微波消解-微波等离子体炬原子发射光谱法测定无铅汽油中痕量铅的研究

四乙基铅作为一种良好的抗爆添加剂,曾广泛用于汽油生产中,但由于四乙基铅有很强的毒性,目前国际上已停止生产和使用车用含铅汽油,因此在生产车用无铅汽油时严格控制和准确测定铅的含量十分必要.迄今,测定汽油中铅含量的常用方法是铬酸盐容量法^[1]、一氯化碘法^[2]、X射线光谱法^[3]、分光光度法^[4,5]、原子吸收光谱法^[6]和等离子体光谱法^[7].这些方法或操作烦琐,测定时间较长^[4],或灵敏度低^[1～3],或测定误差较大,且在测试中需使用毒性较大的四乙基铅^[5],或所需的氯化甲基三辛基铵不易购买^[6],或处理过程繁琐,且仪器设备昂贵^[7].因此,建立一种简便、快速、灵敏、准确和无毒副作用的测定无铅汽油中痕量铅的方法已显得十分迫切.近年来发展的微波等离子体炬原子发射光谱法^[8]已有商品化仪器问世^[9].本文利用微波等离子体炬原子发射光谱仪研究了无铅汽油中痕量铅的测定方法,并提出用微波消解法预处理无铅汽油样品,将微波消解技术与微波等离子体炬原子发射光谱法相结合,建立了简便、快速、灵敏、准确和无污染的测定无铅汽油中痕量铅的新方法.     

方差方法用于高聚物X光衍射峰形的分析

假设PET纤维中的晶格畸变可用次晶模型描述, 用其x光衍射105的方差-区间函数测定出一组热处理样品的晶粒尺寸和晶格畸变因子。说明了此法所得晶粒尺寸为“数均”尺寸。发现样品中晶区的完善性随其热处理温度的升高而改善; 晶粒尺寸与畸变因子之间的关系符合Hosemann的a~*定则。     

聚合物微晶尺寸和晶格畸变

聚合物微晶尺寸和晶格畸变是对聚合物材料性能有着重要影响的结构参数。本文介绍了应用Ｘ射线衍射方法测定聚合物微晶尺寸和结构畸变的几种方法：近似函数、次晶模型法、方差法、矩法。     

直接脱碳酸化制备有机离子插层的层状双氢氧化物

层状双氢氧化物(Layered double hydroxide, LDH)是一种具有阴离子可交换性质的层状无机材料, 由于其具有多种功能性质, 已被广泛应用于催化^[1~3]、酸吸附剂^[4]、传感器^[5]及聚合物填料^[6~8]等领域. 传统的共沉淀法制备的LDH结晶度低、尺寸小(直径通常小于100 nm). 1998年, Costantino等^[9]采用均匀沉淀法制备出了高结晶度、大尺寸(微米量级)且层间具有CO₃^2-的LDH(LDH-CO₃), 引起了人们的极大兴趣. 为解决LDH-CO₃难于交换和剥离的难题, Iyi等^[10,11]采用两步法制备了层间具有NO₃^- 或有机阴离子的LDH, 即首先采用 HCl-NaCl混合溶液将LDH-CO₃转化成为LDH-Cl, 然后再采用过量的阴离子进行交换制备LDH-NO₃或有机阴离子插层的LDH.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定铋渣中银的含量

<正>铋渣是有色金属冶炼工业生产中的一种中间产品，是回收铋的重要原料^[1-2],其含有多种贵金属以及其他一些有价金属^[3-5]。采用合适的方法快速、准确地测定铋渣中银的含量，对企业工业生产过程具有较为重要的指导意义。目前测定银含量的主要方法有火试金富集重量法^[6-9]、电位滴定法^[10-11]、火焰原子吸收光谱法^[12-17]、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)^[18-20]以及电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)^[21-22]等。火试金富集重量法存在灰吹时银损失的问题，对灰吹温度的控制要求较高，且基体铋对测定结果有较大干扰^[23];电位滴定法在滴定溶液标定、滴定终点判定等步骤要求精准；ICP-AES则存在样品光谱干扰较多，对于进样基体浓度水平、酸度的要求苛刻等问题；ICP-MS更多应用于高纯材料痕量杂质元素分析领域。利用火焰原子吸收光谱法具有较好的分析精度、检出限低，以及仪器长期稳定...     

