Pyramid sensor for segmented mirror alignment

We report what is to our knowledge the first laboratory experiment that shows the use of a pyramid wavefront sensor to cophase and align segmented mirrors having three degrees of freedom per segment, i.e., piston, tip, and tilt. In the laboratory the iterative alignment procedure reached a wavefront residual error of about 10 nm. The residual error was equally distributed between piston, tip, and tilt. These results demonstrate that the pyramid can successfully simultaneously sense the piston, tip, and tilt of a segmented mirror. This last feature makes this technique very attractive in phasing and aligning astronomical segmented telescopes such as extremely large telescopes currently under extensive studies.     

拼接式望远镜主镜衍射效应研究

拼接式主镜的设计使超大口径望远镜的构想成为现实。为了研究拼接式望远镜的成像性能，精确分析和量化了拼接式主镜构型、平移误差、倾斜误差对衍射效应的影响，从拼接式光学系统的成像原理出发，基于齐次坐标变换建立了拼接式主镜的光瞳模型，并仿真分析了拼接主镜构型对衍射效应的影响。分析结果表明:对于不同构型的拼接主镜，其衍射效应受拼接主镜的填充因子和孔径间隔共同影响，填充因子越高，孔径间隔越小，系统成像质量越好。以典型的拼接主镜构型为例，分别仿真分析了单个子镜平移误差、倾斜误差和拼接主镜整体平移误差、倾斜误差对衍射效应的影响。分析结果表明:对于单个子镜，平移误差对远场衍射的影响具有周期性；对于拼接主镜整体，当子镜piston误差的均方根值小于0.039λ时，斯特列尔比大于0.95；当子镜tip-tilt误差的均方根值小于0.036λ时，斯特列尔比大于0.95。分析结果为拼接式望远镜的成像性能分析、主镜的构型设计、平移误差和倾斜误差的检测与调整等提供了依据。     

校正空间分块镜复位误差所需的最少自由度的确定

可收展式分块镜共相位成像技术是实现光学系统超大口径、超高分辨率成像的关键技术。分块镜复位误差会引起各子镜之间的共相位误差和整个拼接镜面的面形误差。合理确定校正分块镜复位误差所需的自由度具有非常重要的意义。计算机仿真分析了分块镜的复位误差对拼接镜面面形误差的影响。结果表明,所需的校正自由度的个数不仅与展开机构的复位精度有关,而且与分块镜镜面的几何参数有关。     

恒星光干涉仪主动镜偏转角的检测

采用激光干涉检测的方法,综合应用计算机控制、数字图像处理等技术对高精密仪器主动镜的偏转角进行了检测.设计了主动镜的光干涉CCD数字图像检测系统,推导出了干涉条纹与主动镜偏转角之间的对应数学关系式,对条纹图像进行了噪音分析和相应的预处理,在干涉条纹细化的基础上对每条干涉条纹采用最小二乘法进行直线拟合,得到条纹间的间距以及条纹的方向角,最终检测出主动镜X轴方向的偏转分辨率为0″.113,最大偏转角为56″.872,Y轴方向的偏转分辨率为0″.112,最大偏转角为49″.835,完成了主动镜偏转角的检测.     

楔块调整式Talbot干涉仪改变写入Bragg波长的调谐误差

在楔块调整式Talbot干涉仪中,光纤Bragg光栅的写入区为直接由相位模板衍射的±1级衍射光束形成的干涉条纹的近场干涉区,和由±1级衍射光束经两平面镜反射后形成的可调谐写入Bragg波长的干涉条纹的远场干涉区。在改变写入光纤光栅Bragg波长的过程中,光纤光栅的Bragg波长是由平面镜的交叉角决定的,而且,影响调谐精度的三种主要因素被控制在光纤光栅生产允许的范围内,即推动机构的位移误差系数Cd为～-0.08nm/μm,楔块的倾斜误差系数Cα为-0.15～0.23nm/(′),和转动机构的传动角误差系数Cβ为～-0.08nm/(′)。     

Experimental investigation of segmented adaptive optics for spatial laser array in an atmospheric turbulence condition

We describe a concept of using segmented adaptive optics (AO) to correct the higher-order wavefront aberrations (HOWAs) in an atmospheric turbulence condition. The effects of piston and tip-tilt corrections are analyzed by numerical simulation. An experiment test-bed is built for verification. Seven spatial beamlets are combined into a hexagonal array by use of a pyramid, and an active segmented mirror is used for phase modulation. The AO control is implemented by stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm. Experimentally, after segmented AO is enabled, the HOWA in warmed air environment has been effectively corrected and the peak intensity of far-field has been enhanced by 5 times.     

