离子液体-非极性溶剂微波提取法在人参化学成分研究中的应用

以离子液体作为微波吸收介质建立了离子液体-非极性溶剂微波提取法,对人参中的化学成分进行了提取,并将该法与固体微波吸收介质-非极性溶剂微波提取法、极性溶剂微波提取法以及混合溶剂微波提取法进行了对比.结果表明,极性溶剂提取的主要化学成分为极性化合物,而固体微波吸收介质-非极性溶剂微波提取法与离子液体-非极性溶剂微波提取法相比,提取所得的化学成分并无明显差别,说明离子液体是一种较好的微波吸收介质和能量传递材料.所建立的方法具有提取时间短、操作简单及绿色环保等优点,且对后期分析无明显影响,是快速提取化学成分的理想方法.     

Effects of polar group saturation on physical gelation of amphiphilic polymer solutions

Monte Carlo simulation on the basis of the comblike coarse grained nonpolar/polar (NP) model has been carried out to study the polar group saturation effect on physical gelation of amphiphilic polymer solutions. The effects of polar group saturation due to hydrogen bonding or ion bridging on the sol-gel phase diagram, microstructure of aggregates, and chain conformation of amphiphilic polymer solutions under four different solvent conditions to either the nonpolar backbone or the polar side chain in amphiphilic polymer chains have been investigated. It is found that an increase of polar group saturation results in a monotonically decreased critical concentration of gelation point, which can be qualitatively supported by the dynamic rheological measurements on pectin aqueous solutions. Furthermore, various solvent conditions to either the backbone or the side chain have significant impact on both chain conformation and microstructure of aggregates. When the solvent is repulsive to the nonpolar backbone but attractive to the polar side chain, the polymer chains are collapsed, and the gelation follows the mechanism of colloidal packing; at the other solvent conditions, the gelation follows the mechanism of random aggregation.     

几种极性有机晶体的生长习性与形成机理 2: 分子堆积、界面结构与晶体的习性

极性有机晶体在不同的溶剂中具有明显不同的生长习性, 主要有两个方面的原因: 一是极性有机晶体属非中心对称性晶类, 晶体具有极轴, 极轴的存在对分子堆积和晶体生长具有重要影响; 另一是极性有机晶体的界面结构不同, 溶剂与晶体界面的相互作用不同, 使得晶体同一面族的生长速率不同, 从而导致了晶体习性的改变。本文从几种典型极性有机晶体的分子排列和结构特征出发, 着重探讨了极性有机晶体的界面结构的差异对晶体习性的影响; 结合晶体生长界面与溶剂分子的相互作用进一步理解了晶体生长的溶剂效应; 通过理解极性有机晶体的习性机制, 探讨了晶体实际形态的控制。     

Solvatochromic and thermochromic shifts of electronic spectra of polar solute molecules in a mixture of polar and nonpolar solvent; the role of solvent-solvent interactions

A theoretical model is proposed to describe the influence of the concentration of a polar solvent and the temperature of a solution on the electronic spectra of a polar solute in a binary solvent mixture. It is shown that the interaction between molecules of the polar solvent in the first solvation shell makes the significant contribution to the formation of absorption and fluorescence bands of the solute. An experimental study of solvatochromic and thermochromic shifts of steady-state fluorescence spectra of 3-amino-N-methylphthalimide in decalin--propanol mixture for different values of propanol mole fraction is carried out. Good qualitative agreement between the experimental data and calculation results is observed.     

Predicting the solution morphology of a sulfonated pentablock copolymer in binary solvent mixtures

The solution morphologies of a midblock-sulfonated pentablock copolymer in miscible polar/nonpolar solvent blends were characterized as a function of solvent composition and polymer concentration using small angle X-ray scattering. Three distinct solution morphologies are observed upon changing the composition of the solvent blend. At low weight fractions of polar solvent, spherical, sulfonated-core micelles are observed, while spherical, sulfonated-corona (inverted) micelles are observed at high weight fractions of polar solvent. Polymer solution scattering is observed at intermediate concentrations of polar solvent. Additionally, the characteristic dimensions of the sulfonated-core micelles were found to change strongly upon variation of the solvent blend composition, indicating that these solutions—and correspondingly the morphology and properties of polymer membranes into which they are cast—can be tuned through simple variations in the solvent blend chemistry. We demonstrate that the solution morphologies and the characteristic micelle dimensions of these complex pentablock copolymer/binary solvent blends can be reliably predicted by considering the relative interactions of each polymer block and the solvent blend using the Hansen solubility parameters. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 254–262     

QM/MM study of the role of the solvent in the formation of the charge separated excited state in 9,9'-bianthryl

