无吸收光栅的X射线相位衬度成像实验研究

通过对基于空间相干源和具有分析光栅功能的X射线转换屏的微分干涉X射线相位衬度成像 系统的理论分析, 利用线发射体阵列结构阳极X射线管和光助电化学刻蚀技术 研制的相位光栅和具有分析光栅功能的X射线转换屏, 组建了一种无吸收光栅的X射线微分干涉相衬成像系统. 在此系统上开展了生物样品的实验研究, 获得了较传统吸收成像更为清晰和更多样品结构信息的相位衬度图像. 从而试验验证了该系统方案设计的可行性, 为X射线相衬成像技术从实验室走向临床应用提供了有效途径.     

同轴X射线相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术研究

基于北京同步辐射装置(BSRF)开展了同轴X射线相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术(CT)研究.利用北京同步辐射的14 keV单色X射线作为光源,以高分辨能力的X射线胶片作为探测器,分别开展吸收衬度和同轴相位衬度成像的比较研究以及相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术研究.相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术重建采用Bronnikov提出的算法.结果显示,与传统的吸收衬度图像相比,相位衬度图像具有更好的衬度和更高的空间分辨力;实验获得人工样品和蝗虫的相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术重建图像.重建图像中可见样品的一些结构细节.实验结果表明,相位衬度X射线成像更适合于研究弱吸收或吸收差异很小的材料;利用北京同步辐射开展同轴X射线相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术研究是可行的.     

免分析光栅一次曝光相位衬度成像方法

X射线光栅微分相位衬度成像技术可以观察到常规吸收衬度成像难以分辨的弱吸收物质的精细结构信息,因而在医学、材料学等研究领域具有巨大的应用前景.但传统的X射线光栅微分相位衬度成像技术由于采用分析光栅作为空间滤波器,需要采用相位步进法扫描分析光栅来获得样品的多张投影图像才能够分离出样品的吸收、折射和散射信息,因此存在样品曝光时间长、辐射剂量高以及X射线光通量利用率低等问题,限制了其在各个学科领域的应用研究.为克服上述问题,本文提出一种基于免分析光栅相位衬度成像系统的一次曝光样品信息提取算法.该算法只需要利用一块相位光栅,进而采用高分辨探测器进行样品投影数据的一次采集即可提取样品的吸收、折射和散射信息.理论和模拟研究结果表明:与传统相位步进法相比,该算法具有样品信息提取精度高,且不受光栅的自成像周期需为探测器像素尺寸的整数倍条件的限制.此外,该算法还能够有效地减少对生物样品的辐射损伤,因此在生物医学成像等研究领域中具有广泛的应用前景.     

基于光栅相衬成像的扇束螺旋CT重建算法

X射线相位衬度成像具有极高的灵敏度,能探测到轻元素样品的内部结构,在医学、生物学和材料科学等众多领域显示出良好的应用前景。光栅成像模式可使用非相干光源进行X射线相位衬度成像,开创了非相干光源相衬成像新纪元。将螺旋CT的概念引入光栅相衬成像领域,将螺旋CT的高效率优势与光栅相位成像的高衬度优势相结合,发展X射线螺旋相位CT方法。通过分析螺旋轨迹非相干光源相位成像的特点,提出一种扇形束螺旋条件下的相位信息提取方法;而后借鉴希尔伯特滤波反投影重建算法的思想,得到扇形束螺旋相位CT重建算法。该算法利用折射角像直接重建物体的相位项。计算机仿真实验证明了该算法的有效性。     

X射线相位成像的最佳衬度

根据Zernike相衬观察法的基本思想和Fresnel–Kirchhoff衍射理论,采用傅里叶变换和卷积处理,考虑到临床实际,利用振幅近似和相位缓变条件,将X射线经过生物组织产生的相位改变转换成强度分布.在所导出的理论公式的基础上,作出相位衬度和吸收衬度与物平面到像平面距离的关系曲线.分析得到X射线相位衬度成像的最佳物像距离,并通过微聚焦X射线成像装置对蟑螂成像的实验加以验证,其结果表明理论所预言的成像最佳位置符合度较高.     

