蒸汽驱油用高温发泡剂SD1020组分剖析研究

蒸汽泡沫驱油是热力开采稠油的一项重要新技术 ,国外从 50年代末开始研究 ,在理论研究和现场实验工艺方面已逐步形成了完整的体系 ,在美国最早成功地进行了一些现场试验。发泡剂是蒸汽驱油中必不可少的化学剂。将它与蒸汽或非凝结气体及盐水混合注入油层 ,可形成蒸汽泡沫。使用这一技术可控制蒸汽窜流 ,克服重力超复 ,减少粘滞指进 ,降低蒸汽流度 ,调整注汽剖面 ,提高重油采收率。蒸汽驱用的发泡剂要经受蒸汽的高温 ,并能耐油和盐 ,一般的发泡剂能用的不多。工业试验表明 ,美国 CHASER国际股份有限公司生产的 CHASERTMSD1 0 2 0蒸汽…     

改性二氧化硅纳米颗粒提高二氧化碳泡沫稳定性的研究

通过纳米二氧化硅的硅烷化改性, 使其在高矿化度盐水中可以稳定存在的前提下, 研究了改性纳米颗粒与阳离子表面活性剂十二烷基三甲基氯化铵混合体系的溶液稳定性及协同稳定CO₂泡沫的效果. 研究结果表明, 无机盐离子对改性纳米颗粒与阳离子表面活性剂间的静电吸引力具有屏蔽作用, 且矿化度越高, 屏蔽效果越明显, 从而混合溶液更易于在高盐水中稳定; 纳米颗粒表面的活性剂吸附层受二者浓度的影响, 进而影响了颗粒的亲/疏水性; 当混合体系中的表面活性剂浓度低于临界胶束浓度(CMC)时, 混合溶液与CO₂的界面张力高于单独活性剂溶液, 而当活性剂浓度高于CMC时, 对CO₂-溶液界面张力几乎无影响, 最低界面张力可降至6 mN/m左右; 改性纳米颗粒的加入可以进一步提高CO₂体相泡沫半衰期一倍以上, 但受二者浓度比例的影响; 纳米颗粒的加入有效提高了多孔介质中泡沫的表观黏度, 最大增幅由20 mPa·s增至55 mPa·s左右, 泡沫黏度增加接近3倍, 增强了CO₂泡沫驱的封堵作用.     

高活性纳米流体的原位流度控制及驱油效率研究

由于纳米流体的界面效应、小尺度特征,在提高采收率领域具有较大应用潜力,但其驱油机理尚待进一步明确.为了进一步研究纳米流体的驱油机理和驱油效率,采用硅基纳米球与表面活性剂耦合的方式研发高活性纳米流体,借助静态宏-介-微观实验和岩心物理模拟,阐明高活性纳米流体形成乳状液的流度控制和介观驱油效率.实验结果表明,高活性纳米流体...     

偶氮复合发泡剂对交联聚氯乙烯泡沫结构和性能的影响

采用异氰酸酯和环氧树脂作为交联剂,偶氮二异丁腈（AIBN）和偶氮二甲酰胺（AC）作为发泡剂制备了交联聚氯乙烯泡沫材料。 通过扫描电子显微镜分析了两种发泡剂的粒径、比例以及用量对泡孔结构的影响。 结果表明,AIBN的粒径对泡沫的泡孔结构影响不大,但其用量增加导致泡沫密度减小;AC的粒径对泡孔结构产生一定的影响,最优的粒径范围为8～20 μm,并且随着用量增加,泡孔尺寸变小,但对密度影响不大。 采用DSC研究了AIBN和AC在预混料中的分解情况,提出了两种发泡剂影响泡沫的泡孔结构的机理。 对泡沫材料力学性能的分析表明,泡沫的强度随密度的增加而增加,剪切变形则在60～80 kg/m3密度范围内出现最大值。     

基于纳米气泡的化学测量

在自然界与工业生产中,许多重要的化学反应过程涉及气体的产生和消耗.研究化学反应中气体分子在界面处形成的纳米气泡,一方面有助于我们调控气泡的产生并提高反应效率,另一方面可以促进我们对成核过程微观本质的理解,并提取反应本身的特征信息如催化剂反应活性等.针对化学反应中动态形成的纳米气泡,研究的手段主要包括光学成像与纳米电化学测量等.本文重点综述了纳米气泡的研究意义、多种检测技术的原理和特色,以纳米气泡在单颗粒催化剂的活性表征和电极表面成核机理研究为例介绍了研究现状及面临的主要挑战,最后展望了其未来的发展趋势.     