In this paper the role of the solvent in the formation of the charge-separated excited state of 9,9'-bianthryl (BA) is examined by means of mixed molecular mechanical/quantum mechanical (QM/MM) calculations. It is shown that in weakly polar solvents a relaxed excited state is formed with an interunit angle that is significantly smaller than 90 degrees . This relaxed excited state has a considerable dipole moment even in weakly polar solvents; for benzene and dioxane dipole moments of ca. 6 D were calculated, which is close to experimental data. These dipoles are induced by the solvent in the highly polarizable relaxed excited state of BA, and the dipole relaxation time is governed by solvent reorganizations. In polar solvent the charge separation is driven to completion by the stronger dipoles in the solvent and a fully charged separated excited state is formed with an interunit angle of 90 degrees.     

Organic high ionic strength aqueous two-phase solvent system series for separation of ultra-polar compounds by spiral high-speed counter-current chromatography

Existing two-phase solvent systems for high-speed countercurrent chromatography cover the separation of hydrophobic to moderately polar compounds, but often fail to provide suitable partition coefficient values for highly polar compounds, such as sulfonic acids, catecholamines and zwitter ions. The present paper introduces a new solvent series which can be applied for the separation of these polar compounds. It is composed of 1-butanol, ethanol, saturated ammonium sulfate and water at various volume ratios and consists of a series of 10 steps which are arranged according to the polarity of the solvent system so that the two-phase solvent system with suitable K values for the target compound(s) can be found in a few steps. Each solvent system gives proper volume ratio and high density difference between the two phases to provide a satisfactory level of retention of the stationary phase in the spiral column assembly. The method is validated by partition coefficient measurement of four typical polar compounds including methyl green (basic dye), tartrazine (sulfonic acid), tyrosine (zwitter ion) and epinephrine (a catecholamine), all of which show low partition coefficient values in the polar 1-butanol-water system. The capability of the method is demonstrated by separation of three catecholamines.     

用气相色谱法研究乙酸乙烯酯不对称氢甲酰化反应中溶剂的影响

用毛细管气相色谱、色－质谱和旋光色散及圆二色性谱仪等方法对乙酸乙烯酯在非极性和极性溶剂中的不对称氢甲酰化反应产物进行分离和鉴定。实验结果表明,在非极性溶剂中反应的收率、选择性、光学收率ｅ．ｅ．值（ｅｎａｎｔｉｏｍｅｒｉｃｅｘｃｅｓｓ）均比极性溶剂中的结果为好。由此探讨了不对称氢甲酰化反应中溶剂的影响。     

Computer Simulation of Polymer Diffusion Under External Electric Field

Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to investigate the diffusion of polymer chains in solvent under an external electric field. Polyethylene‐like polymer and methyl chloride molecule were chosen as solute and solvent. The external DC electric field strength was varied from 10 to 50 (4.3×10⁸ V/m). Both polar and non‐polar polymer chains in polar and non‐polar solvents were investigated. The simulation shows that the center of mass diffusion coefficient of polymer is sensitive to the polarities of polymer and solvent, field strength, polymer concentration and the density of the system. Various factors that affect the diffusion constant of the polymer are discussed. The present simulation is consistent with the results from light scattering experiments.     

Lösungsmitteleffekte in Kernresonanzspektren gesättigter Kohlenwasserstoffe (III). Unterscheidung unpolarer und polarer Effekte bei Steroiden

Benzene-induced proton NMR. solvent shifts of methyl and methylene groups in 25 acyclic and cyclic saturated hydrocarbons have been studied. The dependence of magnitude and sign of these unpolar effects upon the molecular shape is again demonstrated. Solvent shifts in polar solutes (hydroxy- and keto-steroids) are shown to originate from a superposition of polar and unpolar effects. The implications for the interpretation of small solvent shifts in polar solutes are discussed.     

Solvent-induced amphiphilic molecular baskets: unimolecular reversed micelles with different size, shape, and flexibility

Amphiphilic molecular baskets were obtained by attaching facially amphiphilic cholate groups to a covalent scaffold (calix[4]arene or 1,3,5-2,4,6-hexasubstituted benzene). In a solvent mixture consisting of mostly a nonpolar solvent (i.e., CCl4) and a polar solvent (i.e., DMSO), the hydrophilic faces of cholates turned inward to form a reversed-micelle-like conformer whose stability was strongly influenced by the number of the cholates and the topology of the scaffold. Preferential solvation of the hydrophilic faces of cholates within the molecule by the polar solvent was cooperative and gave the fundamental driving force to the conformational change. The reversed-micelle-like conformer was most stable in structures that allowed multiple cholates to form a microenvironment that could efficiently enrich the polar solvent molecules from the bulk solvent mixture.     