阵列光栅压缩器的空域特性

 引入角度偏差、位移偏差作为拼接光栅系统的物理参数，定义了拼接光栅的孔径函数，利用傅里叶角谱理论研究了高斯脉冲入射拼接光栅压缩器后的远场分布特性。研究表明：出射脉冲仍然是高斯型脉冲，但包络中心发生偏移，偏移量由角度偏差量和光束口径决定;位移偏差引入的相位随着拼接光栅压缩器传递，其对远场焦斑的影响，取决于每片子光栅的非整数倍光栅常数的横向位移偏差和纵向位移偏差的综合作用。通过数值计算得到了各维偏差对阵列光栅压缩器空域特性的影响,计算表明:光栅面外角度偏差(俯仰左右)和条纹平行度偏差都必须控制在1 mrad以内，在此范围内，应将位移偏差控制在52 nm以内。     

Zone-Plate Interferometer for Measuring the Shape Error of Mirrors with Large Numerical Aperture and Steep Asphericity

A compact zone-plate interferometer is developed to measure the shape error of concave mirrors. A diffracted light of (0, 0) and that of (-1, -1) or (+1, +1) are used in the interferometer. The interferometer enables us to measure the shape error of mirrors with a large numerical aperture and a steep asphericity. The shape errors of a spherical mirror and a parabolic mirror are measured by the interferometer, and that of the former agrees well with that measured by Fizeau interferometer. Methods for adjustments of zone plates and the mirrors being tested are proposed to perform precise measurements of the mirror shapes.Presented at the International Commission for Optics Topical Meeting, Kyoto, 1994.     

基于宽光谱干涉系统的拼接主镜共相位检测技术

 针对拼接式大口径望远镜主镜,提出一种基于迈克尔逊干涉原理基础上的宽带光谱（白光）干涉检测方法,对拼接子镜间相位误差进行实时检测,进而对失调子镜进行相应校正,以实现拼接子镜的共面排布。子镜间相位误差通过干涉图形间的不匹配性进行提取。应用双中心波长组合白光源来提高白光中心条纹的可见度,通过理论仿真,对不同中心波长组合的白光中心条纹可见度进行比较,结果表明：该双中心波长组合白光源系统的应用,可以提高白光干涉中心条纹的信号分辨能力,借以提高检测精度,使得该白光干涉检测系统对拼接子镜间的相位失调误差进行高精度提取。     

Impact of telescope seeing on laser adaptive optics

Atmospheric turbulence in the internal light path of a telescope produces noncommon path phase differences that degrade the image quality of adaptive-optics systems employing laser guide stars. The spatial covariance and rms wavefront errors produced by this effect are derived. It is found that the tilt-removed wavefront error ranges from about 12 nm for a representative 30 m telescope to 59 nm for a 100 m telescope of similar optical design. For adaptive-optics systems that aim to derive tip-tilt information from the laser guide stars the error is considerably larger, ranging from 22 nm for the 30 m telescope to 256 nm for the 100 m telescope. This effect can be a significant impediment to the performance of such systems.     

Single-nanometer focusing of hard x-rays by Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors

We have constructed an extremely precise optical system for hard-x-ray nanofocusing in a synchrotron radiation beamline. Precision multilayer mirrors were fabricated, tested, and employed as Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors with a novel phase error compensator. In the phase compensator, an at-wavelength wavefront error sensing method based on x-ray interferometry and an in situ phase compensator mirror, which adaptively deforms with nanometer precision, were developed to satisfy the Rayleigh criterion to achieve diffraction-limited focusing in a single-nanometer range. The performance of the optics was tested at BL29XUL of SPring-8 and was confirmed to realize a spot size of approximately 7 nm.     

星载激光多普勒测风雷达鉴频系统仿真(Ⅱ):基于Fabry-Perot标准具的Rayleigh通道大气风速反演研究

基于星载激光多普勒测风雷达工作原理,构建了基于连续双通道Fabry-Perot(F-P)标准具的鉴频仿真系统,仿真研究了Rayleigh通道大气风速反演算法,系统分析了Rayleigh-Brillouin效应和Mie干扰信号对Rayleigh通道反演大气视线(LOS)风速的影响,并利用无线电探空数据集仿真结果统计分析了Rayleigh通道大气水平视线(HLOS)风速反演误差.结果表明,基于连续双通道F-P标准具的Rayleigh通道可反演中高层大气风速;Rayleigh-Brillouin效应和Mie干扰信号影响Rayleigh通道LOS风速反演精度;Rayleigh通道风速反演对温度精度要求最高,在晴空条件下可忽略Mie干扰信号的影响;不考虑Brillouin效应时,高度2 km以下Rayleigh通道无法反演HLOS风速,高度2 km以上Rayleigh通道反演的HLOS风速误差小于0.4 m·s-1,风速标准差在1—4 m·s-1之间;同Mie通道一样,气溶胶和云的分布影响Rayleigh通道HLOS风速反演误差.研究结果对发展星载激光雷达测风技术具有重要参考意义.     

