高聚物玻璃化转变温度和分子参数的关系 Ⅱ.分子量对玻璃化转变温度的影响

 根据前文提出的理论模型,本文推导出下述表征高聚物数均分子量(M_n)与玻璃化转变温度T₈关系的理论公式: T_g=T_g∞-K_g/M_n K_g=T_g∞·σ²(T_g)·M_u十几种高聚物的K_g理论计算位能较好地和实验值吻合。应用理论关系式具体计算了聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚二甲基硅氧烷和聚α-甲基苯乙烯的T_g随分子量的变化,其结果是令人满意的。     

高聚物玻璃化转变温度和分子参数的关系 Ⅰ.高聚物链柔性与T_g的关系

本文采用晶格模型,以动力学链段长度作为统计单元大小,推导了高聚物玻璃化温度T_8和链静态刚性因子σ~2(T_8),链动态刚性因子β(T_8)以及聚合度DP等分子参数之间的关系。具体讨论了链柔性对T_8的影响。理论预测和几十种聚合物的实验数据能较好吻合,分析结果表明T_8值基本上取决于高聚物链σ(T_8)大小。     

高聚物玻璃化转变温度和分子参数的关系 Ⅲ·聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯立构规整性和Tg的关系

 本文研究了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMAA)的立构规整性与T₈的关系,结果表明立构单元分布和含量均对T₈有显著影响。应用前文导出的理论关系,进一步处理了T₈和构象参数实验数据,用这种简单方法计算得的无扰尺寸温度系数和实验值一致。由此推论,不同立构PMMA链的T₈之差反映了它们局部择优链构象的不同。     

从DSC曲线数据计算/确定含能材料自催化分解反应动力学参数和热爆炸临界温升速率的方法

为应用热爆炸临界温升速率(dT/dt)_Tb评价含能材料(EMs)的热安全性, 得到计算(dT/dt)_Tb值的基本数据, 用合理的假设, 由Semenov的热爆炸理论和9 个自催化反应速率方程[dα/dt=Aexp(-E/RT)α(1-α) (I), dα/dt=Aexp(-E/RT)(1-α)ⁿ(1+K_catα) (II), dα/dt=Aexp(-E/RT)[α^a-(1-α)ⁿ)] (III), dα/dt=A₁exp(-E_a1/RT)(1-α)+A₂exp(-E_a2/RT)α(1-α) (IV), dα/dt=A₁exp(-E_a1/RT)(1-α)^m+A₂exp(-E_a2/RT)αⁿ(1-α)^p (V), dα/dt=Aexp(-E/RT)(1-α) (VI), dα/dt=Aexp(-E/RT)(1-α)ⁿ (VII), dα/dt=A₁exp(-E_a1/RT)+A₂exp(-E_a2/RT)(1-α) (VII), dα/dt=A₁exp(-E_a1/RT)+A₂exp(-E_a2/RT)α(1-α) (IX)]导出了计算(dT/dt)_Tb值的9 个表达式. 提出了从不同恒速升温速率(β)条件下的差示扫描量热(DSC)曲线数据计算/确定EMs自催化分解反应的动力学参数和自催化分解转向热爆炸时的(dT/dt)_Tb的方法. 由DSC曲线数据的分析得到了用于计算(dT/dt)_Tb值的β→0 时的onset 温度(T_e0),热爆炸临界温度(T_b)和相应于T_b时的转化率(α_b). 分别用线性最小二乘法和信赖域方法得到方程(I)和(VI)及方程(II)-(V)和方程(VII)-(IX)中的自催化分解反应动力学参数. 用上述基础数据得到了EMs的(dT/dt)_Tb值. 结果表明: (1) 在非等温DSC条件下硝化棉(NC, 13.54% N)分解反应可用表观经验级数自催化反应速率方程dα/dt=10^15.82exp(-170020/RT)(1-α)^1.11+10^15.82exp(-157140/RT)α^1.51(1-α)^2.51描述; (2) NC (13.54% N)自催化分解转向热爆炸时的(dT/dt)_Tb值为0.103 K·s^-1.     