膨润土对采油泡沫稳定性影响研究

本文以十二烷基硫酸钠与磺酸盐型醇醚阴非离子表面活性剂FP1688作为发泡剂,钠基膨润土和钙基膨润土作为稳泡剂进行泡沫性能测试实验。研究结果表明,磺酸盐型醇醚阴非离子表面活性剂FP1688的发泡性能优于十二烷基硫酸钠,钠基膨润土的稳泡性能优于钙基膨润土。当FP1688的浓度为0. 40%、钠基膨润土的浓度为5%时,稳泡时间大于6000s,发泡体积高于800mL。膨润土对泡沫稳定性影响研究对膨润土稳定泡沫配方体系的研制提供了有益的技术指导,对在低油价下推广应用泡沫驱技术意义重大。     

光热材料在太阳能海水脱盐中应用的研究进展

用于海水脱盐的太阳能界面蒸发装置因其绿色环保、简单高效以及适用范围广等优点,受到了广泛关注。与传统的体积式蒸发装置不同,太阳能界面蒸发装置将太阳光的收集和蒸汽的产生锁定在空气-水的界面,无需从底部加热整体水来产生蒸汽,极大提高了能源利用效率。本文详细介绍了太阳能界面水蒸发装置的重要组成部分——光热材料的光热转换机理、材料种类以及材料的性能;探讨了高效海水净化太阳能蒸发装置的设计策略(增强光吸收、充足水供应、耐盐排盐等)。在此基础上,总结了基于界面蒸发中的太阳能蒸发装置的研究进展,展望了新型太阳能蒸发装置在海水净化领域的发展前景。     

太阳能海水脱盐中光热材料与蒸发装置的研究进展

用于海水脱盐的太阳能界面蒸发装置因其绿色环保、简单高效以及适用范围广等优点,受到了广泛关注。与传统的体积式蒸发装置不同,太阳能界面蒸发装置将太阳光的收集和蒸汽的产生锁定在空气-水的界面,无需从底部加热整体水来产生蒸汽,极大提高了能源利用效率。本文详细介绍了太阳能界面水蒸发装置的重要组成部分——光热材料的光热转换机理、材料种类以及材料的性能;探讨了高效海水净化太阳能蒸发装置的设计策略(增强光吸收、充足水供应、耐盐排盐等)。在此基础上,总结了基于界面蒸发中的太阳能蒸发装置的研究进展,展望了新型太阳能蒸发装置在海水净化领域的发展前景。     

层状液晶凝胶对微泡沫的稳定作用

以非离子表面活性剂单硬脂酸甘油酯(GMS)制备出稳定的微泡沫. 采用偏光显微镜、冷冻断裂蚀刻透射电子显微镜(FF-TEM)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和流变仪对其表面活性剂溶液相态、泡沫体系的微观结构、相变行为和流变性进行研究以探索微泡沫的稳定机理. 实验结果表明, 表面活性剂分子吸附在气泡界面, 发生晶化形成有序、紧密排列的层状液晶凝胶相液膜, 该液膜具有较强的刚性, 能抵抗由Laplace附加压力驱使的气泡溶解和聚并行为. 微泡沫可稳定10个月, 无明显的相分离和气泡破裂现象. 其稳定作用机理是通过影响泡沫排液过程, 增强Gibbs-Marangoni效应, 从而提高了气泡液膜强度, 减缓了气相扩散速率.     

纳米Y_2O_3对14CrSiMnV硬质合金涂层耐磨耐热氧化性影响

利用激光熔覆表面复合纳米Y_2O_3颗粒的14CrSiMnV铁基合金粉体,制备了14CrSiMnV硬质合金钢涂层。研究了纳米Y_2O_3对涂层微观结构、微观硬度、耐热以及耐滑动摩擦的影响。结果表明:在合金涂层成型过程中,添加小于1%(质量分数)纳米Y_2O_3可以促进涂层组织中的树状晶向等轴晶转变,且减少涂层在600℃高温条件的氧化腐蚀现象,改善表面滑动摩擦的塑性剥离,从而使涂层拥有更好的耐热性能和耐滑动摩擦性能。     

Laboratory Study on Low Gas/Liquid Ratio Foam Flooding for Zhuangxi Heavy Oil

Considering the high cost and injection pressure of conventional foam flooding, foam flooding with low gas/liquid ratio was proposed to enhance the heavy oil recovery. A foamer containing 0.2 wt% α -olefin sulfonate, 0.1 wt% HPAM and 0.5 wt% Na₂CO₃ was selected for Zhuangxi heavy oil. Then the foam stability and low gas/liquid ratio foam flooding were studied via micro model and sand pack experiments. The results indicate that the foam is much more stable in heavy oil than in diesel; in flooding tests, this foamer with gas/liquid ratio of 0.2:1 increases the oil recovery by 39.8%, which is nearly 11% higher than ASP solution in terms of the same injection volume (0.3PV) and agents.     