光纤非相干合成光束在湍流大气中的传输实验研究

进行了六路100 W量级光纤非相干合成光束在实际大气湍流中的传输实验,将六路光斑直径为9 mm的单模光纤光束分别扩束,扩束后的光斑直径为90 mm。基于倾斜镜的合束系统来控制各路光束的指向,在不同强度的湍流条件中,通过主镜口径为440 mm的发射系统水平聚焦传输至470 m处。倾斜控制系统闭环工作时,一倍衍射极限内的桶中功率占目标处总功率的比值是开环工作时的1.7倍左右,随着大气湍流的强度变弱,此比值变大。     

Changing photo-written Bragg wavelengths of fiber gratings via one phase mask and four mirrors

A phase mask interferometer is developed to photo-write long gratings with arbitrary Bragg wavelengths. In this system, the fiber Bragg grating is photo-written by UV interference stripes of 193 nm reflected from two rotatable mirrors and two fixed mirrors, where the phase mask is not only used as a beam splitter, but also initialized the reference quantity of Bragg wavelength; the fixed mirrors are used for reducing the incident angle; the rotatable mirrors are used for adjusting the corresponding photo-written Bragg wavelength. It is worth noting that the photo-written length is fourfold as high as the length in the Talbot interferometer with the same mirror size.     

基于光栅色散干涉条纹的菲佐光干涉望远镜共相检测方法研究

菲佐光干涉望远镜实现高分辨率成像的关键是各子孔径之间相位平移误差的共相检测. 基于物理光学基本原理, 论证了两个子孔径在单色光条件下其远场干涉条纹峰值偏移量与其相位平移误差之间的近似线性关系, 提出了一个波长范围内的平移误差检测方法; 进而提出了基于光栅色散干涉条纹的共相检测方法, 并对其可行性、检测精度和检测范围进行了理论分析与仿真实验. 结果表明, 该方法在原理上可以实现对两孔径的相位平移误差进行直接检测, 50 μm范围内平移误差的检测精度优于20 nm, 解决了既有方法可能存在的2π模糊性及无法判断平移误差正负的问题. 该方法为共相检测技术的进一步研究提供了新的途径和参考.     

A high-resolution spatial heterodyning interference spectrometer

A novel spectrometer which has a resolution of 0.013 nm with high throughput is described. The system uses a Michelson interferometer in which the mirrors have been replaced with Littrow-mounted diffraction gratings. First-order diffracted beams returning from the gratings interfere at the interferometer output to produce a spatial interferogram which is heterodyned about an optical frequency determined by the setting angles of the gratings. The heterodyning process leads to increased resolution, but limits the free-spectral range of the instrument to, in our case, about 3 nm. This is sufficient for characterizing narrow-band sources such as laser diodes. We present the theory of operation of the instrument and some sample spectra obtained from a sodium vapor lamp, a HeNe discharge, and a 670 nm diode laser.     

低相干光源干涉系统在大口径拼接子镜间相位误差检测上的应用

针对大口径望远镜拼接式主镜,提出一种基于迈克耳孙干涉原理的低相干光源干涉检测系统.应用该系统对拼接子镜间相位失调误差进行实时检测.进而对失调子镜进行相应校正,以实现拼接子镜的共面排布.给出了低相干光源干涉检测系统的具体结构,叙述了干涉检测系统的检测原理,提出应用双中心波长组合低相干光源进行拼接子镜间相位误差检测,分析了系统最低信噪比.结果表明,双中心波长组合低相干光源系统,可以提高低相干光源下涉中心条纹的信号分辨能力.借以提高检测精度.使得低相干光源干涉测量系统对拼接子镜间的相位失调误差进行高精度提取.     

相位差波前检测方法应用于平移误差检测的实验研究

相位差波前检测方法由于其结构简单,对环境要求低,测量精度较高等优点,被应用于诸多领域.本文针对拼接型天文望远镜中主镜的共相位检测问题,对相位差波前检测方法在拼接主镜各子镜间平移误差测量进行理论分析,并搭建了实验光路.实验结果表明:相位差波前检测方法对拼接镜平移误差的测量精度高于λ/20(λ为波长),满足系统对拼接平移误差的要求.     

Dispersion error of a beam splitter cube in white-light spectral interferometry

We revealed that the phase function of a thin-film structure measured by a white-light spectral interferometric technique depends on the path length difference adjusted in a Michelson interferometer. This phenomenon is due to a dispersion error of a beam splitter cube, the effective thickness of which varies with the adjusted path length difference. A technique for eliminating the effect in measurement of the phase function is described. In a first step, the Michelson interferometer with same metallic mirrors is used to measure the effective thickness of the beam splitter cube as a function of the path length difference. In a second step, one of the mirrors of the interferometer is replaced by a thin-film structure and its phase function is measured for the same path length differences as those adjusted in the first step. In both steps, the phase is retrieved from the recorded spectral interferograms by using a windowed Fourier transform applied in the wavelength domain.     

Zernike phase sensor for phasing of segmented telescopes

We study an adaptive dynamical feedback system for phasing of segmented mirrors. The system, which combines a Zernike wave front sensor with a feedback loop, is shown to be capable of separating (static) misalignment errors of segmented mirrors from (dynamical) atmospheric turbulence. Our numerical simulations establish that it can retrieve multi-wave segment misalignment error in the presence of large-amplitude atmospheric phase distortion.