成都地区大气颗粒物中复杂有机物的色谱-质谱分析

〕本文报道了应用气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用法对成都地区大气颗粒物中复杂有机物的分析结果。实际分析中共鉴定出77种有机物,首次在成都地区大气颗粒物中发现含有烟碱这一新的污染物。同时对苯并[a]等28种主要污染物做了定量测定。结果表明,成都大气中的有机污染状况非常严重,急待采取有力措施加以改善。     

铜钴尖晶石复合氧化物催化剂的组成对二甲苯完全氧化反应催化性能的影响

具有特定结构的复合氧化物,如ABO3,A2BO4及AB2O4等对某些反应比单一氧化物具有更好的催化性能[1,2]. 然而,有关尖晶石型复合氧化物AB2O4对有机物燃烧反应催化性能的研究相对较少,且常用的模型反应大都是一氧化碳或甲烷的催化氧化反应[3]. 超微粒子由于具有大的比表面积和高的表面能等特性,在催化领域已日益引起人们的重视[4]. 低温固相合成是近十几年发展起来的一种新的超细粒子制备方法[5]; 它具有不使用溶剂,无废液排放,工艺过程简单,能耗低等优点,属于对环境友好的“绿色化学”. 目前,此法在合成多组分复合氧化物及催化化学中的应用仍不多见. 本文以含有结晶水的醋酸铜和醋酸钴为原料,采用低温固相合成法制备了单组分氧化铜和氧化钴,以及三种不同铜钴比的铜钴尖晶石型复合氧化物,并以二甲苯氧化为模型反应,采用XRD,BET及程序升温还原(TPR)等手段进行了研究.     

大气颗粒物中有机物色谱分析的样品制备技术

大气颗粒物中有机物成分分析对深入研究大气颗粒物对人类健康、环境、气候、生态的影响,解析气溶胶来源,制定颗粒物控制相关法规,以及风险管理方法具有重要意义。由于颗粒物中的有机组分种类繁多,分析复杂,目前仅10%~20%的有机物得到了定性和定量分析。因此,大气细颗粒中有机物的分析已成为环境分析领域的优先发展方向。色谱是大气颗粒物中有机物分析的主要方法,而样品制备则是影响分析速度和精度的关键步骤。本文对颗粒物中有机组分色谱分析前的样品制备方法进行了综述,介绍了索氏提取、超声辅助提取、微波辅助提取、加压溶剂提取等溶剂提取方法以及热解吸提取方法,并重点介绍了这些方法在大气颗粒物样品处理中的应用,总结了各种方法的优缺点。     

采暖期北京大气气溶胶中有机酸的测定

随着工业和交通运输业的迅速发展,空气污染日趋严重,其中城市大气气溶胶污染尤为突出.大气气溶胶是由分散在大气中的液态或固态颗粒形成的一种大气物质,气溶胶粒子的状态、大小、组成及运动方式等对人体健康,对空气质量、大气能见度、云和降水等均有重要影响[1].     

环境试样分析

本文是“分析试验室”定期评述中“环境试样分析”专题的第四篇评述。它叙述了１９９２年１月至１９９３年１２月期间我国有关环境试样分析的研究工作进展。内容包括概述、大气分析、水分析、沉积物分析、生物样品分析及有机物测定。共引用文献６７４篇。     

化学发光新体系NaIO4-H2O2-痕量环己烷-多羟基酚的研究及其应用

近年来,一些无机氧化剂在氧化有机物时伴随的化学发光现象引起了分析工作者的广泛兴趣[1,2].NaIO4氧化H2O2会产生弱化学发光,不同的多羟基酚类物质能不同程度地增强这一化学发光行为,据此建立了测定多羟基酚的化学发光法.目前,利用该法测定的酚主要有苯酚[3]、酚的衍生物[4]和连苯三酚[5,6].本文建立的测定连苯三酚的方法检测限较王伦等[3]的利用苯酚对Luminol-H2O2发光体系猝灭作用测定工业废水及Ermiridis[5]以IO4-在碱性介质中直接氧化连苯三酚的检测限低两个数量级,且扩大了测定酚的种类.研究发现,一些非极性有机溶剂对这一化学发光亦有增强和增稳作用,而痕量非极性溶剂由于在水中的溶解性较差,对化学发光的作用尚未受到注意.     

SO2-4/TiO2-SiO2固体超强酸的结构及其光催化性能

自从Arata等[1]首次报道无卤素型SO2-4/MxOy固体超强酸体系以来, 对该类催化剂的研究引起了人们的广泛重视. 大量研究工作表明, 固体超强酸催化剂对丁烷异构化、苯衍生物烷基化、链烷烃裂解和乙烯二聚等诸多酸催化的反应表现出极高的反应活性[2]. 最近, 我们把SO2-4/TiO2型固体超强酸应用于有机物的光催化氧化反应, 研究发现TiO2光催化剂经H2SO4浸渍处理形成固体超强酸后, 催化剂的光催化活性大大提高, 并具有很好的反应活性、稳定性和抗湿性能[3];     

暴露储存原油的损耗研究

原油中轻烃含量的测定结果是原油评价和石油炼制不可缺少的基础数据。原油损耗现象在油田开采、储运过程中普遍存在,是人们普遍关心的问题。在通过气流注入激发老油井增产过程中,产生油水混合物,可用连续重力沉淀法在敞开的池子里将油水分开,在大气中暴露时,挥发性有机物(VOC)会散失在环境中;油田回收大量原油,挥发性有机物(VOC)也散失在环境中[1]。研究进入大气中各种有机物及其含量,对于油田开采[2]、储运及环境保护方面都具有重要意义。笔者测定了受大气侵蚀(暴露在大气环境中)的某一原油样品及未受大气侵蚀的原油样品,给出了原油中轻…     

流动注射化学发光法测定痕量的2,4-二氯酚

随着化学工业的发展迅速,人工合成的有机物种类增多,人类物质文明的同时也带来了严重的环境污染问题.美国环保局于1997年公布的重点控制的污染物129种,2,4-二氯酚便是其中之一.2,4-二氯酚作为一种重要的有机中间体,主要应用于农药工业、医药工业及合成材料等行业.它属于一类环境激素,能通过食物链在动物体内积累.环境中分布或残留的化学物质对人类和野生动物的内分泌系统的不良影响已引起广泛关注.目前分析2,4-二氯酚的方法主要是高效液相色谱法、气相色谱法及气-质联用法等[1,2].     

气质联用法测定饮用水中29种挥发性有机物

挥发性有机物(VOCs)具有高挥发性、类脂物可溶性、易被皮肤、粘膜吸收等特点,对环境和人体有较大的影响和危害.新<生活饮用水卫生标准>(GB/T 5749-2006)[1]中VOCs的检测项目从原来的2项增加到25项.顶空气相色谱是过去测定水中VOCs的常用方法,但该法灵敏度较低,不适于数十种挥发性有机物同时检测[2].新技术吹扫捕集-气质联用法(P&T-GC-MS)能同时分析测定多种物质,前处理方式也较简便,因此成为测定水中VOCs的推荐方法[3-6].     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。