噪声控制研究和应用的进展

本文从三个方面介绍１９９５年７月举行的第２４届国际噪声控制工程学术会议所反映的噪声控制研究和应用的进展。首先介绍社会发展对噪声控制技术的新要求，其次介绍社会发展对噪声控制法规及标准的新要求，最后介绍计算机在噪声控制工程中的应用。     

局域空间噪声主动控制技术的进展

低频噪声主动控制技术实现实用化，需要同时了解其在声学和电子控制方法上的可实现性，本文在系统的文献检索的基础上，综述了局域空间自适应噪声主动控制技术的发展，内容包括用次级声源控制室外局域噪声，围护结构内的局域空间和室外向室内传播的小范围区域空间噪声主动控制在声学上的限制（原理），以及各种控制策略和算法的应用，本文列出的文献包括了已有的重要研究成果，可为读者进一步了解该领域的研究提供详细的背景材料。     

有源噪声控制技术

有源噪声控制是消除低频噪声的一种很有效的方法。这种技术在世界上普遍受到重视。目前英国、美国、法国、联邦德国、日本等国家都正在进行有源噪声控制技术的研究和应用。近年来在我国也逐步开展了这方面的研究。本文总结了有源噪声控制技术的发展历史;介绍管道和三维空间有源噪声控制技术的概况,为这方面的研究提供一些参考。     

水下噪声及其控制技术进展和展望

本文主要介绍近年来船舶行业水下噪声研究进展情况，包括水下噪声形成机理和预报；水下噪声控制技术；水下噪声近代测量分析技术，并提出对水下噪声研究工作的展望。     

超声速三维空腔流气动噪声被动控制

抑制超声速武器舱空腔流噪声是航空领域中一项重要课题。大量研究表明在空腔前缘采用主/被动控制技术可以在一定程度上抑制腔内噪声水平。利用大涡模拟(large eddy simulation, LES)技术计算分析了Mach 1.4开式矩形方腔及波形、弧形两种前后壁几何修形后空腔的流动及噪声, 探索超声速来流条件下几何修形被动控制技术对开式方腔流噪声的抑制能力。计算结果表明波形和弧形空腔对腔内噪声均具有一定的抑制作用, 且波形空腔噪声控制效果更优。分析认为空腔几何修形能够改变空腔上方剪切层及腔内大尺度涡结构的发展演化, 进而实现对腔内噪声的控制。此外, 还应用LES方法计算分析了增厚的来流边界层条件下超声速方腔流, 发现来流边界层增厚可显著降低腔内噪声水平。      

军用运输机机舱有源消声实验系统的设计与实现

为验证有源消声技术在军用运输机机舱低频噪声消除方面的有效性,设计和实现了一套机舱有源消声实验系统。采用“激振器+舱壁板”方式实现了飞机螺旋桨对机舱诱导噪声的声源模拟,设计了基于前馈控制结构的自适应有源噪声控制系统,构建了基于FX-LMS算法的自适应消声控制器,采用监测麦克风组对舱内空间的消声效果进行监测。实验结果验证了自适应有源噪声控制技术在军用飞机舱室消声降噪领域的有效性,并表明初、次级声源间距对自适应有源消声系统的消声效果具有重要的影响。     

“流动控制”专题简介

<正>流动控制技术是流体力学和航空航天领域的前沿交叉方向和研究热点,对流场的操控具有重要的实际应用价值,流动控制可以延迟转捩和分离、增升减阻、增强湍流以及抑制噪声等.庄逢甘院士曾指出,21世纪的空气动力学将首先在流动控制领域取得重大突破.2009年美国航空航天学会将降噪减排和主动流动控制列为21世     

低频噪声的有源控制

本文概述了国内外在噪声有源控制方面的研究情况.随着控制论、数字信号处理技术及微电子学逐步应用于有源控制系统,有源消声的推广价值不断增加.文中介绍了有源控制技术在抵消重复噪声(如柴油机排气噪声)、随机噪声(管道或风洞噪声)及空间噪声(变压器噪声)中的应用实例.     

