从电化学和微生物学角度分析微生物燃料电池处理硫污染物的机理

微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cells,MFCs)是一种有前景的去除废水中硫污染物的技术。本文在生物膜电极反应机理的基础上,讨论电极反应和微生物在MFCs处理硫污染物过程中的作用,论证了其处理机制和影响因素,总结了反应器构型、分离器类型、电极材料和催化剂,以及硫的回收和电极再生。此外,通过核算对比MFCs和典型的厌氧生物技术处理含硫废水的成本和收益对MFCs去除废水中硫污染物的可行性进行了评估。     

煤中可燃硫的快速测定

煤中硫的存在形式为硫酸盐、硫化物和有机硫。其中硫酸盐硫在工业窑炉或锅炉燃烧条件下性质稳定，而后两者则在燃烧过程中形成硫氧化物（称为可燃硫），严重污染大气环境。因此，研究煤中可燃硫的测定方法，在大气环境质量控制和煤质量分析中都有重要意义。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法间接测定植物叶片中的硫

将植物叶片中的有机硫和无机硫用酸消化使植物体中的各种硫转化成硫酸盐,利用硫酸盐与铬酸钡悬浊液反应释放出铬酸根,以火焰原子吸收光谱法测定溶液中游离的铬酸根,间接测定消化液中的硫酸盐。研究了试验条件对测定灵敏度的影响,确定了最佳试验条件,该法用于植物叶片中硫含量的分析,回收率在92.5%~96.3%之间。     

高效液相色谱法分离检测亚氯酸盐与硫氧化合物混合物

采用反相离子对高效液相色谱法对亚氯酸盐、硫代硫酸盐、亚硫酸盐及连多硫酸盐混合物进行了分离。采用Phenomenex Gemini C18分析柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),乙腈-水(含四丙基氢氧化铵(TPAOH)离子对试剂)作为流动相,利用紫外检测器在230nm处对各物质进行分离检测。当流动相组成为:乙腈-7.0mmol/LTPAOH水溶液(15∶85,V/V,pH5～9),流速为1.0mL/min时,各物质在15min内都可以得到完全分离。用此方法对亚氯酸盐-硫代硫酸盐反应过程中各物质进行跟踪检测,并进行动力学分析,在亚氯酸盐过量的准一级条件下,测得pH9.0时,亚氯酸盐-硫代硫酸盐反应体系的速率常数为9.75×104(mol/L)-2s-1,这与文献报道的结果相符。     

原子吸收光谱法间接测定生活饮用水中硫酸盐

硫酸盐在自然界中广泛存在，一般地下水及地面水均含有硫酸盐。硫酸盐是生活饮用水水质常规检验项目之一。《生活饮用水卫生规范》中测试方法有硫酸钡灼烧称量法、铬酸钡比色法、硫酸钡比浊法及离子色谱法，且操作繁杂，条件控制要求严格。本文以火焰原子吸收光谱法测定中间钡离子而间接测定水中硫酸盐，具有操作简单、准确度好、精密度高，能满足生活饮用水中硫酸盐的测定要求。     

造纸黑液制取胡敏酸铵

胡敏酸铵是具有类似植物生长刺激素作用的一种肥料,可以提早种籽发芽,促进根系发育,加强植物体内有机物的合成和积累,促进土壤有机质的分解与转化,有利于作物对可溶性养分的吸收,达到农作物增产的目的。在制浆造纸工业中,纤维原料经碱液蒸煮产生大量的黑液,如果直接排入江河,将会污染水源,危害农业和渔业的生产,造成严重的社会公害。在无产阶级文化大革命中,造纸行业广大职工大搞综合利用,利用硫酸盐制浆的黑液制成了农肥胡敏     

耐酸微藻的分离鉴定及其对离子型稀土矿山废水处理条件优化研究

离子型稀土矿山废水具有高氨氮、高硫酸盐、低pH和低浓度的稀土元素等特点，直接排放会对环境造成严重的破坏。生物法相较于常规的物理化学方法具有经济环保、无二次污染等优点。本研究从赣南离子型稀土矿山废水中分离出一株被鉴定为油球藻属的耐酸微藻，用该藻与斜生栅藻和普通小球藻进行对比，对其生长特性和废水的处理条件优化进行研究。研究发现耐酸微藻具有较高的生物量增长速率，藻细胞干重增长速率达到29.3 mg·(L·d)^-1，其最适生长pH为7～9，最低耐受pH为3～5；三种微藻在稀土废水中生长的最佳氮磷比为8∶1，在废水稀释度为10%时生长效果最好，且对未稀释废水中的稀土元素具有较好的去除效果，30 d内去除效率几乎达到了100%。结果显示，分离出的微藻具有耐酸、产碱、去除废水中氨氮和稀土元素的作用，研究结果为利用微藻开展离子型稀土废弃矿山废水流段修复和作为稀土废水的二级或三级处理提供了一定的理论依据。     

