SnCl4和DMF作用下1-三氯锡烷基-2,3-丁二烯与甲醛反应机理的理论研究

用密度泛函理论方法在B3LYP/6-31G^**水平上研究了SnCl4和DMF作用下1-三氯锡烷基-2,3．丁二烯与甲醛的反应机理．优化得到各驻点的几何构型,通过振动分析和内禀反应坐标对过渡态进行了确认．计算得到两条反应路径．研究表明,反应具有很强的选择性,主要得到DMF作用下1-三氯锡烷基-2,3-丁二烯与甲醛直接反应的产物．计算结果与实验事实一致．     

顺-8-三甲基锡烷基-6-辛烯醛分子内环化反应立体选择性的理论研究

用密度泛函方法在B3LYP/6-31G^*水平上研究了顺-8-三甲基锡烷基-6-辛烯醛分子内环化反应的机理,通过振动分析和内禀反应坐标对过渡态进行了确认,解析了三种反应途径.结果表明,反应具有很强的立体选择性,虽然-OSn(CH₃)₃和-C₂H₃基团均处于环的平伏位,是最稳定的产物构型,但是主要产物是经过活化能最低,且具有两个六元环椅式构象的过渡态形成的,主要产物中-OSn(CH₃)₃基团处于环的直立位.该结果与实验事实一致.     

1, 3-丁二烯热裂解的动力学计算与模型研究

1, 3-丁二烯是碳氢燃料燃烧和裂解过程中生成的一种重要产物,也是形成多环芳烃(PAHs)的一种重要前驱体。目前,关于1, 3-丁二烯燃烧实验以及机理的研究较多,但是其热裂解机理的研究较少。本文在B3LYP/CBSB7水平下对1, 3-丁二烯裂解过程中相关反应的反应物、产物以及过渡态进行了几何结构优化和频率计算,并通过组合方法CBS-QB3计算得到了单点能和热力学参数。对于紧致过渡态的反应和无能垒反应,分别采用过渡态理论(TST)和可变反应坐标过渡态理论(VRC-TST)计算其高压极限条件下的反应速率常数。计算得到的反应速率常数与已有文献报导的结果吻合较好。通过量子化学计算,对Hidaka等人提出1, 3-丁二烯的热裂解机理模型进行了更新和改进:更新后的机理模型包含45个物种和224步反应,并对更新后的机理模型进行了模拟验证。结果表明,更新的机理模型能更好地预测1, 3-丁二烯激波管裂解实验过程中C₂H₂、1-丁烯-3-炔(C₄H₄)以及苯(C₆H₆)主要产物的浓度分布,为进一步完善核心机理(C₀-C₄)模型提供了可靠的热、动力学参数。     

3,4,5,6-四氯-2-三氯甲基吡啶在Ag电极上的电还原行为

应用循环伏安法研究了在乙腈和水的混合溶液中3,4,5,6-四氯-2-三氯甲基吡啶于银电极上的电化学行为及其脱氯反应.实验表明:3,4,5,6-四氯-2-三氯甲基吡啶在银电极上的电化学还原是扩散控制的不可逆过程,并有伴随后续化学反应的特征;温度对反应有促进作用.求得3,4,5,6-四氯-2-三氯甲基吡啶在乙腈和水的混合溶液(体积比5∶1)中的扩散系数D=3.0×10-5cm2/s.     

1,2-丁二烯到1,3-丁二烯异构化反应速率常数的理论计算

采用从头算方法在6-31G基组上研究了1,2-丁二烯到1,3-丁二烯异构化反应的反应机理.采用MP2方法对反应的活化位垒进行了相关能的校准.计算结果表明:该反应是一个途经自由基中间体的分步过程;在MP2/6-31G//UHF/6-31G+ZPE基础上,对应于TS1和TS2的活化位垒分别为64.95×4.184kJ/mol和64.10×4.184kJ/mol.在统一统计理论的基础上,计算了该反应在温度为1100～1600K区间的热速率常数值,计算结果可很好地用Arrhenius公式表达为:k(T)=2.4×10~(13)exp(-62.8×4.184kJ/RT)s.理论的研究结果与实验很好地相吻合.     

