亚甲基烯酮与5-亚甲基-1,3-二噁烷-4,6-二酮反应机理的研究

利用半经验分子轨道理论AM1方法，研究了5-亚甲基-1，3-二噁烷-4，6-二酮与亚甲基烯酮的2，3-位C＝C，3，4-位C＝O和1，2-位C＝O三种双键位置上的环加成反应的反应机理．采用Berny梯度法优化得到反应的过渡态，并进行了振动分析确认．计算结果表明，环加成反应是按照协同的非同步途径进行的，经过一个扭曲的六员环过渡态，前线轨道分析表明反应机理为［4＋2］机理．根据AM1优化得到的产物反应物及过渡态的生成热可知三个反应的活化焓分别为27．07kJ·mol-1，32．41kJ·mol-1和137．96kJ·mol-1，2，3-位C＝C双键上的环加成反应的活化焓最低，这与实验中只观察到2，3－位C＝C双键上环加成产物的结论是一致的．     

硫代米氏酮与1-取代-1, 3-丁二烯的环加成反应

研究了硫代米代酮与反-1-苯基-1, 3-丁二烯(2a), 反-2, 4-戊二烯酸甲酯(2b), 反-1, 3-戊二烯(2c)的环加成反应, 硫酮与这些双烯在50-70℃下反应, 反应的区域选择性为生成的主要加成物位阻较小, 并用前线分子轨道理论及立体化学进行了解释。     

自然轨道福井函数和成键活性描述符应用于解释苯硫醌和1, 3-二烯的[2+4]和[4+2]环加成反应中的成键机理

苯硫醌与脂肪族烯烃可以发生[2+4]和[4+2]环加成反应。为了解释这些环加成反应中的成键过程,本文使用了自然轨道福井函数(NOFF)与成键活性描述符。自然轨道福井函数揭示了苯硫醌和脂肪族烯烃的键或轨道的亲电性,表明电子供体的成键轨道和电子受体的反键/成键轨道之间发生了电子转移,然后成环,在这一过程中有两个共价键形成,得到了环状产物。成键活性描述符表明共价键比较容易在一个分子中具有较大f_k1⁺值的k1原子与另一个分子中具有较大f_k2^-值的k2原子之间形成。自然轨道福井函数与成键活性描述符都可以有效解释苯硫醌与1, 3-二烯之间的[2+4]与[4+2]环加成反应的机理。     

6,6-二烷基富烯同α-吡啶甲基锂和α-吡啶基锂的反应——吡啶基取代环戊二烯及其铁衍生物的合成和结构

6,6-二烷基富烯和6,6-多亚甲基富烯同α-吡啶甲基锂发生环外双键的加成反应。形成的取代环戊二烯基锂经水解或与二氯化铁反应,分别制得α-吡啶烷基环戊二烯和α-吡啶烷基二茂铁。α-吡啶基锂与6,6-四亚甲基富烯进行α-摄氢反应,与6,6-五亚甲基富烯则发生环外双键的加成反应。 测定了双(η~5-1-(α-吡啶甲基)环戊基环戊二烯基)铁的分子结构。晶胞中含有三个分子,每个分子处在各自独立的位置。根据分子中两个环戊二烯基环上取代基的相对指向,分子Ⅰ与Ⅱ可以认为具有相同的构象,而分子Ⅲ则是它们的镜像。     

[2+2]环加成反应机理的理论研究

[2+2]环加成反应是有机化学中非常重要的一类反应,其机理的研究一直是实验和理论工作者关注的课题之一。本文从理论的角度综述了三类[2+2]环加成反应的反应机理,即简单烯烃或炔烃参与的环加成反应、累积双键体系参与的环加成反应以及稀土钍化合物参与的环加成反应, 得出对于简单的烯烃或炔烃之间的环加成反应一般是按双自由基机理进行,而其他两类反应主要按协同或两性离子方式进行,并且从前线分子轨道作用理论角度分析了产生不同反应机理的原因。     

β-内酰胺中间体的合成研究及应用进展

综述了β-内酰胺合成方法的研究进展,包括环加成反应和分子内环化反应两种方法,并从几个方面展示了β-内酰胺的应用。     

不饱和羧酸酯的分子内Diels-Alder反应的研究

本文合成(2E,4Z)-4,5-二苯基-2,4-戊二烯醇,并分别与丙烯酰氯及顺丁烯二酸酐反应生成对应的酯。研究了丙烯酸-(2E,4Z)-4,5-二苯基-2,4-戊二烯酯和顺丁烯二酸-(2E,4Z)-4,5-苯基-2,4-戊二烯单酯的分子内Diels-Alder反应,并证实这两种酯分子内环加成反应的活性有很大差异。通过NMR,IR,MS,UV等图谱分析,并运用分子轨道理论,探讨了该环加成反应的过程及其区域专一性和立体选择性。     

