液相催化复极性流化床电解槽处理对硝基酚废水

应用液相催化复极性流化床电解槽降解处理对硝基酚废水.溶液中的Fe2+离子与O2在阴极还原生的成H2O2形成了Fenton试剂,实验以对硝基酚为降解底物,考察了槽电压、Fe2+浓度及曝气量对模拟废水对硝基酚及COD去除率的影响.结果显示,在pH=3.0,电压30V,Fe2+浓度500 mg.L-1,曝气量0.4 m3.h-1的条件下,对硝基酚及COD均有较高的去除率.     

电-多相催化反应器强化处理苯胺废水的研究

本文设计一种新型的电-多相催化反应器处理苯胺废水.考察外加电压,电解时间,初始pH值以及支持电解质浓度等工艺条件对电解效果的影响.实验表明,在外加电压30 V、电解时间l h、初始pH=7和支持电解质Na2SO4溶液浓度为800 mg/L的条件下,该反应器对苯胺有最佳的处理效果,优于单独电化学处理体系.     

三维电极电化学反应器对有机废水的降解研究

本文提出一种基于三维电极电化学反应器处理有机废水的新技术 ,结果表明 :该反应器能有效地去除苯胺 ,但其去除率受外加电压、溶液中Fe2 +的浓度、pH值及处理时间 (t)的影响较大 .该项技术处理有机废水效果明显 ,主要是基于电致过氧化氢 ,在Fe2 +存在情况下迅速生成对有机物有很强氧化作用的羟基自由基 .通过ESR法测出了在该电化学反应器处理废水过程中产生的羟基自由基     

电絮凝处理脱硫废水中重金属及动力学模型

采用电絮凝法处理脱硫废水中重金属离子,研究去除过程的影响因素及动力学模型,并对电絮凝产物进行分析。考察电絮凝时间、电流密度、废水pH、曝气量对电絮凝法处理重金属离子效果的影响。结果表明,电絮凝时间40min,电流密度4mA/cm2,废水pH=7,曝气量0.4m3/h时,四种金属去除率达90%。电絮凝产物为铁的多核羟基络合物,且去除过程具有一级动力学反应特征。     

Ir-Ru-Sn掺杂电极电催化法处理苯酚废水的实验研究

实验研究了以Ir-Ru-Sn掺杂电极为阳极、不锈钢板为阴极的电催化降解模拟苯酚废水。分别考察了废水初始pH值、极板电压、极板间距、初始液的浓度及曝气等因素对电催化处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,Ir-Ru-Sn掺杂电极对苯酚的电催化降解具有很好的适应性;降解特征为表观一级动力学;曝气的存在可以有效提高传质动力,但对苯酚的降解率的提高贡献不大。采用该电极时适宜的工艺条件是:初始液的pH值为3,极板电压为36V,极板间距为1.0cm,反应时间为180min,在此条件下苯酚的去除率达到了97.97%以上。     

活性炭纤维电极电解法处理墨绿B染料废水

将铁丝缠绕在活性炭纤维(简称ACF)上制成电极,并在阴极鼓入空气,用电解生成的Fenton试剂处理墨绿B染料模拟废水.研究了电压、pH值、温度、空气流量、支持电解质的浓度等因素对染料脱色率的影响.结果表明,pH值越低,温度越高,处理效果越好,气流量的改变对于处理效果影响不大.室温时处理浓度为50mg·L-1的活性染料墨绿B,在实验电压为11V,中性条件下,无水硫酸钠的浓度为20g·L-1,通入空气流量为60L·min-1时,处理60min,色度去除率达到95%左右.55℃时,电解30min色度去除率就达到96%,60min时达到100%.     

