical point identification for PIV data using multimodal particle swarm optimization

A hybrid sequential niche algorithm is used for the automated identification of critical points of velocity fields. This method combines an adaptive sequential niche technique with deterministic local optimization to detect critical points: focus, node and saddle points. A particle swarm algorithm performs a global search whereas vortex core identification functions compute the precise location as the extremum of the corresponding function. Once a critical point is found, a rectangular niche is constructed around the point. The particle swarm then proceeds to explore different regions of the velocity field. The process advances sequentially, avoiding areas near previously found critical points by blocking niches obtained from previous steps. The niche size is automatically adjusted each time a search enters inside an existing niche. Vortex core functions are used for critical point identification and calculating its precise location inside each niche. The procedure is validated on particle image velocimetry data obtained with two types of flows, an impinging jet flow and a flow downstream of a model building. The hybrid algorithm proved to be very efficient and robust for automated detection and identification of critical points. It can be used as a first step for studying the time‐dependent dynamic behavior of instantaneous velocity fields by tracking topological critical points. This is the first study that uses a multi‐modal particle swarm algorithm for critical point identification. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An experimental study of a bio-inspired corrugated airfoil for micro air vehicle applications

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of a bio-inspired corrugated airfoil compared with a smooth-surfaced airfoil and a flat plate at the chord Reynolds number of Re _C  = 58,000–125,000 to explore the potential applications of such bio-inspired corrugated airfoils for micro air vehicle designs. In addition to measuring the aerodynamic lift and drag forces acting on the tested airfoils, a digital particle image velocimetry system was used to conduct detailed flowfield measurements to quantify the transient behavior of vortex and turbulent flow structures around the airfoils. The measurement result revealed clearly that the corrugated airfoil has better performance over the smooth-surfaced airfoil and the flat plate in providing higher lift and preventing large-scale flow separation and airfoil stall at low Reynolds numbers (Re _C  < 100,000). While aerodynamic performance of the smooth-surfaced airfoil and the flat plate would vary considerably with the changing of the chord Reynolds numbers, the aerodynamic performance of the corrugated airfoil was found to be almost insensitive to the Reynolds numbers. The detailed flow field measurements were correlated with the aerodynamic force measurement data to elucidate underlying physics to improve our understanding about how and why the corrugation feature found in dragonfly wings holds aerodynamic advantages for low Reynolds number flight applications.     

开缝对风力机翼型空气动力学特性的影响

以S809翼型为研究对象,用CFD数值模拟计算的方法研究了在失速条件下,风力机翼型上下表面同时开缝的被动控制策略对翼型空气动力学特性的影响。采用基于速度耦合的SIMPLEC算法进行数值模拟,将四种常用的湍流模型(Spalart-Allmaras、k-e、k-w、k-w-SST)在12°和24°攻角下的计算结果和实验数据对比,得出了最优于翼型计算的湍流模型为k-w-SST。分析了缝隙位置、宽度和斜率对翼型气动性能的影响。结果表明:当开缝位置位于分离点附近时,翼型气动性能最优;当缝隙宽度为弦长的2%时,翼型气动性能最优;当缝隙和弦线的夹角为75°时,翼型气动性能最优,且在攻角超过24°时开缝对翼型的气动性能有不利影响。     

A new direct design method for the medium thickness wind turbine airfoil

The newly developed integral function of airfoil profiles based on Trajkovski conformal transform theory could be used to optimize the profiles for the thin thickness airfoil. However, it is hard to adjust the coefficients of the integral function for the medium thickness airfoil. B-spline curve has an advantage of local adjustment, which makes it to effectively control the airfoil profiles at the trailing edge. Therefore, a new direct design method for the medium thickness wind turbine airfoil based on airfoil integral expression and B-spline curve is presented in this paper. An optimal mathematical model of an airfoil is built. Two new airfoils with similar thickness, based on the new designed method and the original integral method, are designed. According to the comparative analysis, the CQU-A25 airfoil designed based on the new method exhibits better results than that of the CQU-I25 airfoil which is designed based on the original method. It is demonstrated that the new method is feasible to design wind turbine airfoils. Meanwhile, the comparison of the aerodynamic performance for the CQU-A25 airfoil and for the DU91-W2-250 airfoil is studied. Results show that the maximum lift coefficient and the maximum lift/drag ratio of the CQU-A25 airfoil are higher than the ones of DU91-W2-250 airfoil in the same condition. This new airfoil design method would make it possible to design other airfoils with different thicknesses.     