N-异丙基丙烯酰胺温度敏感性水凝胶相转变动力学研究及其应用

 研究指出表观二级动力学方程可以很好地描述N-异丙基丙烯酰胺水凝胶的溶胀和消溶胀动力学.即溶胀动力学方程为dR/dt=k₁(R_e-R)²,消溶胀动力学方程为-dR/dt=k_c(R-R_e)².把这种水凝胶用于分离高分子水溶液时可引入“单位溶张比分离循环的合理时耗”这样一个参量.它根据溶胀和消溶胀过程中的起始溶胀比、平衡溶胀比、表观溶胀动力学常数和表观消溶胀动力学常数求出.具体公式为△t₁(T_s,T_c)=2/[R_c(T_s)-R₀(T_s)]²k_s(T_s)+15/[R₀(T_c)- R_s(T_c)]²k_c(T_c)^1/2在理想情况下,分离过程的“总合理时耗”与△t_1成正比,比例系数为分离过程中的除水总量与干凝胶用量的比值,即△t_r=W_W/WG·△t₁.当根据二个动力学方程求得的总时耗计算值处于(0.9△t_r,1.1△t_r)范围内时,表明所选干凝胶用量和循环溶胀比区段均合适.     

BTATz-Pb复合物对双基和RDX-改性双基推进剂的热行为、非等温动力学及燃烧性能的影响

制备了含3,6-双(1-氢-1,2,3,4-四唑-5-氨基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪(BTATz)铅复合物(LCBTATZ)的双基推进剂和改性双基推进剂. 采用热重-微商热重法(TG-DTG)及差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了其热分解行为和非等温分解动力学并在此基础上评价了其热安全性. 结果表明, LCBTATz-DB复合物中在350-540 K之间只存在一个放热分解峰, LCBTATz-CMDB复合物中存在两个连续的放热分解峰在390-540 K温度范围内, 其机理方程分别为: f(α)=α^-1/2和f(α)=2(1-α)^3/2. 计算了热加速分解温度(T_SADT)、热爆炸临界温度(T_b)、热点火温度(T_TIT)和绝热至爆时间(t_Tlad),其值分别为: DB001复合物T_SADT=444.50 K, T_TITT=453.96 K, T_b=471.84 K; t_Tlad=39.36 s; CMDB100复合物, T_SADT=442.38 K, T_TITT=452.89 K,T_b=464.13 K,t_Tlad=21.3 s,并以此来评价化合物的热安全性. 考察了LCBTATz-DB以及LCBTATz-CMDB的燃烧性能, 结果表明LCBTATZ 是一种高效的双基燃烧催化剂, 在较大的压力范围内可以显著的提高燃速并且大幅度的降低压力指数. 对于双基推进剂在2-8 MPa压力范围内出现了明显的超燃速现象, 8-12 MPa出现了“麦撒”效应, 对于改性双基推进剂的压力指数降到0.18.     

聚酯-聚氨酯溶液的13C-NMR弛豫研究——自旋晶格弛豫与聚氨酯分子在溶液中的局部片段运动

 本文对由己二酸丁二醇酯(数均分子量为2000)、4,4′-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)和扩链剂1,4-丁二醇(BDO)形成的不同分子量的聚氨酯溶液进行了¹³C核磁共振研究。在氘代二甲基亚砜溶液中,应用JEOL FX-60Q核磁共振仪测定了聚氨酯链中不同嵌段上CH₂和CH碳的自旋晶格弛豫时间(T₁)。利用所得数据对聚氨酯分子的链运动进行了分析和讨论。     

氰根桥连的FeⅢMnⅡ链中磁性作用的调控

基于三氰构筑单元合成了两个氰基桥联的Fe^ⅢMn^Ⅱ一维链, {[Fe(Tp)(CN)₃]₂[Mn(bib)]}·CH₃OH·2H₂O (1)和{[Fe(pzTp)(CN)₃]₂[Mn(bib)]}·3H₂O (2)。1和2中的双之字链通过刚性的双齿配体固定排列方式并连接成二维结构, 链内Fe^Ⅲ和Mn^Ⅱ之间的磁相互作用可以通过改变链中配体的位阻调控。     