中能X射线光栅相衬显微成像分析及模拟

理论分析了基于相位光栅分数塔尔博特效应的X射线相衬显微成像原理,采用菲涅耳衍射公式推导出相位光栅在两个不同距离处的成像结果公式.然后建立一个水合蛋白质细胞模型,对成像系统进行了参数设计,得出1～2 keY的中能波段X射线是兼顾大景深和高成像衬度的最优选择.针对10μm厚的细胞模型,选取1.5 keY的中能X射线做模拟计...     

光栅成像的锥束相位CT重建算法

X射线相位衬度成像对弱吸收物质有着独有的高密度分辨率,在医学、生物学、材料学等领域显示出良好的应用前景.但是其中的干涉成像法、衍射增强成像法和同轴成像法具有一定局限性,难以被广泛应用.光栅成像克服了以往相位衬度成像的缺陷,也使相位衬度成像向锥束成像发展成为可能.本文致力于锥束相位X射线计算机断层摄影术(CT)重建算法的研究,根据基于光栅的锥束相位成像的特点,利用吸收CT中FDK (Feldkamp-Davis-Kress)重建算法的思想,发展出适用于锥束相位成像的CT重建方法.该方法为滤波反投影类型,以相位一阶导数像为投影值,直接重建物体的相位项.通过仿真验证了算法的正确性.     

衍射增强成像原理

研究了衍射增强成像过程中X射线与样品和晶体的相互作用,重点分析了小角散射对衍射增强成像的影响,为衍射增强成像方程补充了小角散射噪声项,建立了更普遍的衍射增强成像方程.根据新的衍射增强成像方程,推导出峰位像和腰位像的吸收衬度,消光衬度和折射衬度的数学表达,并讨论了两种合成像(表观吸收像和折射像)的衬度问题. 关键词： 相位衬度成像 同步辐射 晶体衍射 X射线照相术     

X射线相位衬度成像

文章使用形象、生动、通俗、易懂的语言,介绍X射线相位衬度成像的基本概念,物理思想和方法,其中包括X射线的基本性质、光的波粒二象性、同步辐射X射线光源和常规非相干X射线光源的相位相干性,以及X射线相位衬度成像方法、三维成像的基本原理和相位衬度成像的最新进展,将抽象的相位、相位一阶导数和相位二阶导数概念与形象的光波阵面平移、倾斜和弯曲等形变联系在一起,着重介绍相位衬度成像发展中的创新思想,力图使读者能分享人类文明在这个学科发展中积累的精神财富.     

双能X射线光栅相衬成像的研究

X射线光栅相衬成像存在系统复杂、成像效率低、步进精度要求高、光栅加工难度大等问题.本文设计了一种双能阵列X射线源和双能分析光栅,并应用于X射线光栅相衬成像,提出了一种双能X射线光栅相衬成像系统,阐述了该成像系统的成像原理和相位信息提取方法.提出的成像系统不需要精密步进平台,精简了成像系统,避免了步进误差导致的成像质量降低问题;两次曝光就可以成像,提高了成像效率;双能阵列X射线源、双能分析光栅的应用避免了源光栅、分析光栅难以加工的问题.对提出的成像系统及其相位提取方法进行了仿真,仿真结果显示成像系统可以正常成像,提取到的检测样本的X射线相衬成像相位一阶导数分布与相关文献实验所得结果一致.     

Calculated thermal distribution of non-uniform side-pumped laser rod by BEM and detection and simulation of phase shift in emerging ray

In this study, a steady-state heat transfer equation in a side-pumped Nd:YAG laser crystal is solved numerically using the Boundary Element Method (BEM). The temperature distribution and its gradient are calculated at arbitrary points inside the rod. Subsequently, by solving the ray equation and calculating the optical path integral along the length of the rod, the phase shift of the passing rays is obtained. Furthermore, this thermal phase shift is detected in practice by an interferometric experiment. Excellent agreement is observed between the calculated and experimental results.     