离子选择电极电位滴定法有机化合物中硼的快速微量分析

有机硼化合物在分解后通常转化为硼酸,需以甘露糖醇使其形成络合物,再用标准氢氧化钠溶液滴定^[1]。氧瓶分解法分解有机硼化合物,常需在样品燃烧前于样品内加入蔗糖^[2]、氢氧化钾^[3]或EDTA二钠盐^[4]。Gadson等^[5]在含硼无机溶液中加入少量10％氢氟酸,10分钟内形成BF₄^-,然后用流动载体氟硼酸根离子选择电极直接电位法进行测定。由此,我国刘成梁等^[4]首次提出氟硼酸根离子选择电极标准添加法,应用于有机硼元素微量分析。     

微流通道中溶质峰形不对称现象的研究

在微流控芯片分析中,由于微流通道微小的尺寸和检测器灵敏度的限制,容易出现诸如样品相对过载等引起溶质带偏离高斯分布(如前拖尾或者后拖尾等)的现象.引起溶质带峰形不对称的原因主要是由于吸附等温线^[1]和溶质带经过检测器时,由空间分布转化为时间分布所引起的扭曲所致^[2].     

一种带有芳基双亲双官能度引发剂的合成

双亲聚合物已广泛地应用于许多领域^[1],但其制备困难^[2~4].     

化学修饰电极的研究——Ⅰ.等离子体聚合法制备聚乙烯二茂铁膜电极

化学修饰电极是当前电化学领域中十分活跃的崭新研究方向^[1~4].它的出现扩展了电化学的研究和应用范围,有广阔的发展前途,已在电子转移、光电转换、催化、立体选择性有机合成以及选择富集测定等方面显出其优越性.最近,在多种化学修饰电极类型中,令人特别感兴趣的是具有电活性的聚合物膜电极.制备聚合物膜电极的方法很多^[5~10],用等离子体聚合法可得高度交联的超薄膜,且化学和热稳定性均好^[10,11].     

在线衍生微流控芯片电泳和激光诱导荧光法测定单细胞中谷胱甘肽

微流控分析芯片的网络结构和微米通道尺寸适合于单细胞进样、控制和分离分析^[1~4].在测定细胞内容物时,大多采用柱前细胞内衍生法^[1,2,4],但操作复杂,需多次离心分离,且能透过细胞膜标记胞内组分的荧光试剂较少.     

PE-CPE blends and their graphene oxide nanocomposites with reduced low temperature brittleness

The low-temperature flexibility of polyethylene (PE)–chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) blends and their composites with a small amount of graphene oxide filler was studied. Quantitative height variation in the AFM images, rheological as well as fracture analyses were employed to gain insights into the generation of flexibility in the matrix phase. The semi-crystalline CPE (CPE25) polymer did not induce viscoelastic behavior at temperatures lower than the glass transition temperature of PE, whereas the amorphous CPE (CPE35) had completely different behavior. The samples with CPE35 could not be sufficiently hardened even at ?180 °C and remained too soft for cryosectioning. Therefore, compression, which results in a 30–60 % reduction in length along the cutting direction with no change in the dimension perpendicular to it, was very prominent for both thin section and block face of the sample. The composites had even higher degree of compression due to additional effect of weak filler matrix interactions and as a consequence, the topographical variations led to filler pull out during sectioning. It was also confirmed using the rheological analysis that composites (and blends with 10 % CPE35 content) had phase immiscibility as CPE phase was suspected to concentrate near the graphene oxide phase leading to generation of chlorine-rich phases. The addition of graphene oxide did not lead to reduced flexibility and the composites also retained the modulus similar to pure polymer. The mechanical fracture of the samples also confirmed the flexibility of the CPE containing blends and composites as these samples were still flexible at ?195 °C.     

Physico-Mechanical Characteristics of Some EPDM/Plasticized PVC Blends

Summary: In this study were prepared blends based on ethylene propylene terpolymer rubber (EPDM) and plasticized poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC). These blends are immiscible and need to be compatibilized. The following compatibilization methods were used: (1) addition of a compatibilization agent; there were used: maleinized EPDM, maleinized polyethylene (PE), chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) and maleinized polypropylene (PP); chlorinated polyethylene has proved to be the most efficient; the amount of the added CPE giving the best physico-mechanical characteristics was of 7,5 parts to 100 polymer parts; (2) reactive compatibilization, using crosslinked copolymer formation strategy; three different crosslinking systems were used: (a) common method with sulphur and accelerators, (b) crosslinking with benzoyl peroxide and trimethylpropane trimethacrylate (TMPT DL 75), (c) vulcanization with phenol resin and tin chloride. The best physico-mechanical characteristics were obtained with the EPDM/plasticized PVC blends crosslinked with 8 phr phenol resin. Such types of polymer blends can be processed by methods specific for plastics, removing thus vulcanization operation required in case of elastomers. These blends can be used in the manufacture of hoses, gaskets, footwear constituents etc.     