High fidelity numerical simulation of airfoil thickness and kinematics effects on flapping airfoil propulsion

High-fidelity numerical simulations with the spectral difference (SD) method are carried out to investigate the unsteady flow over a series of oscillating NACA 4-digit airfoils. Airfoil thickness and kinematics effects on the flapping airfoil propulsion are highlighted. It is confirmed that the aerodynamic performance of airfoils with different thickness can be very different under the same kinematics. Distinct evolutionary patterns of vortical structures are analyzed to unveil the underlying flow physics behind the diverse flow phenomena associated with different airfoil thickness and kinematics and reveal the synthetic effects of airfoil thickness and kinematics on the propulsive performance. Thickness effects at various reduced frequencies and Strouhal numbers for the same chord length based Reynolds number (=1200) are then discussed in detail. It is found that at relatively small Strouhal number (=0.3), for all types of airfoils with the combined pitching and plunging motion (pitch angle 20°, the pitch axis located at one third of chord length from the leading edge, pitch leading plunge by 75°), low reduced frequency (=1) is conducive for both the thrust production and propulsive efficiency. Moreover, relatively thin airfoils (e.g. NACA0006) can generate larger thrust and maintain higher propulsive efficiency than thick airfoils (e.g. NACA0030). However, with the same kinematics but at relatively large Strouhal number (=0.45), it is found that airfoils with different thickness exhibit diverse trend on thrust production and propulsive efficiency, especially at large reduced frequency (=3.5). Results on effects of airfoil thickness based Reynolds numbers indicate that relative thin airfoils show superior propulsion performance in the tested Reynolds number range. The evolution of leading edge vortices and the interaction between the leading and trailing edge vortices play key roles in flapping airfoil propulsive performance.     

Design optimization of unsteady airfoils with continuous adjoint method

In this paper, a new unsteady aerodynamic design method is presented based on the Navier-Stokes equations and a continuous adjoint approach. A basic framework of time-accurate unsteady airfoil optimization which adopts time-averaged aerodynamic coefficients as objective functions is presented. The time-accurate continuous adjoint equation and its boundary conditions are derived. The flow field and the adjoint equation are simulated numerically by the finite volume method (FVM). Feasibility and accuracy of the approach are perfectly validated by the design optimization results of the plunging NACA0012 airfoil.     

基于多轮升维策略与改进量子行为粒子群优化算法的热导率函数估计方法

将改进的量子行为粒子群优化算法应用于材料热导率函数估计问题中,并提出了一种多轮升维策略对算法的搜索过程进行优化,形成了一种鲁棒性强且高效的反演方法。通过数值实验测试了该方法在测量误差以及系统误差下的表现,并对不同粒子群优化算法的性能进行了比较研究。结果表明,采用的反演方法能够在较大的搜索范围与反演维度下稳定收敛,对测量误差的敏感度较低;提出的多轮升维策略能够使各类粒子群优化算法在热导率函数估计问题中的搜索效率得到提升。     

An improved nonlinear reduced-order modeling for transonic aeroelastic systems

In this study, an improved nonlinear reduced-order model composed of a linear part and a nonlinear part is explored for transonic aeroelastic systems. The linear part is identified via the eigensystem realization algorithm and the nonlinear part is obtained via the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The impulsive signal is chosen as the training signal for the linear part and the sinusoidal signal is used to determine the order of the linear part. The training signal for the nonlinear part is selected as the filtered white Gaussian noise with the maximal amplitude and frequency range to be designed via the aeroelastic responses. An NACA64A010 airfoil and an NACA0012 airfoil are taken as illustrative examples to demonstrate the performance of the presented reduced-order model in modeling transonic aerodynamic forces. The aeroelastic behaviors of the two airfoils are obtained via computational fluid dynamics to solve the Euler equation and the Navier–Stokes equation, respectively. The numerical results demonstrate that the presented reduced-order model can successfully predict the nonlinear aerodynamic forces with and without viscous flows. Moreover, the presented reduced-order model is capable of capturing the flutter velocity and modeling complex aeroelastic behaviors, including limit-cycle oscillations, beat phenomena and nodal-shaped oscillations at the transonic Mach numbers with high accuracy.     

低雷诺数翼型蒙皮主动振动气动特性及流场结构数值研究

针对低雷诺数(Re)翼型气动性能差的特点,文章通过对翼型柔性蒙皮施加主动振动的方法,提高翼型低Re下的气动特性,改善其流场结构.采用带预处理技术的Roe方法求解非定常可压缩Navier-Stokes方程,对NACA4415翼型低Re流动展开数值模拟.通过时均化和非定常方法对比柔性蒙皮固定和振动两种状态下的升阻力气动特性和层流分离流动结构.初步研究工作表明在低Re下柔性蒙皮采用合适的振幅和频率,时均化升阻力特性显著提高,分离泡结构由后缘层流分离泡转变为近似的经典长层流分离泡,分离点后移,分离区缩小.在此基础上,文章更加细致研究了柔性蒙皮两种状态下单周期内的层流分离结构及壁面压力系数分布非定常特性和演化规律.蒙皮固定状态下分离区前部流场结构和压力分布基本保持稳定,表现为近似定常分离,仅在后缘位置出现类似于卡门涡街的非定常流动现象.柔性蒙皮振动时从分离点附近开始便产生分离涡,并不断向下游移动、脱落,表现为非定常分离并出现大范围的压力脉动.蒙皮振动使流体更加靠近壁面运动,大尺度的层流分离现象得到有效抑制.