全氟和多氟烷基磺酸的研究Ⅲ.1-氯-2-碘四氟乙烷与四氟乙烯的热调聚反应及其产物的化学转化

1-氯-2-碘四氟乙烷易与四氟乙烯进行热调聚反应,形成低分子量调聚物,Cl(CF₂CF₂)_nI(n=2～5),可以蒸馏分离.在低温下调聚物与普通格氏试剂反应得氯氟烷基卤化镁,再由它获得ω-氯代全氟烯烃-1Cl(CF₂CF₂)_nCF=CF₂(n=1,2,3)、ω-氯代全氟烷基醇Cl(CF₂CF₂)_nCR'R"OH(R'=CH₃,R"=H;R'=R"=CH₃;R'=R"=CF₃;n=2,3)及ω-氯代全氟烷基磺酰氯Cl(CF₂CF₂)_nSO₂Cl(n=2,3,4).通过ω-氯代全氟羧酸甲酯与甲基碘化镁的反应也得到ω-氯代全氟烷基醇Cl(CF₂CF₂).CF₂C(CH₃)₂OH(n=1,2).ω-氯代全氟烷基磺酸钾是稳定性很好的表面活性剂,可用作电镀镀铬中的铬雾抑制剂.     

一锅法合成2-苄基-2,3-丁二烯腈类化合物

氮气保护下，以（三苯基膦）乙腈、苄基溴、乙酰氯为原料，三乙胺为碱，在二氯甲烷中经一锅法反应合成了12个2-苄基-2,3-丁二烯腈类化合物（3a~3l），其中3b~3l为新化合物，其结构经¹H NMR，¹³C NMR和HR-MS(ESI)表征。     

2,3,6-三氯吡啶选择性脱氯制2,3-二氯吡啶的研究

采用过量浸渍法制备了Pd/C催化剂,用2,3,6-三氯吡啶选择性脱氯制备2,3-二氯吡啶的反应,评价了催化剂的性能,考察了钯负载量、反应温度和缚酸剂对催化剂活性的影响。结果表明,在钯负载量为0.5%(wt)、反应温度为140℃的条件下,催化剂上2,3,6-三氯吡啶的转化率达100%,产物2,3-二氯吡啶的选择性大于71%,在溶剂甲醇中添加三乙胺后能够有效的提高目标产物的选择性,较优条件下2,3-二氯吡啶的选择性可以达到80%。     

2,3-二氰基-2,3-二(p-取代苯基)丁二酸二乙酯的合成及其在苯乙烯中的分解

合成了2,3-二氰基-2,3-二(p-X苯基)丁二酸二乙酯(X=OCH₃,CH₃,Cl,NO₂),分离出它们的meso和dl异构体。经元素分析、¹HNMR、IR、MS和X射线晶体结构分析确定了各异构体的结构和构型。在100℃测定了各异构体在苯乙烯中的分解速率常数k_d,结果表明,除X=OCH₃外,meso异构体的k_d均比dl异构体的大,除X=NO₂外,苯环对位取代基对k_d的影响顺序为OCH₃>CH₃>Cl>H,     

乙醇制1,3-丁二烯MgO/SBA-15催化剂的制备及其催化性能

以介孔分子筛SBA-15为载体,采用浸渍法制备了新型负载型MgO/SBA-15催化剂,采用低温N₂吸附-脱附、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、²⁹Si核磁共振(²⁹Si NMR)、NH₃程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)、CO₂程序升温脱附(CO₂-TPD)等表征手段研究了不同MgO负载量(质量分数)对催化剂的结构、物化性能和催化乙醇合成丁二烯反应活性的影响。 研究结果表明,MgO负载量为20%时,所制备的催化剂的活性最好,此时MgO高度分散在载体SBA-15的有序孔道中,形成了Mg-O-Si结构,有利于提高目标产物丁二烯的选择性。 该催化剂在温度350 ℃、进料质量空速2.64 h^-1的反应条件下,可获得最佳催化效果,乙醇转化率最高可达55.8%,丁二烯选择性可达80.2%。 MgO/SBA-15催化剂在乙醇法生产丁二烯工艺中具有潜在的应用前景。     