Structural changes on hot-rolling of polyethylene. II. Crystallite size distribution and lattice distortions

The crystallite size distribution and lattice distortion in the [100] direction in hot-rolled high-density polyethylenes have been obtained by the analysis of the 200 x-ray line profile, using a Fourier transform technique. In the early stage of rolling (roll ratio <6) crystallite orientation is accompanied by breakup of crystallites due to intracrystallite slip, whereas in the heavily rolled stage (roll ratio ≧6) deformation proceeds through intercrystallite slip without degradation of crystallites. No marked change in lattice distortion can be found on hot-rolling, at least up to a roll ratio of 8. This shows that the lattice distortion in the rolled sample relaxes to the same extent as in the original lattice when the sample is processed in the crystalline relaxation (α_c) region.     

Morphology and tensile property relations of high-strength/high-modulus polyethylene fiber

High-strength/high-modulus polyethylene (PE) fibers have been obtained from linear polymers by melt-spinning the polyethylene followed by hot-drawing the spun filaments. Fibers with different tensile properties were made by changing the extrusion, solidification, and drawing conditions and by use of different types of polyethylene. Potential correlations of fiber strength with morphological parameters such as crystallite dimensions, and crystalline and amorphous orientation were examined. The integrated meridional small-angle x-ray scattering intensity is the only morphological parameter which was found to correlate well with the strength of fibers prepared under different conditions and from different polymer types. Implications with respect to the molecular mechanism of PE fiber drawing are also discussed.     

Size-induced variations in bulk/surface structures and their impact on photoluminescence properties of GdVO4:Eu3+ nanoparticles

This work explores the size-induced lattice modification and its relevance to photoluminescence properties of tetragonal zircon-type GdVO(4):Eu(3+) nanostructures. GdVO(4):Eu(3+) nanoparticles with crystallite sizes ranging from 14.4 to 24.7 nm were synthesized by a hydrothermal method using sodium citrate as a capping agent. Regardless of the reaction temperatures, all samples retained an ellipsoidal-like morphology. Nevertheless, as the crystallite size reduces, there appears a tensile strain and lattice distortion, which is accompanied by a lattice expansion and a decreased symmetry of structural units. These lattice modifications could be associated with the changes in the interior chemical bonding due to the interactions of surface defect dipoles that have imposed an increased negative pressure with crystallite size reduction. Furthermore, crystallite size reduction also led to a significant increase in the amounts of surface hydroxyl groups and citric species, as well as the concentration of the surface Eu(3+) ions. When Eu(3+) was taken as a structural probe, it was found that the asymmetric ratio (I(02)/I(01)) of Eu(3+) gradually declined to show a remarkable decrease in color chromaticity as crystallite size reduces, which could be interpreted as due to the change of local environments of Eu(3+) ions from the interior to the surface of the nanoparticles.     

纳米级聚乙烯和聚丙烯微晶的高分辨透射电子显微学研究

用高分辨电子显微学方法对从极稀的二甲苯溶液中得到的纳米级聚乙烯(PE)和聚丙烯(PP)微晶进行了研究,发现这种纳米级微晶是分子堆砌不完善,但可以独立存在的一种亚稳态结构,其晶格存在着大量的弯曲、分叉、位错等缺陷,经热处理后有序程度大大提高.表明高分辨电子显微学方法是研究PE和PP纳米级微晶的亚稳态结构和稳定性的有效手段.     

Crystal orientation in a semicrystalline polymer in relation to deformation of spherulites

A mathematical development interrelating the orientation distribution functions of three kinds of orientation units for a polymer spherulite (i.e., a crystal lamella, a crystallite, and a given reciprocal lattice vector of the crystallite) is formulated on the basis of series expansions of the distribution functions in generalized spherical harmonies. Two types of uniaxial deformation models of a polyethylene spherulite, taking account of micronecking and untwisting of crystal lamellae, and of chain tilting and untwisting of crystal lamellae, respectively, both in addition to affine deformation of the lamellae are discussed. The models are tested by comparison of the theoretical orientation distribution functions of some reciprocal lattice vectors of the crystallite with the results of x-ray diffraction experiments.     

ASPECTS OF THERMODYNAMICS OF POLYMER MIXTURES

In this brief review article some aspects of the thermodynamics of polymer mixtures are discussed, mainly based on the author's research. The studies of poly (methyl methacrylate)/chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), poly (butyl acrylate)/CPE and CPE/CPE (different chlorine content) mixture verify the "dissimilarity" and "similarity" principles for predicting miscibility of polymer mixtures. The sign of heat of mixing of oligomeric analogues is not sufficient in predicting the miscibility. The Flory equation of state theory has been applied to simulate the phase boundaries of polymer mixtures. The empirical entropy parameter Q_(12) plays an important role in the calculation, this reduces the usefulness of the theory. With energy parameter X_(12)≠0 and Q_(12)≠0 the spinodals so calculated are reasonable compared to experiments. A hole model was suggested for the statistics of polymer mixtures. The new hole theory combines the features of both the Flory equation of state theory and the Sanchez lattice fluid theory and can be reduced to them under some conditions.