自然轨道福井函数和成键活性描述符应用于解释苯硫醌和1,3-二烯的[2+4]和[4+2]环加成反应中的成键机理（英文）

苯硫醌与脂肪族烯烃可以发生[2+4]和[4+2]环加成反应。为了解释这些环加成反应中的成键过程,本文使用了自然轨道福井函数(NOFF)与成键活性描述符。自然轨道福井函数揭示了苯硫醌和脂肪族烯烃的键或轨道的亲电性,表明电子供体的成键轨道和电子受体的反键/成键轨道之间发生了电子转移,然后成环,在这一过程中有两个共价键形成,得到了环状产物。成键活性描述符表明共价键比较容易在一个分子中具有较大f~+_(k1)值的k1原子与另一个分子中具有较大f_(k2)值的k2原子之间形成。自然轨道福井函数与成键活性描述符都可以有效解释苯硫醌与1,3-二烯之间的[2+4]与[4+2]环加成反应的机理。     

卟啉-富勒烯络合物的合成

按照卟啉与富勒烯连接方式的不同,卟啉-富勒烯化合物可分为共价键连接和非共价键连接两种类型.共价键连接的卟啉-富勒烯化合物主要是通过环加成反应来合成,如1,3-偶极环加成反应、Diels-Alder环加成反应和Bingel-Hirsch环加成反应;非共价键连接的卟啉-富勒烯化合物主要是通过金属的轴向配位及氢键得到.本文综...     

蒽环与苯环间的光化学Ⅳ.烷氧基取代基与光化学反应

蒽的光化学反应在很多领域有广泛的应用,如超分子体系的标记剂,敏化剂,分子荧光传感器等,使蒽的光化学-直成为最重要的光化学反应之一[1-3].我们在近年发现3,5-二烷氧基苯基蒽衍生物可以发生蒽环与苯环间的光致可逆环加成反应,反应是定量进行的,这种光致可逆反应性能可以用作分子光开关器件,在材料科学中有着重要的应用前景[4];进一步的研究结果表明,苯环上的取代基对蒽环与苯环间的光致环加成反应有重要的影响.2,5-烷氧基双取代蒽环衍生物、3,5-二烷氧基双取代、3,4,5-三烷氧基取代时,都可以发生蒽环与苯环间的光致环加成反应;但是,苯环上4-单取代、2,3-双取代时,不能发生蒽环与苯环间的光致环加成反应,只能发生蒽环与蒽环间的光致环加成反应;苯环上3-烷氧基单取代时,可发生两种光致环加成反应.蒽环与苯环间的光致环加成反应产物(烯醇醚)在微量酸催化下发生裂解,产生单降解产物(单环酮)和双降解产物(双环酮),蒽环与蒽环间的光致环加成反应产物不能被酸催化下发生裂解,因而得不到单酮和双酮产物.     

3-亚甲基苯并吡喃-2,4-二酮与烯醇硅醚的Diels-Alder反应合成3,4- 二氢-2H,5H-吡喃并[3,2-c][1]苯并吡喃-5-酮衍生物

通过4-羟基香豆素与苯甲醛、甲醛和戊醛缩合产生的quinone methide与烯醇硅醚的Diels-Alder反应, 以较高产率合成了一系列含有硅氧基的3,4-二氢-2H,5H-吡喃并[3,2-c][1]苯并吡喃-5-酮衍生物. 用X射线单晶衍射确定了其中5个化合物的空间构型. 利用密度泛函(DFT)方法计算反应物之间的前线分子轨道相互作用, 对反应的区域选择性进行了研究, 计算结果与实验值相符.     

Theoretical evaluation of the origin of the regio- and stereoselectivity in the Diels-Alder reactions of dialkylvinylboranes: studies on the reactions of vinylborane, dimethylvinylborane, and vinyl-9-BBN with trans-piperylene and isoprene

Ab initio and DFT calculations have been performed to study the origin of the regio- and stereoselectivity of the Diels-Alder reactions of dialkylvinylboranes with substituted dienes. B3LYP/6-31G energies of the transition structures for the reactions of dimethylvinylborane and vinyl-9-BBN with trans-piperylene and isoprene yielded calculated ratios which are in very good agreement with experimental values. Nonclassical carbon-boron [4+3] secondary orbital interactions seem to account for the high endo stereoselectivity of these reactions. However, C-B interactions become less important when the bulkiness of the alkyl groups attached to boron increases. Both endo and exo transition structures for the reactions of dimethylvinylborane and vinyl-9-BBN adopt classical [4+2] character. This study also extends Singleton's investigation on butadiene to regioselectivity. FMO theory has been used to rationalize the lack of regioselectivity in the reactions of dimethylvinylborane. The anomalous meta regioselectivity of the Diels-Alder reaction of vinyl-9-BBN with trans-piperylene is mainly caused by steric effects.     