(Z)-1,2-二苯基-1,3-丁二烯与单取代的乙烯衍生物区位选择性环加成反应

(Z)-1,2-二苯基-1,3-丁二烯分别与甲基乙烯基酮、丙烯酰胺、丙烯腈以及丙烯醛发生环加成反应,均生成顺式和反式的连位取代环己烯衍生物。以IR、¹HNMR和MS鉴定了产物的结构。利用CNDO/2法计算了分子轨道能量和系数,由前线分子轨道理论解释了这种环加成反应的区位选择性。     

硫代米氏酮与1-取代-1, 3-丁二烯的环加成反应

研究了硫代米代酮与反-1-苯基-1, 3-丁二烯(2a), 反-2, 4-戊二烯酸甲酯(2b), 反-1, 3-戊二烯(2c)的环加成反应, 硫酮与这些双烯在50-70℃下反应, 反应的区域选择性为生成的主要加成物位阻较小, 并用前线分子轨道理论及立体化学进行了解释。     

Argon-matrix-isolation Raman spectra and density functional study of 1,3-butadiene conformers

s-trans, s-cis and gauche conformers of 1,3-butadiene have been studied using density functional theory and the coupled-cluster method using double substitutions (CCD). Matrix isolation Raman and IR data for the minor conformer were obtained and are used in combination with the theoretical results to resolve earlier ambiguities in vibrational assignments. Based on high-quality Hessians, new harmonic stretching force constants are reported for the carbon backbone of s-trans-1,3-butadiene. For the minor conformer the best unscaled root mean square error of the calculated frequencies for the s-cis and gauche geometries are 17.5 cm⁻¹ and 7.4 cm⁻¹, respectively, primarily due to a better agreement of the gauche results for the vibrations at 983 cm⁻¹, 596 cm⁻¹ and 470 cm⁻¹ which depend strongly on the torsional angle. Although this points towards the gauche form rather than the s-cis form, the calculated transition dipole moment directions at the CCD/6-311G(d,p) level confirm the earlier conclusion that the minor conformer has C _{2 v} symmetry in the matrix. It is concluded that either the better agreement between the frequencies calculated for the gauche form and the observed values is coincidental, or that the molecule is indeed nonplanar in the matrix and tunnels very rapidly between the two mirror-image forms (or its lowest vibrational level lies above the barrier). Received: 1 July 1998 / Accepted: 26 October 1998 / Published online: 15 February 1999     

An ab initio study of heterodienophiles addition to 2,3-diaza-1,3-butadiene: An example of endo-lone-pair effect on the reaction energy barrier

Transition states for the Diels-Alder reactions of 2,3-diaza-1,3-butadiene with ethylene, formaldehyde, formaldimine, cis- and trans- diazene, and nitrosyl hydride were located by ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The bond orders of the new forming bonds have been used to determine the asynchronicity of the reactions. Ab initio calculations show that the energy barrier for the hetero-Diels-Alder reactions is relatively high. The highest energy barrier of 34.76 kcal/mol calculated at the MP4/6-31G*//MP2/6-31G* level was found for the exo-cis-diazene addition to 2,3-diaza-1,3-butadiene. In all cases, when two diastereomeric transition structures are possible, the one with the endo hydrogen, exo lone pair was predicted to have a lower activation barrier. This behavior can be explained by the n-π and n-n loan pair repulsion interaction between the dienophile and diene heteroatoms in the corresponding transition state. The barrier is higher for those reactions which in the transition state have more lone electron pairs. Also, the barrier is higher when the lone pairs are endo oriented than when they are exo oriented in the transition state. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

锰配合物催化1,3-丁二烯环氧化合成环氧丁烯

合成了N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-bis(2-pyridylmethyI)ethane-1,2-diamine(mep)及其相应的锰配合物,并将其锰配合物用于1,3-丁二烯的环氧化反应,高选择性的合成单环氧化合物环氧丁烯,考察了各因素对反应的影响,在优化的条件下能达到90%左右的收率和大于99%的选择性.在该...     