The nuclear fragmentation phase transition and rare isotope production

Of all phase transitions in nuclear matter, the fragmentation phase transition is perhaps the one for which there is the best experimental evidence as of now. In addition, theoretical models have been developed to a degree where detailed comparisons are possible. With the advent of rare isotope production facilities using projectile fragmentation techniques (NSCL, GSI, ..., and hopefully RIA in the coming decade), the main interest in this field is beginning to shift towards the exploration of the isospin degree of freedom in the nuclear equation of state. Here we employ a statistical multifragmentation model and discuss the connection between the width of the isotope distribution and the isospin term in the nuclear equation of state.     

Recurrence phase shift in Fermi-Pasta-Ulam nonlinear dynamics

We show that the dynamics of Fermi-Pasta-Ulam recurrence is associated with a nonlinear phase shift between initial and final states that are otherwise identical, after a full growth-return cycle. The properties of this phase shift are studied for the particular case of the self-focussing nonlinear Schrödinger equation, and we describe the magnitude of the phase shift in terms of the system parameters. This phase shift, accumulated during the nonlinear recurrence cycle, is a previously-unremarked feature of the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam problem, and we anticipate its wide significance as an essential feature of related dynamics in other systems.     

Discrete time method for the problem interaction electromagnetic wave-atom at very high frequencies

In this Letter considers a new method to the solution of time-dependent Schrödinger equation specially arising in interaction laser radiation-atom at very high frequencies. The discrete time is introduced and the problem with the time-dependent Schrödinger equation is reduced to solving the eigenvalue equation. Constant phase δ corresponding the origin of time becomes, in this way, an important unknown parameter. The physical reason for such approach is the model for laser phase noise. It is present in reality and usually not included into considerations. The sodium atom in the ground state is immersed in alternating (AC) electromagnetic field with frequency in extreme ultraviolet (XUV, wavelengths shorter than 100 nm) region. The AC Stark shift and polarizability are considered and the estimation of the AC Stark shift is given. Our examinations show that energy shift has anomalously strong dependence of δ and laser phase noise introduces significant uncertainty in experimental observation of AC Stark shift. Modification of 3s atomic wave function at high enough strength of electric filed due the phase noise is also shown.     

Phase change of a plane wave propagating through polymer dispersed liquid crystal film with nanosized droplets

The coherent field propagation in a polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer is described using a method based on the Foldy-Twersky integral equation for the vector case. Expressions for a polarization-independent phase shift and the coherent transmission coefficient of such a layer containing nanodimensional nematic liquid crystal droplets are obtained. Theoretical results for the phase shift are compared to the available experimental data.     

Classical Electromagnetism and the Aharonov–Bohm Phase Shift

Although there is good experimental evidence for the Aharonov–Bohm phase shift occurring when a solenoid is placed between the beams forming a double-slit electron interference pattern, there has been very little analysis of the relevant classical electromagnetic forces. These forces between a point charge and a solenoid involve subtle relativistic effects of order v ² /c ² analogous to those discussed by Coleman and Van Vleck in their treatment of the Shockley–James paradox. In this article we show that a treatment exactly analogous to that given by Coleman and Van Vleck predicts classical electromagnetic forces which provide the basis for the Aharonov–Bohm phase shift. The magnetic force on the solenoid due to the passing charge leads to a displacement of the solenoid center of energy which must be balanced by the displacement of the passing charge. This classical displacement of the passing charge is exactly what is required to account for the Aharonov–Bohm phase shift. Also, we discuss a magnetic moment model which appears frequently in the literature and note that although the model provides conservation of linear momentum, it does not satisfy the general requirements for relativistic theories. We give an example suggesting that the new equation of motion for a magnetic moment proposed by Aharonov, Pearle, and Vaidman based upon the hidden momentum of the magnetic moment is completely inappropriate. Finally, we emphasize that the Aharonov–Casher phase shift is also explained by classical electromagnetic forces exactly parallel to those explaining the Aharonov–Bohm phase shift.     

Does the Aharonov–Bohm Effect Exist?