波的干涉原理在噪声控制技术中的应用

从物理学的观点出发，论述了噪声主动控制技术的原理和机制，介绍了该技术的应用前景。     

计算机辅助消声

利用自适应信号处理的有源噪声控制技术具有改变噪声谱形伏的独特能力,系统的操作灵活、维护费用较低,其性能和可靠性继续在改进,初装费用不断下降,它必将成为各种噪声控制工程的优选方案。 有源噪声控制用电信号激励扬声器产生相反波形的声音以进行噪声抵消。自适应数字信号处理技术用传声器接收不需要的噪声,经ⅡR自适应滤波器处理,然后由扬声器产生声波抵消。扬声器和误差传声器的信号特性由另一自适应滤波器用无规噪声连续修正并     

Noise control mechanisms of inside aircraft

World trends in the development of methods and approaches to noise reduction in aircraft cabins are reviewed. The paper discusses the mechanisms of passive and active noise and vibration control, application of “smart” and innovative materials, new approaches to creating all fuselage-design elements, and other promising directions of noise control inside aircraft.     

Coupling transfer matrix method to finite element method for analyzing the acoustics of complex hollow body networks

This paper exposes a procedure to couple multiport transfer matrices to finite elements for analyzing the acoustics of automotive hollow body networks with a minimum of memory requirements and computational time. Generally, hollow body networks are made up from a series of elongated fluid partitions similar to ducts or waveguides. These fluid partitions generally contain complex elements: junctions, noise control elements, and cavities. The location and type of these elements in the network, mainly the noise control elements (e.g., sealing parts), may impact the noise inside a car. In the proposed hybrid method, the elongated fluid partitions are modeled with fluid finite elements. All complexities are modeled with two-port or multiport transfer matrices. The coupling of these matrices to finite elements is naturally done at the weak integral formulation stage of the acoustical problem. The coupling does not add any degrees of freedom to, nor modify, the original finite element matrix system. Consequently, changing locations and types of noise control elements in the hollow body network is fast and does not require rebuilding the finite element system. This enables optimizing the acoustics of a complex network on a desktop computer. The hybrid method is compared to experimental results on a tee-shaped hollow body networks. Good correlations are obtained.     

Experiments on the active control of transformer noise

This paper describes an experiment which demonstrates how a useful degree of active noise control can be achieved with ordinary sound amplification and reproduction equipment. A loudspeaker positioned next to a large pair of noisy electricity transformers was made to mimic their noise but in antiphase. The aim of the study was to investigate the degree to which the “antisound” would cancel a disturbing noise heard in a nearby office. Some 20 decibels of control was achieved very easily for the 100 Hz component of the noise but the higher frequency sound could only be controlled in localized patches. The experiment suggests that sounds of discrete frequencies of less than 100 Hz are relatively easily controlled with unsophisticated audio equipment, but that useful control of higher frequency elements is much more difficult.     

Polarization noise in single mode fibres and its reduction by depolarizers

Fluctuations of the state of polarization in single mode fibres due to environmental conditions such as vibrations cause intensity noise if elements with polarization-dependent loss are inserted into the fibre system. Diffraction gratings, which are key elements for wavelength division multiplex-single mode fibre systems, exhibit a strong polarization dependence of loss. The polarization noise, originating from the combination of single mode fibres and diffraction gratings, is investigated experimentally. A drastic deterioration of the signal/noise ratio is observed, which is even more severe than modal noise with multimode fibres. Depolarizing devices, which reduce this kind of noise sufficiently, are presented and examined.     