Effect of organic acid chain length on foam performance in a porous medium

We have systematically studied the effect of organic acid chain length on surface dilatational properties and foam flow performance in a porous medium. Surface dilatational properties were studied by oscillating drop module (ODM). ODM results in deionized water show that sufficient long chain length of organic acid is an essential requirement for high surface dilatational modulus. While, to various salinities, surfactant to acid ratio of achieving high surface dilatational modulus varies. Foam flow tests show that surface dilatational modulus has decisive effect on produced foam size, which partially determines foam flow pressure drop. Both surface dilatational modulus and surface tension determine foam flow pressure drop. Besides, surface loss modulus also contributes to pressure drop. Bulk foam tests show that addition of organic acids with proper chain length can enhance foam tolerance to oil significantly. Compared with alkane chain length, acid with longer chain has good ability in stabilizing foam. At last, foam flooding tests show that surface dilatational modulus and foam tolerance to oil play important roles in foam enhanced oil recovery.     

Investigation on stabilization of foam in the presence of crude oil for improved oil recovery

A major concern, in the foam flooding projects, is the stability of foam in the presence of oil. In this study we chose three foaming agents with different behaviors in the oil-bearing environments and examined their performance in terms of the emulsified oil and the pseudoemulsion films. The results indicate that the state of the emulsified oil or the pseudoemulsion films has a significant impact on foam stability. Two hypothesizes suggest that the role of emulsified oil played in foam stabilization can be summarized as increasing the emulsion stability and creating the viscous liquid phase, and interfacial adsorption and viscoelastic layers of pseudoemulsion films present a strong correlation with the foam stability. From the foam flooding experiments, the oil-enhanced foam is deemed to be more efficient in the oil displacement and the liquid diversion.     

Foam Flooding with Ultra-Low Interfacial Tension to Enhance Heavy Oil Recovery

Severe viscous fingering during water flooding of heavy oil leaves a large amount of oil untouched in the reservoir. Improving sweep efficiency is vital for increasing heavy oil recovery. Previous researches have proved that foam flooding can increase the sweep efficiency and oil recovery. The polymers could make the foam more stable and have better plugging capacity, but the interfacial tension (IFT) of oil and water increase which could decrease the displacement efficiency of the heavy oil. In view of the deficiency of conventional foam flooding, it is necessary to research the ultra-low interfacial tension foam which could improve macro-swept volume and micro-displacement efficiency in heavy oil reservoir. In this paper a novel foam agent is developed by the combination of surfactant and additives to lower the IFT of oil and water. The operating parameters including foam injections modes and gas liquid ratio were investigated by core flooding experiments. Field test performance shows that oil production per day increased from 85.6 to 125.7 t, water cut declined from 92.1 to 83.6% after 3 months injection. This study provides a novel method to improve heavy oil recovery with an ultra-low interfacial tension foam flooding system.     

Foam flow through porous media

There are two parts to the interaction of foam with porous media. How the foam interacts with the surface and the flow within the substrate, which is the focus of this review. Flow-through porous media has been investigated experimentally with the main focus in literature being on enhanced oil recovery and remediation. Recently, investigation of the flow of foam through a deformable substrate for dishwashing application has led to the development of mathematical models. It has been proposed that foam flow through pore channels is similar to the behaviour observed within microchannels. Meaning that to investigate the effects these properties have on foam flow it is best to observe them within a model channel then build up to a 3D structure of interlinking channels to resemble porous media. In this review, it is highlighted that a large amount of work is needed in understanding the interaction of foam and/or liquid within porous networks. Methods that can be applied to better represent foam and liquid flow in porous media are discussed within this review, including both using microchannels to simulate individual pores and using these systems to build up to a 3D structure of interlinking pores. In addition, more advanced imaging techniques to observe the flow through porous materials are discussed, including computed tomography scanning nuclear magnetic resentence and confocal microscopy. There is still more work required to fully understand the flow within porous media, including observing the affect of dead-end pores, closed loops and rough channel walls have on the flow.     

The retention behaviour and separation of some water-soluble organophosphorus insecticides on polyester-based polyurethane foams

This paper reports the concentration of some dissolved organic phosphorus insecticides in water by open-cell polyurethane foam. The results of preliminary screening tests on the retention of the tested insecticides (Diazinon, Malathion and Chloropyrifos) by polyester foams indicated that a very high percent removal of the insecticides was obtained. The retention rate was fast and reaches equilibrium in a few minutes. The various parameters affecting the preconcentration of the tested insecticides by unloaded foam, e.g. pH, extraction media, shaking time, salt effect, flow rate, temperature and sample volumes have been optimized via the static mode of separation. The unloaded foams were employed in columns for the retention and recovery of the tested species. The sorption efficiency and the recovery of the tested compounds by the unloaded foam column were found to be up to 95.5%. The equivalent to a theoretical plate by the unloaded foam was found in the range 1.12 - 1.32 +/- 0.2 mm. The sorption mechanism of the tested species by the foam is discussed. The separation of some of the tested species in a mixture was achieved. The foam membrane offers unique advantages over conventional bulk-type granular sorbents and solvent extraction in offering high flow rates, rapid, versatile, effective separation and preconcentration of different species from aqueous samples. The foam provides the advantages of being, insoluble, easily separable and non-polluting, as well as inexpensive.     