1,3,3-三硝基氮杂环丁烷的热安全性

借助不同加热速率(β)的非等温DSC曲线离开基线的初始温度(T₀)、onset温度(T_e)和峰顶温度(T_p), Kissinger法和Ozawa法求得的热分解反应的表观活化能(E_k和E_O)和指前因子(A_k), Hu-Zhao-Gao方程ln β_i＝ln[A₀/(b_{e0 or p0}G(α))]＋   b_{e0 or p0}T_{ei or pi}求得的b_{e0 or p0}, Zhao-Hu-Gao方程ln β_i＝ln[A₀/((a_{e0 or p0}＋1)G(α))]＋(a_{e0 or p0}＋1) ln T_{ei or pi}求得的a_{e0 or p0}, 微热量法确定的比热容(C_p), 以及密度(ρ)、热导率(λ)和分解热(Q_d, 取爆热之半)数据, Zhang-Hu-Xie-Li公式、Hu-Yang-Liang-Xie公式、Hu-Zhao-Gao公式、Zhao-Hu-Gao公式、Smith方程、Friedman公式和Bruckman-Guillet公式, 计算了TNAZ在β→0时的T₀, T_e和T_p值(T₀₀, T_eo和T_p0)、热爆炸临界温度(T_be和T_bp)、绝热至爆时间(t_Tlad)、撞击感度50%落高(H₅₀)和热点起爆临界温度(T_cr), 得到了评价TNAZ热安全性的结果: T_SADT＝T_e0＝485.81 K, T_p0＝497.38 K, T_beo＝499.50 K, T_bp0＝513.45 K, t_Tlad＝8.90 s (n＝0), t_Tlad＝8.96 s (n＝1), t_Tlad＝9.01 s (n＝2), H₅₀＝28.88 cm, T_cr＝641.46 K (T_room＝293.15 K), T_cr＝658.89 K (T_room＝300 K), 表明: (1) TNAZ对热是稳定的; (2)撞击感度好于环三亚甲基三硝胺(RDX); (3)热点起爆临界温度高于RDX, 而界于1,3,5-三氨基-2,4,6-三硝基苯(TATB)和六硝基茋(HNS)之间.     

氰根桥连的FeⅢMnⅡ链中磁性作用的调控

基于三氰构筑单元合成了两个氰基桥联的Fe^Ⅲ-Mn^Ⅱ一维链,{[Fe(Tp)(CN)₃]₂[Mn(bib)]}·CH₃OH·2H₂O (1)和{[Fe(pzTp)(CN)₃]₂[Mn(bib)]}·3H₂O (2)。1和2中的双之字链通过刚性的双齿配体固定排列方式并连接成二维结构,链内Fe^Ⅲ和Mn^Ⅱ之间的磁相互作用可以通过改变链中配体的位阻调控。     

Qualitative considerations of the T1 → S0 intersystem crossing in benzene

We consider the equivalent of the S₀(¹A_1g → T₁(³B_1u absorption spectrum of benzene obtained by Burland et al. On the basis of this spectrum we suggest that the theoretical rate of the T₁(³B_1u) → S₀(¹A_1g) intersystem crossing in benzene is faster by several orders of magnitude than that obtained in recent theoretical work. Furthermore, it is suggested that the rate of this process is not retarded drastically upon deuteration, as claimed in the literature. A new interpretation of the S_o(¹A_1g) → T₁(³B_1u absorption spectrum is also given.     

Raman spectroscopy of the [TeX6]2− ions (X  Cl or Br) at resonance with their lowest 3T1u and 1T1u states: Evidence for tetragonal distortion in these excited states

The observation that the v₂(e_g) band is the most enchanced Raman band at resonance with the bands assigned to both the ³T_1u ← ¹A_1g and ¹T_1u ← ¹A_1g transitions of the [TeX₆]^2? ions indicates that the ions are tetragonally distorted in these excited states. The depolarisation ratio of 2v₂ band of [TeBr₆]^2? at resonance with the ¹T_1u ← ¹A_1g transition is found to be 0.18, in close agreement with that expected (3/14) for the first overtone of a doubly degenerate vibration coupled to a triply degenerate excite state.     

Low temperature luminescence spectra of the d10s2 complexes Cs2MX6 (M = Se,Te and X = Cl,Br). The Jahn—Teller effect in the Γ−4(3T1u) excited state

The emission spectra of the title compounds in microcrystalline form have been measured at 10 K. The extensive vibrational progression in the e_g mode is indicative of a tetragonal Jahn—Teller distortion in the Γ^?₄(³T_1u) excited state. The vibronic coupling of a threefold electronic state with a doubly degenerate e_g mode (T—e coupling), linear in the nuclear coordinates, has been reinvestigated considering spin—orbit coupling up to second order perturbation on energy levels which result from an a¹_1gt¹_1u electron configuration. For an estimation of Jahn—Teller coupling constants, the intensity distributions in the progressions were compared with the theoretical line shape functions which were obtained from a model which also permits the determination of potential energy minima and vibrational fundamentals of the excited state. The unusually large increase in the e_g vibrational frequency compared to the ground state is due to Jahn-Teller forces which distort the potential surface, yielding steeper excited state energy curves.     