离子交换法处理曝气后氯化亚铜的废水研究

通过预曝气的方法,氯化亚铜废水溶液中Cu(Ⅰ)被氧化为Cu(Ⅱ),并能简化氯化亚铜废水溶液的粒子结构,分别采用201×7 OH-型强碱性阴离子树脂和732 Na型强酸性阳离子树脂处理曝气后的氯化亚铜废水,进行了曝气时间、pH值和温度等因素对废水处理效果的研究,得到最佳的处理废水条件。曝气180 min后,在温度60 ℃,V溶液/V树脂=2/1,阳离子交换反应15 min时,可使废水溶液中铜粒子浓度达到国家废水一级排放标准。     

镀铜铁屑-H_2O_2催化氧化降解含酚废水

采用镀铜铁屑代替传统Fenton体系中的FeSO4作为催化剂,通过改变H2O2与镀铜铁屑的投加量、溶液的pH值、反应温度、反应时间等条件,研究了该体系对处理苯酚废水的影响。结果表明,常温下处理实际含酚印染废水,在pH值为4~6,30%H2O2 12mL/L,镀铜铁屑5g/L,反应时间为45min时,COD去除率可达96%,其CODCr从5827mg/L降至419mg/L,色度从2000降至30,符合国家三级排放标准。     

硫酸盐制浆废水的厌氧生物处理

本文是对用厌氧生物法处理硫酸盐制浆废水的一次尝试。实验表明,只要控制好合适的微生物生长环境,即使是在高浓、难以曝气处理的硫酸盐制浆废水中厌氧菌也能很好地生长,消化分解一部分有机物。发酵过程中,温度应控制在40℃以上,最佳pH值为7.0或略高于7.0,而滞留时间可视废水处理的工艺要求而定。厌氧发酵处理硫酸盐制浆废水可作为一种治理环境的手段,如果要从产甲烷的角度考虑,就必须排除硫对甲烷菌的干扰,或者优选出单纯的抗硫菌,本文采用酸化法除硫产生了一定的效果。     

“氧化·脱色·絮凝”协同法处理含吡啶酮废水

根据染料中间体吡啶-2-酮生产废水的特点,提出了利用“氧化、脱色和絮凝”三位一体的物化方法处理这种废水;探究了搅拌速度、絮凝反应时间、pH值、药剂用量、废水浓度和温度对COD去除率和脱色率的影响,得出了最佳工艺条件.研究结果表明,在常温下,两性聚丙烯酰胺NDPAM用量35 mg/L,氧化交联剂PDO用量0.55 mL/L,pH=5.7,搅拌速度80 r/m in,絮凝时间为15 m in和静止时间为30 m in的条件下,COD的去除率和脱色率均达到98%,处理后的废水达到了可生化的指标范围.并对处理成本和絮凝动力学机理进行了探讨.     

Utilization of cheese whey lactose by kluyveromyces fragilis for energy and growth under continuous fermentation

A heat balance was performed on a 25 L jacketed continuous stirred tank reactor used for the production of single cell protein from cheese whey usingKluyveromyces fragilis under three levels of retention time (12, 18, and 24 h), two levels of air flow rate (1 and 3 VVM), and three levels of mixing speed (200, 400, and 600 RPM) to determine the heat of reaction and the portions of lactose used for energy and growth as well as to assess the need for the cooling system. The yeast population size, oxygen concentration, and lactose concentration in the reactor as well as the portions of lactose used for energy and growth were all affected by the hydraulic retention time, mixing speed, and air flow rate. About 8-14% of lactose was utilized for energy and 86-92% was utilized for growth. The highest cell number was obtained at the 12 h retention time, 3 VVM air flow rate, and 600 RPM mixing speed. Under these conditions, the lactose removal efficiency was 95.6% and the yeast yield was 0.78 g cell/g lactose removed.     

Uniform nanosized goethite particles obtained by aerial oxidation in the FeSO4-Na2CO3 system

Pure goethite particles in the nanometer size range (from approximately 200 to approximately 80 nm) with an elongated shape (axial ratio from approximately 5 to approximately 8) useful as iron precursors for magnetic recording have been prepared by oxidation of the suspensions resulting from the addition of sodium carbonate to Fe(II) sulfate aqueous solutions under a restrictive set of experimental conditions (Fe(II) concentration, carbonate/Fe(II) mole ratio, temperature, and air flow rate). In all cases, the goethite particles were formed by a dissolution-recrystallization mechanism through an intermediate green-rust phase. The particle size was determined by the carbonate/Fe(II) ratio (which controls the formation pH), the FeSO(4) concentration, and the air flow rate. The smallest particles (length 80 nm) were obtained for a high carbonate/Fe(II) mole ratio (>/=3), a low Fe(II) concentration (0.075 mol dm(-3)), and an air flow rate of 2 dm(3) min(-1). The goethite particles were also characterized by the electron diffraction and high-resolution TEM finding that they were monocrystalline, having the crystalline c axis parallel to the longest particle dimension.     

Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Gas–Liquid Pulse Discharge Plasma-Induced Degradation of Polyvinyl Alcohol-Containing Wastewater

A multi-needle-to-plate pulsed discharge plasma reactor was designed to investigate its potential for polyvinyl alcohol-containing wastewater (PVA) treatment. The effects of some operational parameters such as PVA initial concentration, pulse peak discharge voltage, air flow rate, solution pH value, and iron additives on PVA degradation were examined. The results indicated that PVA could be effectively degraded from aqueous solutions. PVA degradation efficiency was 76.0 % within 60 min’s discharge plasma treatment with 1.5 mmol L^?1 Fe²⁺ addition. Decreasing PVA initial concentration and increasing pulse peak discharge voltage were both beneficial for PVA degradation. There existed appropriate air flow rate for obtaining great PVA degradation efficiency in the present study. A little acid environment was conducive to PVA degradation. The presence of Fe²⁺ and Cu²⁺ could both benefit PVA degradation, and the increment of Fe²⁺ and Cu²⁺ concentrations to a certain extent could enhance its degradation efficiency, as well as energy yield. PVA possible degradation mechanisms were discussed, and the degradation processes were mainly triggered by the reactions of PVA with \(^{ \cdot } {\text{OH}}\) radicals.     

Electric field-induced mobilisation of multiphase solution systems based on the nitration of benzene in a micro reactor

This paper describes the electric field-induced flow characteristics of multiphase solutions in a micro reactor device using the nitration of benzene as a model process. Photolithographic and wet etching techniques were used to fabricate the micro reactor (channels, 200 microns id, 100 microns deep) in a borosilicate glass substrate. The results focus specifically on the flow parameters of reagents/reactants (i.e., voltage, solution concentration and pH ranges and current-voltage relationships) used in this study. The benzene was introduced and mobilised by electroosmotic flow (EOF), as a microemulsion using an appropriate surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate), whilst the nitronium ions, produced in situ from mixed H2SO4-HNO3 (the nitrating agent), underwent electrophoretic-induced (electrokinetic) mobility. A co-surfactant, butan-1-ol, was used owing to (a) its relative solubility in the aqueous surfactant solution, (b) its ability to aid the solubilization of benzene, (c) the provision of a water-rich (oil-in-water) rather than oil-rich (water-in-oil) microemulsion system and (d) its lack of significant adverse effects on the EOF. The optimum conditions used for the nitration of benzene within the micro reactor were a run of the microemulsion as main reagent stream, then three 30 s segmented injections of mixed acid, with a 5 s push of the microemulsion into the system after each injection, and then a 60 s stopped-flow reaction time before driving reaction product segments to a collection reservoir.     

强阳离子交换整体柱的研制及其在电色谱多肽分离中的应用

以丙烯酸、2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸为功能单体,N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,正十二醇、1,4-丁二醇及二甲基亚砜为致孔剂,偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,原位聚合制备了丙烯酰胺类强阳离子交换整体柱。考察了驱动电压、有机调节剂、盐浓度、pH值等对电渗流的影响。结果表明,电渗流与驱动电压的线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9981;有机调节剂乙腈对电渗流的影响除与流动相的黏度有关外,还与固定相的溶胀有关,当浓度低时,电渗流随乙腈浓度的增加有反常的下降趋势;随着磷酸盐浓度逐渐增加,电渗流降低,与理论相符;在pH值为3～9范围内,电渗流基本上保持恒定,体现了整体柱使用酸碱范围宽的优越性。在优化的实验条件下,采用毛细管电色谱法在此整体柱上成功分离了5种多肽,体现了该类整体柱在多肽分离研究中的优势,为进一步将其应用于蛋白质分离研究打下了基础。     

Determination of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in rabbit serum by capillary zone electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry with solid-phase extraction