Contact mechanics of nanometer-scale molecular contacts: correlation between adhesion, friction, and hydrogen bond thermodynamics

Using a scanning force microscope, adhesion forces have been measured between carboxylic acid terminated self-assembled monolayers in different nonpolar solvents or in two-component liquid mixtures consisting of a polar solvent (ethyl acetate or acetone) in heptane. The adhesion forces measured in pure acetone and ethyl acetate were small (0.24 nN) but increased logarithmically as the concentration of the polar solvent decreased to reach a maximum value (2.77 nN), equal to that measured in pure heptane, and for lower concentrations of polar solvent, the adhesion force remained constant. This behavior is identical to that observed for association constants measured for the formation of 1:1 H-bonded complexes between dilute solutes in solvent mixtures. The transition between the solvent-dependent and -independent regimes occurs at a polar solvent concentration corresponding to 1/K(S), where K(S) is the equilibrium constant for solvation of a carboxylic acid by the polar solvent in heptane. A simple model, in which the solvation of the carboxylic acid groups may be estimated by considering the concentration and polarity of functional groups in the liquid, accurately predicts values of K(S) that were found to correlate very well with the observed solvent-dependence of the adhesion force. Friction-load relationships were measured using friction-force microscopy. In pure acetone and ethyl acetate, a linear friction-load relationship was observed, in agreement with Amontons' law. However, as the concentration of polar solvent was reduced, a nonlinear relationship was observed and the friction-load relationship was found to fit the Derjaguin-Müller-Toporov (DMT) model for single asperity contacts. For pure heptane and a range of other nonpolar liquids with identical dielectric constants, the friction-load relationship was described by DMT mechanics. Exceptionally, for perfluorodecalin, Johnson-Kendall-Roberts mechanics was observed. These observations may be rationalized by treating the friction force as the sum of load-dependent and shear contributions. Under conditions of low adhesion, where the carboxylic acid surface is solvated by polar solvent molecules, the shear term is negligible and the sliding interaction is dominated by load-dependent friction. As the degree of solvation of the carboxylic acid groups decreases and the adhesion force increases, the shear friction contribution increases, dominating the interaction for media in which the adhesion force is greater than ca. 0.6 nN.     

Preferential solvation within hydrophilic nanocavities and its effect on the folding of cholate foldamers

The conformations of three cholate foldamers and one molecular basket were studied by fluorescence and NMR spectroscopy. In nonpolar solvents (e.g., hexane/ethyl acetate or ethyl acetate) mixed with a small amount of a polar solvent (e.g., alcohol or DMSO), the cholate oligomer folded into a helix with the hydrophilic faces of the cholates turned inward. Folding created a hydrophilic nanocavity preferentially solvated by the entrapped polar solvent concentrated from the bulk. This microphase separation of the polar solvent was critical to the folding process. Folding was favored by larger-sized polar solvent molecules, as fewer such molecules could occupy and solvate the nanocavity, thus requiring a smaller extent of phase separation during folding. Folding was also favored by smaller/acyclic nonpolar solvent molecules, probably because they could avoid contact with the OH/NH groups within the nanocavity better than larger/cyclic nonpolar solvent molecules.     

季铵盐表面活性剂引起非水混合溶剂的分相

当季铵盐表面活性剂在极性溶剂中具有合适溶解度时, 它可使该极性溶剂与另一种非极性溶剂形成的混合溶剂自发分相, 形成稳定的两相界面. 借鉴表面活性剂双水相现象的概念, 这种现象被称为表面活性剂非水双相(NSTP), 也可简称为双油相. 产生此种现象的原因被归结为季铵盐表面活性剂在极性溶剂中达到合适的溶解度时, 从而逐出与之不亲合的非极性溶剂.     

Control of adsorption and solubility in gradient high performance liquid chromatography 1. Principles of sudden transition gradients and elution characteristics of copolymers from styrene and methacrylates

Summary Proper retention of polymers in high performance liquid chromatography often requires injection into a starting eluent which is not a solvent for the sample under investigation. In this case, the polymer is precipitated at the top of the column. Subsequent gradient elution has to be performed by addition of an eluent with sufficient chromatographic strength and solvent power. In normal phase chromatography, it must be a solvent of high polarity. With the gradient elutions reported so far, polarity and dissolution power were simultaneously increased.The present paper reports the separate control of solvent strength and chromatographic power by applying gradient programs which include sudden addition of a moderately polar solvent. The amount of the latter does not suffice for elution, which is performed by subsequent, controlled addition of a highly polar nonsolvent. Sudden transition gradients of this kind work with, e.g.,iso-octane as a nonpolar starting eluent, tetrahydrofuran as a solvent of intermediate polarity, and methanol as a strongly polar nonsolvent. They have been applied to copolymers from styrene and ethyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, or methoxyethyl methacrylate.     