二维层状Ti3C2Tx-MXene@VS2用于高性能锂离子电池负极

为探索一种高性能的锂离子电池负极材料,采用酸刻蚀法制备了高导电性、高稳定性的二维层状Ti₃C₂T_x,通过溶剂热法制备了具有高理论比容量的花瓣状VS₂纳米片,再经过简单的液相混合得到了二维层状Ti₃C₂T_x-MXene@VS₂复合物。通过扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、X射线衍射和能谱分析对复合材料的形貌和结构进行了表征,采用循环伏安、恒流充放电、长循环和交流阻抗谱对复合材料的电化学性能进行了研究。结果表明：VS₂纳米片均匀地分布在Ti₃C₂T_x的层间及表面,该复合物具有高的可逆容量(电流密度为0.1A·g^-1时,比容量为610.5mAh·g^-1)、良好的倍率性能(电流密度为2A·g^-1时,比容量为197.1mAh·g^-1)和良好的循环稳定性(电流密度为0.2 A·g^-1时,循环600圈后比容量为874.9 mAh·g^-1;电流密度为2 A·g^-1时,循环1 500圈后比容量为115.9mAh·g^-1)。     

Infrared luminescence of the ReBr2−6ion

The well resolved Γ₇ (²T_2g) → Γ₆²T_1g), Γ₈ (²E_1g), Γ₈(²T₈) and Γ₈ (²T_1g) → Γ₈ (⁴A_2g) transitions of the ReBr^r2?₆ion have been observed for the first time.     

Infrared absorption and magnetic circular dichroism of Cs2ZrCl6:Ir4+

The E″_g(²T_2g) å U′_g(²T_2g) transition of Ir⁴⁺ in Cs₂ZrCl₆ is observed in the infrared energy range 5000–6000 cm^?1 by absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy. The resolved vibrational structure provides detailed information about the change in vibrational frequencies on excitation and the transition intensity mechanism. The energy of the transition requires the Ir⁴⁺ spin-orbit coupling parameter ζ to be ≈ 2800 cm^?1.     

Possible production of O2(1Δg) and O2(1Σ+g) in the reaction of NO with O3

High-resolution spectra of the NO₂ continuum emission produced from the reaction NO + O₃ → NO₂ + O₂ have been investigated to detect any possible emission from O₂(¹Δ_g) at 1270 nm or O₂(¹Σ⁺_g) at 762 nm. The photolysis of O₃/O₂ mixtures at 253.7 nm, which produces both states of O₂ with known quantum efficiency, has been used as an internal standard. From the results it is concluded that less than 1/300 and 1/200 of the NO + O₃ reactive collissions result in production of O₂(¹Δ_g) or O₂(¹Σ⁺_g), respectively, at room temperature.     

Electronic states of Al2

Ab initio multi-configuration self-consistent field and first-order configuration interaction (FOCI) calculations in an extended basis set have been carried out for the lower energy electronic states of Al₂. The ten core electrons of each Al atom were replaced by an accurate compact effective core potential. The FOCI calculated T_o value for the ³Σ_g^?-³Σ_u^? transition agrees with the experimentally observed emission band to within 90 cm^?1. ³Π_u is calculated to be the electronic ground state of Al₂. Based on FOCI energies and qualitative intensity arguments, the reported optical absorption spectrum of matrix isolated Al₂ also agrees best with a ³Π_u ground state. The ³Σ_g^?1 state is calculated (T_e) at only 324 cm^?1 above the ³Π_u state, and the ¹ΣE_g⁺ state is predicted to lie higher.     

纳米LiMnPO_4的制备与电化学性能表征

采用两步加热Polyol法制备了纳米LiMnPO4正极材料,详细研究了第一加热平台温度T1(T1=100,110,120,130,140,150°C)对样品物理性质及电化学性能的影响.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)及比表面积测试(BET)对样品的晶体结构与微观形貌进行了表征.结果表明,在不同温度T1下得到的样品均为片状结构;T1=100-120°C时合成的样品含有杂相,且比表面积小于15 m2?g-1;在T1=130°C时,得到纯相LiMnPO4样品,且比表面积增至46.3 m2?g-1;随着T1的进一步升高,样品比表面积稍有下降,维持在35-37 m2?g-1之间.纳米LiMnPO4的电化学性能变化趋势与比表面积基本一致,T1=130°C时合成的样品呈现最优的电化学性能,在0.1C倍率下放电容量达到129 mAh?g-1,在5C倍率时达到81 mAh?g-1,这表明LiMnPO4的比表面积是决定其电化学性能的关键因素之一.