硫中毒对Co_3O_4/CeO_2 复合氧化物上炭黑催化燃烧的影响（英文）

采用共沉淀法制备了CeO2,Co3O4和一系列Co3O4/CeO2复合氧化物催化剂,在400°C下含SO2的氧化气氛中对催化剂进行了硫中毒处理,通过原位红外光谱、X射线衍射、程序升温脱附和X射线光电子能谱对新鲜和硫中毒的样品进行了表征.结果表明,所有测试的硫中毒样品上均形成了硫酸盐,CeO2上累积的硫酸盐明显比Co3O4上的多,Co3O4/CeO2复合氧化物在硫中毒过程中形成了硫酸钴和硫酸铈.对新鲜和硫化样品在NO/O2气氛下进行了催化炭黑燃烧实验,发现Co3O4/CeO2复合氧化物的活性和抗硫性能优于CeO2,但抗硫性能低于Co3O4.     

以制浆造纸产业为平台的生物炼制新模式

本文通过分析木质生物质炼制与制浆造纸工业之间的关系,提出以制浆造纸产业为平台的生物炼制模式。在蒸煮制浆前,增加对原料预抽提处理,提取半纤维素等成分用于生产乙醇燃料和（或）其他化工化学品,抽提残渣则采用传统化学法、高得率法或有机溶剂法制浆,实现植物纤维原料多组分分离综合利用。该模式给制浆造纸产业提供一条可持续发展的新思路。     

废水中阴离子污染物处理方法的研究进展

废水中的阴离子污染物大部分具有毒性且对人体有害,其广泛存在于水体中,严重制约了国民经济和社会的发展.阴离子污染物及其处理已成为全球面临的一项挑战.因此,研究阴离子污染物的高效处理方法迫在眉睫.本文综述了废水中阴离子污染物的处理方法,分别从物理法、化学法、物理化学法及生物法展开,总结了不同处理方法对废水中阴离子污染物的处理效果,对比分析了各类处理方法的优缺点,并展望了废水中阴离子污染物的处理技术研究方向,以期为废水中阴离子污染物的处理及实际应用提供理论支撑.     

环己酮制备实验的改进

以环己醇合成环己酮在大学有机化学基础实验教学中占有重要地位,但是目前实验教学主要使用的方法是重铬酸钠-浓硫酸氧化法,使用强腐蚀性的浓硫酸,并产生含铬强酸性有毒废液。本文采用NaClO-TEMPO-TBAB催化氧化反应,缩短实验时间,提高产率并实现了半微型化实验,在达到同样教学目的的同时避免了原有实验带来的铬污染和强酸问题。     

Reinigung organischer Lösungsmittel für optische Zwecke

The purification of organic solvents by adsorption of the impurities can be improved if warming of the column during moistening is completely avoided. For some of the mostly used solvents the most suitable adsorbents were found out, and numbers are given for the maximum volume to be used. n-Hexane and cyclo-hexane become very sensitive to air during the common purification using concentrated sulphuric acid.     

A new optical liquid membrane study technique : I. Use of holographic interferometry to obtain the refractive index of liquid membrane components

A thin, porous, non-sorbing membrane can be used to allow the solute of a more concentrated solution to diffuse into the less concentrated solution placed on top of the membrane. If this cell is placed in an optical system which can be used to make a hologram and the cell is viewed through a previously made hologram set at a small angle to the object beam, the result is an interferogram. The fringes formed have a constant total displacement (bend, or fringe shift) from one solution to the other over a very long time. This fringe shift can be converted to refractive index change or, if the refractive index is known, to concentration change.     

