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1869年门捷列夫在前人工作和自己实践的基础上发现了元素周期律。这一自然规律的发现促进了各门科学的发展,对现代科学的很多部门如化学、物理学、地质学、结晶学等的发展,周期律都曾作出过贡献。在发现周期律的同时,门捷列夫就用一简明的、清晰的形式表现了这一客观规律,这个形式是以一个表格形式出现的,这就是周期表。周期表不仅使我们在研究问题时得到了方便,同时它也帮助了我们更深入地了解周期律的内容和实质。随着科学的发展周期律的内容不断地被充实或改进,相应地表达这一自然规律的表格形式也有了一定的变更与改善,每一新形式的出现对于我们深入研究周期律内容和广泛应用周期 相似文献
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本章的教学目的是: (1)使学生了解周期律的意义和门捷列夫对於科学上的伟大贡献; (2)使学生认识周期表的组织和排列,从而认识各周期、各类元素性质的递变和它们相互间的关系; (3)在了解元素性质递变的规律性的基础上,使学生会应用周期表解释一些化学现象和化学问题; (4)通过元素周期律和周期表的学习,使学生了解它的哲学意义,从而培养学生辩证唯物主义的 相似文献
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基本理论包括物质结构、元素周期律、化学平衡和电解质溶液四个部分。在中学,重点是元素周期律和电解质溶液。复习基本理论,要重在理解,强调运用。元素周期律揭示了元素间的内在联系和变华规律,蕴含着丰富的化学知识,这是原子结构随着原子序数递增呈现周期性变化的必然结果。复习元素周期律,要从原子结构的高度上理解周期律,要指导学生学会运用周期律解决新问题。 相似文献
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周期律是一个自然的客观规律。按照这个规律,我们能够把所有的化学元素归纳成有关的小组。在每一小组内,元素的性质和它无数化合物的性质,都严格地遵守按照原子序依次上增的顺序而逐渐地变化着。这就使得本来很复杂的物质世界有了科学的分类。无疑地,这对化学的发展是极关重要的。在周期律未发现以前,化学元素被看成是彼此没有关联的东西,化学研究只限于对无数零散的个别事实的无规律列举。自伟大的俄国化学家Д.И门德雷业夫用他超人的智慧发现了化学元素的周期律以后,才结束了化学上这种混乱的状态,使化学正式走上了科学的道路。周期律的化学研究上的指路明灯。它有力 相似文献
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个人在教学实践中,对周期律与周期表一章的教材与教学法,有以下几点体会与意见: (1)周期律与周期表一章的中心内容,贯穿在全部化学教材中。因此,教师在全部化学教学中,都应当考虑到这一问题,使学生在未学这一章以前,即对各族元素及其化合物的性质与它们的原子量间存在着一定关系一点,有某些概念;而在学过这一章以后,能自觉的运用这一规律来推断所学各类元素及其化合物性质的递变。为达到这个目的,在学生未学周期律一章以 相似文献
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一百多年来,周期律理论经历了许多重要发展阶段,日臻完善,成为近代化学和物理学的重要理论基础。但在不同时期,周期律也存在着一些当时尚不了解的“不规则性”。随着科学的不断发展,这些不规则性逐渐得到了解释。1869年俄国化学家门捷列夫提出的律文是:“按原子量大小排列起来的元素,在性质上呈现明显的周期性”。但在周期表中却有三 相似文献
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《Ambix》2012,59(4):265-302
Without dwelling on issues of priority regarding the discovery of the periodic system of the elements, this study offers a connected narrative regarding Lothar Meyer’s investigative pathway from the spring and summer of 1856 until the end of 1869, in his gradually deepening understanding of periodic relationships among the elements. Dmitrii Mendeleev’s route to periodicity has been the subject of extensive investigation and debate; by contrast, there is nothing in the literature that takes a similarly detailed look at Lothar Meyer’s personal pathway to the periodic system. This study strives toward a deeper understanding of the history of the discovery of the archetypical symbol of chemistry as a whole, the periodic table; it concludes by offering a wider object lesson. 相似文献
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Karoliina Pulkkinen 《Ambix》2020,67(2):174-198
Julius Lothar Meyer, John Newlands, and Dmitrii Mendeleev were amongst the discoverers of the periodic system of the elements. Although their systems are similar enough to be recognised as the precursors for the modern periodic system, they were also different. Here, I argue that many of their differences can be explained in terms of how the chemists emphasised different values in the process of developing their systems. In particular, Newland highlighted the simplicity of his arrangements; Meyer was more careful about the quality of data that gave rise to his system of elements; and Mendeleev sought to make his system more complete. By shedding light as to how the values of simplicity, completeness and carefulness guided the development of early periodic systems, this paper contributes to a broader understanding of how values influence science. 相似文献
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Anthony Kevin Cheetham Angus Paul Wilkinson 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》1992,31(12):1557-1570