An experimental and theoretical investigation of the regio- and stereoselectivity of the polar [3+2] cycloaddition of azomethine ylides to nitrostyrenes

The regio- and stereochemical polar [3+2] cycloaddition of the azomethine ylides, which were generated in situ by the reaction of isatin derivatives and proline, with trans-β-nitrostyrene and (E)-1-phenyl-2-nitropropene were studied using experimental and theoretical methods. In comparison with trans-β-nitrostyrene, when the reactions were performed with (E)-1-phenyl-2-nitropropene, a remarkable inversion in the regioselectively was observed. The regioselectivity of the reactions was investigated using global and local reactivity indices and frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. The effects of the electronic and steric factors on the regioselectivity of the reactions were discussed. The inspection of geometries and energetics of transition states revealed the importance of weak interactions in regioselectivity of the cycloaddition reactions.     

Electrostatic interactions between substituents as regioselectivity control elements in Diels-Alder cycloadditions. A DFT study of cycloadditions of 1-methoxy-4-trimethylsiloxy dienes with acrylonitrile

The regioselectivities of Diels-Alder reactions of 1-methoxy-4-trimethylsiloxy-1,3-butadiene and the corresponding o-xylylene with acrylonitrile were explored with density functional theory. The transition state of the reaction of the diene with acrylonitrile was studied in both the gas phase and in a low dielectric (epsilon = 2.247) solvent. The regioselectivities of these reactions are predicted to be controlled by the direct electrostatic interactions between the diene and dienophile substituents. The electron-donating capacities of methoxy and trimethylsiloxy substituents are shown to be very similar and to not contribute to regioselectivity control. A prediction is made that the cycloadditions of the o-xylylene will be unselective, while 1-methoxy-4-trimethylsiloxy-1,3-butadiene will give a small preference ( approximately 5:1) in favor of the proximal methoxy and cyano groups. The thermochromic behavior of trans-disubstituted disiloxy benzocyclobutene was also explored.     

Synthesis of 5(6H)-phenanthridones using Diels-Alder reaction of 3-nitro-2(1H)-quinolones acting as dienophiles

Diels-Alder reactions of 3-nitro-2(1H)-quinolones with 1,3-butadiene derivatives were carried out to give the phenanthridone derivatives under both atmospheric and high pressure conditions. Furthermore, the reactivity of 3-substituted 2(1H)-quinolones acting as a dienophile with 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene was examined using molecular orbital (MO) calculation.     

Reaction of unsymmetrical dienophiles with a key dienoid intermediate for aphidicolin synthesis

The Diels-Alder reactions of diene (6) with α-chloroacrylyl chloride and nitroethylene afford adducts (11) and (12), as proven by X-ray crystallographic analysis of a key transformation product (10), supplemented by appropriate correlation experiments. Formation of these adducts, rather than the less sterically congested isomers (7) and (9), can be rationalized using frontier molecular orbital theory.     

A comparison of various MO methods for predicting regioselectivity in Diels-Alder reactions

Various semiempirical MO methods for predicting regioselectivity in Diels-Alder reactions are compared in order to examine their reliability. They are the frontier molecular orbital method using CNDO/2, HMO and MNDO molecular orbitals and the HMO approach on pericyclic reactions presented by Tang.     

Origin of the stereo- and regioselectivities in the Diels-Alder reactions of azaphospholes: a DFT investigation

Computations of the Diels-Alder (DA) reactions of azaphosphole representative namely, thiazolo[3,2-d][1,4,2]diazaphosphole with 1,3-butadiene and isoprene at the density functional theory level reveal concerted mechanisms via asynchronous transition states. The activation energies (B3LYP/6-311++G**// B3LYP/6-311G**), 16-19 kcal mol⁻¹, are much smaller than the value (32.57 kcal mol⁻¹) calculated for the DA reaction of the non-phosphorus analogue, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole with 1,3-butadiene. An electron-withdrawing group at the 3-position of the dienophile enhances both stereo- and regioselectivities, which agree nicely with the experimental values. Inclusion of solvent effect (PCM model) reveals that the stereo- and regioselectivities are not affected appreciably. The relative stabilities of the transition structures corresponding to the endo/exo stereoisomers and meta (P/Me, 1:3)/para (P/Me, 1:4) regioisomers have been rationalized on the basis of the secondary molecular orbital interactions.     

Theoretical Study of 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Hydrazoic Acid to Substituted Ynamines

The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of various substituted ynamines with hydrazoic acid were theoretically investigated with the high-accuracy CBS-QB3 method. Two regioisomers, 4-amine, and 5-amine substituted adducts, were obtained, with the former as the preferred yield. This regioselectivity is rationalized by the frontier molecular orbital theory. The reactivity and synchronicity are enhanced with the increase of the electron-withdrawing character of the substitute on ynamine fragment. The calculations also show that the effect of solvent increases the activation energy, and the reaction becomes even harder in polar solvent.