In this paper, we propose a new strategy for separation and determination of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs), a group of strong carcinogens found only in tobacco products, by using CZE and CE-MS associated with SPE. Six TSNAs: N'-nitrosonornicotine, N'-nitrosoanatabine, N'-nitrosoanabasine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol were simultaneously separated by either of two CZE methods, one of which worked with ammonium formate buffer (pH 2.5) and another with citrate buffer (pH 2.4), as well as a CE-MS method. The CZE conditions including pH and concentration of running buffer, capillary length, applied voltage, and capillary temperature were systematically optimized. For CE-MS method, an optimized sheath liquid consisted of methanol-water was used at a flow rate of 10 muL/min. With SPE procedure, our proposed CE-MS method was successfully applied to determine TSNAs after 15 min metabolism in rabbits. A comparison study between CZE and CE-MS methods for quantitative purposes was carried out, showing that both methods provided similar separation efficiency, selectivity, repeatability, linearity, and recovery. However, CE-MS method was better suited for the analysis of TSNAs in complicated biological samples for its sensitivity and extra information on molecular structure. Having good accordance with our previous work by using LC-MS, the new CE-MS method is expected to be an alternative to the LC-MS method and applied to study the metabolism of TSNAs.     

Characterization of a monolithic immobilized trypsin microreactor with on-line coupling to ESI-MS

The preparation and characterization of a miniaturized trypsin reactor using on-line coupling with an ESI-TOF mass spectrometer are described. L-1-Tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone-trypsin was covalently immobilized on poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith prepared in a 75 microm ID fused silica capillary resulting in a bioreactor with high local concentration of the proteolytic enzyme. Covalent immobilization of trypsin on this support was performed using the epoxide functional groups in either a one- or a multistep reaction. For on-line protein digestion-MS analysis the bioreactor was coupled with the mass spectrometer using a liquid junction microelectrospray interface. The performance of the reactor was tested using an on-line flow through the system with flow rates of 50-300 nL/min. The resulting protein consumption was in the atto- to low femtomole range. Proteolytic activity was characterized in a wide range of conditions with respect to the flow rate, pH, and temperature. Complete protein digestion was achieved in less than 30 s at 25 degrees C with the sequence coverage of 80% (cytochrome c), which is comparable to 3 h digestion in solution at 37 degrees C. Besides the good performance at laboratory temperature, the immobilized trypsin in the bioreactor also performed well at lower pH compared to the standard in-solution protocols.     

Study and Optimization on graft polymerization under normal pressure and air atmospheric conditions,and its application to metal adsorbent

Radiation-induced graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto non-woven polyethylene (NWPE) fabric was achieved under normal pressure and air atmospheric conditions, without using unique apparatus such as glass ampoules or vacuum lines. To attain graft polymerization under normal pressure and air atmospheric conditions, the effects of the pre-irradiation dose, pre-irradiation atmosphere, pre-irradiation temperature, de-aeration of GMA-emulsion, grafting atmosphere in a reactor, and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in GMA-emulsion on the degree of grafting (Dg) were investigated in detail. It was found that the DO concentration had the strongest influence, the pre-irradiation dose, de-aeration of emulsion and grafting atmosphere had a relatively strong impact, and the pre-irradiation atmosphere and pre-irradiation temperature had the least effect on Dg. The optimum DO concentration before grafting was 2.0 mg/L or less. When a polyethylene bottle was used as a reactor instead of a glass ampoule, graft polymerization under normal pressure and air atmospheric conditions could be achieved under the following conditions; the pre-irradiation dose was more than 50 kGy, the volume ratio of GMA-emulsion to air was 50:1 or less, and the DO concentration in GMA-emulsion during grafting was below 2.0 mg/L. Under these grafting conditions, Dg was controlled within a range of up to 362%. The prepared GMA–grafted NWPE (GMA–g-NWPE) fabric was modified with a phosphoric acid to obtain an adsorbent for heavy metal ions. In the column-mode adsorption tests of Pb(II), the adsorption performance of the produced phosphorylated GMA–g-NWPE fabric (fibrous metal adsorbent) was not essentially dependent on the flow rate of the feed. The breakthrough points of 200, 500, and 1000 h^?1 in space velocity were 483, 477 and 462 bed volumes, and the breakthrough capacities of the three flow rates were 1.16, 1.15 and 1.16 mmol-Pb(II)/g-adsorbent.