Neutron diffraction studies, especially with powders, play an important role in structural solid-state chemistry, making possible the precise determination of the location of light atoms, particularly hydrogen, and enabling a distinction to be made between certain neighboring elements in the periodic table that are difficult to distinguish in experiments with X-rays. Neutron diffraction investigations also make a unique contribution in the area of magnetic structure determination. The availability of intense synchrotron X-rays sources, however, is opening up new opportunities to the structural chemist, many of them complementary to the “traditional” strengths of neutron methods. The key features of synchrotron radiation in relation to structural studies are the wavelength tunability, which facilitates the use of resonant diffraction methods, and the high brightness and excellent vertical collimation of the source, which make possible the construction of diffractometers with unparalleled angular and spatial resolution. The following types of experiments are now possible with synchrotron X-ray diffraction: (1) The ab initio determination of structures from powder diffraction data. (2) The differentiation between different oxidation states of an element (valence contrast experiments) based upon the sensitivity of an absorption edge to the valence of the element in question. (3) The differentiation of elements adjacent to each other in the periodic table, which is now feasible with synchrotron X-rays for all elements beyond chromium. (4) Site-selective X-ray absorption spectroscopy. (5) The study of cation occupancies in materials where more than one element occupies a site that is, or may be, partially occupied. (Such problems are important in zeolite chemistry and high-temperature superconductors.) (6) The determination of crystal structures from microcrystals. (7) In situ and rapid, time-resolved diffraction studies. This review examines the roles played by X-ray and neutron diffraction studies in modern solid-state chemistry, and describes some recent examples in which the use of neutron radiation or synchrotron X-rays has been advantageous. 相似文献
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Gordon T. Woods 《Foundations of Chemistry》2010,12(3):171-186
This article traces the life of Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev from childhood in Siberia, through education and training to become the first formulator of the Periodic Table, the logo of chemistry. His unique contribution is described and analysed; what factors helped him be the first formulator? What did he do after making his most famous discovery? In addition the article peeps into his personal life, his dealings with his family and the authorities. Finally we look at honours he received in later life. 相似文献
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孙承谔先生是国际知名的化学家,其重要的工作是将过渡态理论成功应用于真实的化学反应速率常数的计算.作为中国理论化学的开拓者和教育家,他为我国化学事业的发展做出了杰出贡献.王守竞先生将新诞生的量子力学应用于氢分子和不对称陀螺的研究,取得了国际公认的成果.之后,又投身应用科技,出任中央机器厂首任总经理,是我国机械工业的奠基人. 相似文献
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虞宏正是我国著名的胶体化学与物理化学家、教育家。他扎根西北,融汇世界思想,形成了颇具价值的学术思想,至今仍是当代科学研究的精髓与主导思想。他毕生致力于胶体化学、热力学研究,建立了新的分支学科,开创了土壤科学研究所,培育了几代化学科学家,为中国化学学科和农业科学的发展做出了重要的贡献。 相似文献
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19世纪末英国化学家瑞利和拉姆塞发现了氩元素,引发了“惰性气体”的发现,开辟了周期表中的零族元素;20世纪20年代氩元素同位素的发现使人们对氩元素的概念有了新认识;21世纪初,氩化合物的发现使人们对氩的“惰性”有了全新的认识,改称氩为稀有气体元素。总之,氩元素概念的形成和发展对于元素周期律的完善和发展,以及人们对原子结构和化学键理论的认识都起到了极为重要的桥梁作用。 相似文献