Demystifying the solvatochromic reversal in Brooker's merocyanine dye

Based on hybrid QM/MM simulation techniques, we rationalize the spectacular solvatochromic reversal behavior observed for a stilbazolium merocyanine (SM) called Brooker's merocyanine dye. This solvatochromic reversal is attributed to a change in the solute π-electron distribution from zwitterionic to neutral following the change in solvents from polar to non polar. Based on our calculations, we suggest that a polar solvent, like water, with larger relative permittivity is influential enough to bring the change in molecular structure from neutral to zwitterionic. Our results clearly indicate that SM exists in a neutral molecular structure in non polar solvents like trichloromethane and thereby we suggest that self-aggregation of SM may not occur in this solvent.     

Photooxygenations par transfert d'electron sensibilisees par le dicyano-9,10 anthracene. Role du solvant et formation d'oxygene singulet.

Photooxygenation of naphtalenic compounds sensitized by electron acceptors like 9,10 dicyanoanthracene (DCA) is shown to proceed by two distinct ways depending on the solvent polarity. In a polar solvent superoxide ion (O₂^-.) as well as singlet oxygen (¹O₂★) are involved while in a non polar solvent only singlet oxygen is produced.     

Interactions of a sulfonated ionomer with surfactant in nonaqueous media

The viscometric behavior of dilute solutions of the sodium salt of sulfonated polystyrene (0–6 mol % sulfonation level), with and without surfactant, is investigated to determine the extent of interaction as the structure of the solvent surfactant, and polymer concentration is varied. Reduced viscosity measurements confirm that formation of a polymer–surfactant complex in a relatively polar solvent is controlled to a large extent by charge–charge and hydrophobic forces. The magnitude of these specific interactions is dependent upon the relative polarity of the solvent medium. In a polar solvent, such as dimethylsulfoxide, the hydrophobic forces are strong enough to prevent expansion of the polymer chain at all surfactant concentrations studied. However, in a less polar medium (as in dimethylformamide) the hydrophobic forces are weaker and cannot prevent some chain expansion. It is interesting to note that in this solvent the polystyrene–cationic surfactant complex exhibits a polyelectrolyte effect. Finally, in a lower-polarity medium (cyclohexanone) where the hydrophobic forces are weak, solution behavior is dominated by the interaction of the surfactant with the intramolecular sulfonate ion-pair aggregates.     

Oleophilic ion-exchange resins. IV. Swelling of quaternary ammonium polymers in mixed solvents

The swelling characteristics of an oleophilic anion-exchange resin in methanol–benzene and ethanol–chloroform mixed solvent systems were compared with those of a conventional anion-exchange resin. The oleophilic resin was prepared by amination of chloromethylated polystyrene 1% DVB with N,N-dimethyldodecylamine. It showed a large shift of the swelling peak from polar to less polar solution compositions in both methanol–benzene and ethanol–chloroform systems as compared with the swelling of conventional resins. Total solvent uptake and solvent distribution between resin and solvent phases were also determined. The less polar solvent (benzene or chloroform) was sorbed preferentially by the oleophilic resin over a wide range of composition, while preference for the more polar solvent (methanol or ethanol) by the conventional resin was shown over the entire composition of the mixed solvent systems. The Newman-Krigbaum treatment of mixed solvents was applied to swelling data on the ethanol–chloroform–oleophilic resin system, where the volume of the gel network plus the solvent imbibed was relatively constant over the entire range of composition. The result suggests a strong similarity of the liquid–liquid interaction terms in this gel phase compared with those in the pure binary liquid phase.     

非水反相微乳的加溶与电导性质研究

研究了若干非水极性溶剂（甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜和乙腈）及其与水的混合物/AOT/正庚烷反相微乳体系的加溶性质及其电导行为.结果表明，在AOT反相微乳中，非水极性溶剂的最大加溶量均远小于水的加溶量.其最大加溶量顺序为二甲基亚砜< 甲酰胺< 乙腈< 水.甲酰胺和乙腈与水的加溶相互抵制，而水在一定范围内可促进二甲基亚砜的加溶.非水反相微乳的电导率随加溶量的变化规律与含水反相微乳体系类同，但到达电导率极大值和出现渗滤时的加溶量明显比含水反相微乳 体系的要小.