Problems,artifacts and solutions in the INADEQUATE NMR experiment

The INADEQUATE experiment can provide unequalled, detailed information about the carbon skeleton of an organic molecule. However, it also has the reputation of requiring unreasonable amounts of sample. Modern spectrometers and probes have mitigated this problem, and it is now possible to get good structural data on a few milligrams of a typical organic small molecule. In this paper, we analyze the experiment step by step in some detail, to show how each part of the sequence can both contribute to maximum overall sensitivity and can lead to artifacts. We illustrate these methods on three molecules: 1‐octanol, the steroid 17α‐ethynylestradiol and the isoquinoline alkaloid β‐hydrastine. In particular, we show that not only is the standard experiment powerful, but also a version tuned to small couplings can contribute vital structural information on long‐range connectivities. If the delay in the spin echo is long, pairs of carbons with small couplings can create significant double‐quantum coherence and show correlations in the spectrum. These are two‐ and three‐bond correlations in a carbon chain or through a heteroatom in the molecule. All these mean that INADEQUATE can play a viable and important role in routine organic structure determination. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis and sol–gel assembly of nanophosphors

Some recent works made in our group on inorganic nanophosphors are briefly reviewed in this paper. We first present the synthesis of highly concentrated semiconductor quantum dot colloids allowing the extension of the well-known oxide sol–gel process to chalcogenide compounds. Secondly, we show the synthesis and the chemical functionalization of lanthanide-doped insulator nanoparticles. In particular, the annealing process of these particles at high temperature leads to highly bright nanocrystals, which can be used as biological luminescent labels or for integration in transparent luminescent coatings. Finally, we consider luminescent transition metal clusters, which combine the inorganic structure of nanoparticles with the monodispersity and the easy functionalization of the organic molecules. Emphasis is put on the original thermochromic luminescence properties of copper iodide clusters trapped in siloxane-based films.     

锌配位聚合物的制备与表征——推荐一个无机化学综合实验

介绍了一个无机化学综合型新实验——锌配位聚合物的制备与表征。通过有机配体的合成、金属有机框架材料的制备及其相关结构和性能表征,使学生了解金属有机框架这一科研前沿领域,在引导学生进行实验操作、解释及归纳的过程中,提升学生的综合及创新能力。本实验综合了无机、有机和分析化学知识点的学习与实验操作能力的培养,建议纳入高年级综合型化学实验课。     

Fluorescence spectroscopy applied to the optimisation of a desalting step by electrodialysis for the characterisation of marine organic matter

The isolation and characterisation of marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) are still not readily achieved today. The study of this chemically complex material is particularly difficult, especially as it is hindered by the high salinity of seawater. It is therefore essential to develop a method in which a sufficient quantity of marine organic matter can be collected for structural analyses. Reverse osmosis (RO) is often used for the concentration of DOM from freshwaters, due to the fact that DOM is not modified during RO and that DOC recoveries are high (about 80%). Unfortunately, RO cannot be used directly to isolate marine DOM, since both salts and organic matter are concentrated during the process. Therefore, marine samples have to be desalted before their concentration by RO.     

A process for preparation of anticancer drug 9-nitro camptothecin

Camptothecin and some of its semisythetic derivatives such as topotecan, irinotecan and 9-nitrocamptothecin, have exhibited strong antitumor activity against various experimental tumor model. The water insoluble 9-nitrocamptothecin demonstrated very potent antitumor activity against many different types of human cancers and HIV. Literature procedures for preparing 9-nitrocamptothecin are direct nitration of camptothecin using a concentrated nitric/concentrated sulfuric acid system or a combin…     

多酸配位聚合物的制备与表征——推荐一个综合化学实验

介绍了一个综合化学新实验--多酸配位聚合物的制备与表征。通过杂多酸和有机配体的合成、多酸配位聚合物的制备和性能表征,使学生了解多酸配位聚合物这一无机合成化学前沿领域,在引导学生进行材料合成及性质表征的过程中,提高学生对已学知识融会贯通的能力,提升学生学习化学的兴趣。本实验综合了无机、有机化学知识点以及实验、仪器操作和数据分析能力的培养,可纳入高年级综合化学实验。     

Genius: a genetic algorithm for automated structure elucidation from 13C NMR spectra

The automated structure elucidation of organic molecules from experimentally obtained properties is extended by an entirely new approach. A genetic algorithm is implemented that uses molecular constitution structures as individuals. With this approach, the structure of organic molecules can be optimized to meet experimental criteria, if in addition a fast and accurate method for the prediction of the used physical or chemical features is available. This is demonstrated using 13C NMR spectrum as readily obtainable information. By means of artificial neural networks a fast and accurate method for calculating the 13C NMR spectrum of the generated structures exists. The method is implemented and tested successfully for organic molecules with up to 18 non-hydrogen atoms.