Coupling routes to hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene, substituted-1,3-fluorine-containing butadienes and fluorinated polyenes

Hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene was readily prepared via a variety of self-coupling processes, such as Cu(0) mediated self-coupling of iodotrifluoroethene, Pd(0) catalyzed coupling of iodotrifluoroethene with the trifluorovinylzinc reagent, and CuBr₂ mediated coupling of the trifluorovinylzinc reagent. Perfluoro-2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene was readily synthesized by the reaction of pentafluoropropenyl-2-zinc reagent with either CuBr₂ or FeCl₃. Alternatively, perfluoro-2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene was prepared by oxidation of the pentafluoropropenyl-2-copper reagent with dioxygen. Cu(0) mediated coupling of an (E)-substituted ,β-difluoro-β-iodostyrene provided the first useful route to a (Z)(Z)-1,4-diaryl-1,3-tetrafluorobutadiene. Extension of the Cu(0) mediated coupling methodology to a perfluorodienyl iodide demonstrated a useful stereospecific route to perfluoropolyenes.     

Intermolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition of chalcones with 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene under neat reaction conditions

The intermolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of chalcones with 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene under visible-light irradiation for the synthesis of cyclobutane derivatives has been developed. Without using any photosensitizer, metallic catalyst and solvent, the reaction proceeded with high regioselectivity and moderate to high stereoselectivity. Mild reaction conditions and no additives make the reaction easy to operate. Control experiments and density functional theory (DFT) computations demonstrated that the reaction takes place via visible-light activation of chalcones, which is different from the previously reported [2 + 2] cycloaddition of chalcones.     

Theoretical study of the electronic spectra ofcis-1,3,5-hexatriene andcis-1,3-butadiene

Summary The electronic spectra forcis-1,3-butadiene andcis-1,3,5-hexatriene have been studied using multiconfiguration second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2) and extended ANO basis sets. The calculations comprise all singlet valence excited states below 8.0 eV, the first 3s, 3p, 3d Rydberg states, and the second 3s state. The four lowest triplet states were also studied. The resulting excitation energies forcis-hexatriene have been used in an assignment of the experimental spectrum, leading to a maximum deviation of 0.13 eV for the vertical transition energies. The calculations place the 1¹ B ₂ state 0.04 eV below the 2¹ A ₁ state. 16 excited states were studied incis-butadiene, using a CASPT2 optimized ground state geometry. The 1¹ B ₂ state was located at 5.58 eV, 0.46 eV below the 2¹ A ₁ state and 0.09 eV above the experimental value. No experimental assignments are available for the 15 other transitions. On leave from: Departmento de Quimica Física, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, E-46100-Valencia, Spain     

Diels-Alder reactions of nitro-2(1H)-pyridones with 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene

Diels-Alder (DA) reactions of 3- or 5-nitro-2(1H)-pyridones and nitro-2(1H)-pyridones containing a methoxycarbonyl group with 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene were examined. The DA reactions of 3-nitro-2(1H)-pyridones in this paper represent, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of DA reactions of 3-substituted 2(1H)-pyridones and consequent production of isoquinolones. Performing the same reactions with 5-nitro-2(1H)-pyridones yielded quinolones. DA reactions of 2(1H)-pyridones with nitro and methoxycarbonyl groups produced isoquinolones, quinolones and phenanthridones (the double DA adducts), aromatized or hydrogenated. The substituent effect was evaluated by calculating the activation energy, using the ab initio MO method.