We draw a distinction between the Aharonov–Bohm phase shift and the Aharonov–Bohm effect. Although the Aharonov–Bohm phase shift occurring when an electron beam passes around a magnetic solenoid is well-verified experimentally, it is not clear whether this phase shift occurs because of classical forces or because of a topological effect occurring in the absence of classical forces as claimed by Aharonov and Bohm. The mathematics of the Schroedinger equation itself does not reveal the physical basis for the effect. However, the experimentally observed Aharonov–Bohm phase shift is of the same form as the shift observed due to electrostatic forces for which the consensus view accepts the role of the classical forces. The Aharonov–Bohm phase shift may well arise from classical electromagnetic forces which are simply more subtle in the magnetic case since they involve relativistic effects of the order v ² /c ² . Here we first review the experimentally observable differences between phenomena arising from classical forces and phenomena arising from the quantum topological effect suggested by Aharonov and Bohm. Second we point out that most discussions of the classical electromagnetic forces involved when a charged particle passes a solenoid are inaccurate because they omit the Faraday induction terms. The subtleties of the relativisitic v ² /c ² classical electromagnetic forces between a point charge and a solenoid have been explored by Coleman and Van Vleck in their analysis of the Shockley–James paradox; indeed, we point out that an analysis exactly parallel to that of Coleman and Van Vleck suggests that the Aharonov–Bohm phase shift is actually due to classical electromagnetic forces. Finally we note that electromagnetic velocity fields penetrate even excellent conductors in a form which is unfamiliar to many physicists. An ohmic conductor surrounding a solenoid does not screen out the magnetic field of the passing charge, but rather the time-integral of the magnetic field is an invariant; this time integral is precisely what is involved in the classical explanation of the Aharonov–Bohm phase shift. Thus the persistence of the Aharonov–Bohm phase shift when the solenoid is surrounded by a conductor does not exclude a classical force-based explanation for the phase shift. At present there is no experimental evidence for the Aharonov–Bohm effect.     

Influence of Lamb Shift Parameter on Dissipative Dynamics of the Phase Damped Jaynes–Cummings Model with Gravity Under Markovian Approximation

In this paper, we study the dissipative dynamics of the phase damped Jaynes–Cummings model with gravity under Markovian approximation in the presence of the Lamb shift parameter. The model consists of a moving two-level atom simultaneously exposed to the gravitational field and a single-mode traveling radiation field in the presence of a phase damping mechanism. We first present the master equation for the reduced density operator of the system under Markovian approximation in terms of a Hamiltonian describing the atom-field interaction with gravity in the presence of Lamb-shift parameter. Then, by making use of the super-operator technique, we obtain an exact solution of the master equation. Assuming that initially the radiation field is prepared in a Glauber coherent state and the two-level atom is in the excited state, we investigate the influence of Lamb shift parameter on the temporal evolution of collapses and revivals of the atomic population inversion, atomic dipole squeezing and atomic momentum diffusion in the presence of phase damping.     

Dynamic model of slow light in a tensile-strained semiconductor optical amplifier

The slow light effect in semiconductor optical amplifiers has many potential applications in microwave photonics such as phase shifting and filtering. Models are needed to predict the slow light effect in SOAs and its dependence on the bias current, wavelength, and power and modulation index. In this paper we predict the slow light characteristics of a tensile-strained SOA by using a detailed time-domain model. The model includes full band-structure based calculations of the material gain, bimolecular recombination and spontaneous emission, a detailed carrier density rate equation and travelling-wave equations for the amplitude modulated signal and amplified spontaneous emission. The slow light parameters of interest include the beat signal phase shift and amplitude response. The model predictions show good agreement with experimental trends reported in the literature.     

Head-on collision of ion-acoustic solitary waves in an unmagnetized electron-positron-ion plasma

The head-on collision between two ion-acoustic solitary waves in an unmagnetized electron-positron-ion plasma has been investigated. By using the extended Poincaré-Lighthill-Kuo perturbation method, we obtain the KdV equation and the analytical phase shift after the head-on collision of two solitary waves in this three-component plasma. The effects of the ratio of electron temperature to positron temperature, and the ratio of the number density of positrons to that of electrons on the phase shift are studied. It is found that these parameters can significantly influence the phase shifts of the solitons. Moreover, the compressive solitary wave can propagate in this system.