Coreflooding and Pore-Scale Visualization of Foamed Gel Flowed in Porous Network Media

To investigate the mechanisms of enhancing oil recovery and the flow behaviors of foamed gel in porous media, foamed gels with characteristics of excellent strength and viscosity were prepared with polymer, crosslinking agent, foam agent, and formation water. The breakthrough-vacuum method and a rotary viscometer were used to evaluate the strength and viscosity of foamed gel. Coreflooding and pore-level visualization experiments were performed in heterogeneous reservoir models. Laboratory results illustrate that high strength and viscosity of foamed gel can be prepared by 0.15% NJ-8, 0.2% polyacrylamide solution, and 1.5% foaming agent. The strength and viscosity of the foamed gel reached 0.06 MPa and 10,000 MPa · s, respectively. The results of coreflooding experiments in heterogeneous cores show that oil recovery can be improved by approximately 36.9% after injecting 0.3 pore volume of the foamed gel, and enhanced oil recovery is mainly attributed to the improving sweep efficiency of mid- to low-permeability layers. Images of visualization flooding demonstrate that foamed gel exhibits good oil resistance and elasticity when used with crude oil. Furthermore, the new amoeba effect, Jamin effect, fluid-diverting effect, and extruding effect between foamed gel and oil in porous media can enhance oil recovery by improving sweep efficiency.     

The two steps thermal decomposition of titanium hydride and two steps foaming of Al alloy

1 Introduction Al alloy foam with closed pores prepared by melt foaming, realizing the lightness, high specific strength and multifunction of structure material, is becoming one of the hotspots[1―11]. In order to meet the demand of high-tech, preparing s…     

Improvement of Sweep Efficiency by Alkaline Flooding for Heavy Oil Reservoirs

Severe viscous fingering during water flooding of heavy oil leaves a large amount of oil untouched in the reservoir. Improving sweep efficiency is vital for enhancing heavy oil recovery. This study presented a laboratory study for improving sweep efficiency by alkaline flooding in heavy oil Reservoirs. This included glass-etched micromodel flooding tests, one-dimensional flooding experiments and three-dimensional physical model study. The micromodel tests show that W/O droplet flow plays a prominent role in the alkaline flooding to improve sweep efficiency. There is a minimum alkaline concentration that generates the W/O droplet flow, and the W/O droplet flow is more obvious with the alkaline concentration increasing. A series of flood tests were conducted using 325 mPa · s, 2000 mPa · s, and 3950 mPa · s heavy oils to assess the effectiveness of W/O droplet flow in alkaline flooding for enhanced heavy oil recovery. The flood tests results demonstrate the considerable potential for improved heavy oil recovery by alkaline flooding, and moreover, the incremental oil recovery has been found to increase as the alkaline concentration increases. The result obtained in three-dimensional physical model study indicates that the sweep area can be greatly improved by the formation of W/O droplet flow in alkaline flooding.     

Preconcentration and separation of some organic water pollutants with polyurethane foam and activated carbon

Summary Although pesticides and phenols, cause reproductive failure in many areas of the world, there is a no effective means of treating waste water containing these compounds. This work deals with the adsorption of insecticides and phenols from aqueous solution by untreated porous polyurethane foam and activated carbon. Static experiments showed that in comparison with activated carbon a reasonable percentage of the compounds was adsorbed by the foam. Attempts were therefore made to extract these species from aqueous solution by foam column chromatography.The results showed that the adsorption of the compounds was brought about by a mechanism similar to that of solvent extraction. The effect of various experimental conditions such as temperature, extracting medium, pH, contact time, volume of sample flow rate, compound concentration, and eluting solvents on the retention and separation of the compounds has been determined. The height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) was calculated from breakthrough capacity curves and from chromatograms obtained from polyurethane foam columns for the insecticide Dyfonate; values were in the range 2.1–2.3 mm at 10–15 ml min^–1. Extraction of the compounds from natural water, and subsequent recovery, were both found to be complete. The high capacity of polyurethane provides advantages over activated carbon; in particular, large sample volumes can be analyzed at high flow rates.