Prediction of flow-generated noise produced by acoustic and aerodynamic interactions of multiple in-duct elements

Flow-generated noise problem caused by in-duct elements is due to the complicated acoustic and turbulent interactions of multiple in-duct flow noise sources. The approach of partially coherent sound fields used previously by Mak and Yang [C.M. Mak, J. Yang, Flow-generated noise radiated by the interaction of two strip spoilers in a low speed flow ducts, Acta Acust united with Acustica 88 (2002) 861–868] and Mak [C.M. Mak, A prediction method for aerodynamic sound produced by multiple elements in air ducts, J Sound Vib 287 (2005) 395–403] is adopted to formulate the sound powers produced by interactions of multiple elements at frequencies below and above the cut-on frequency of the lowest transverse duct mode. The study indicates that the level and spectral distribution of the additional acoustic energy produced by the interactions of multiple elements can be predicted based on the measured data with respect to the interactions. The proposed method can form a basis of a generalized prediction method for flow-generated noise produced by multiple elements. The application of the proposed method is supported by two engineering examples.     

Intensity noise of Kerr oscillators

Absorbing or emitting elements generate noise waves. The main purpose of this paper is to determine from first principles the spectral density of noise waves relating to nonlinear elements. This was done by considering the combination of linear elements (whose noise properties are well understood) and lossless circuits that are nonlinear because of the Kerr effect. Lossless nonlinear circuits transform noise waves but do not generate noise. A semiclassical theory shows that noise waves remain at the shot noise level (for full population inversion) if the optical gain is considered a function of photon rate (rather than optical intensity). This result, in exact agreement with an independent theory of spectral-hole burning, is conjectured to be general. Intensity fluctuations of a Kerr oscillator are squeezed below the shot-noise level for large Kerr constants.     

阵列式阻性消声器传递损失计算模型

针对气流通道彼此独立且截面尺寸较小的直管式阻性消声器,Belov基于声波导管理论推导了其消声量计算公式,但该公式不适用于气流通道彼此连通且截面尺寸较大的阵列式阻性消声器。为此,提出了一种阵列式消声器消声量计算方法。将阵列式消声器划分为周期性排列的消声单元,每个消声单元包含1个吸声柱。分别参照扩张式消声器和直管阻性消声器计算消声单元的抗性部分(进出口气流通道截面突变处)和阻性部分消声量的理论值TL₁和TL₂。在此基础上,采用有限元法仿真得到消声器消声量仿真值TL_s,基于阻性部分消声量仿真值和理论值的比值(TL_s-TL₁)/TL₂,拟合确定各倍频带阻性消声量修正函数N_f,即修正后的消声量理论值计算模型为TL′_t=TL₁+TL₂·Nf。作为算例,建立了多孔吸声材料流阻率为11425 Pa·s/m²时适用于不同结构尺寸的阵列式消声器消声量计算模型。实测结果...     

An experimental study on the effect of rolling shutters and shutter boxes on the airborne sound insulation of windows

The façade of a room is usually composed of different construction elements, one of which is the window. This fulfils both an aesthetic function and closes the wall opening. In order to improve thermal behaviour and control solar radiation, the window is fitted with different protection features, such as the shutter. In climate zones with many hours of sunlight, windows in residential buildings commonly incorporate a rolling shutter. Traffic noise and higher standards of energy saving, comfort, durability and sustainability in buildings means that windows now have to comply with stricter requirements, including their sound insulation from airborne noise. This work contains a summary of studies carried out on the sound insulation from airborne noise in several types of windows (double side-hung casement and double horizontal sliding sash) with built-on shutter and prefabricated box. For each type of window, an analysis was made of the effects of the interior finishings in the shutter box, the shutter position (whether fully retracted or extended) and the weighted sound reduction index of windows for traffic noise in accordance with EN ISO 717-1.     

Stochastic resonance in a parallel array of linear elements

This paper studies stochastic resonance (SR) phenomenon in a parallel array of linear elements with noise. Employing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) theory, it obtains the output SNR, and investigates the effects on the output SNR of the system with signal-independent noise and signal-dependent noise respectively. Numerical results show: the curve of the output SNR is monotone with signal-independent noise; whereas SR appears with signal-dependent noise. Moreover, the output SNR enhances rapidly with the increase of N which is the number of elements in this parallel array linear system. This result may provide smart array of simple linear sensors which are capable of acting as noise-aided amplifiers.     

Development of a prediction method for flow-generated noise produced by duct elements in ventilation systems

Flow-generated noise generated on the quiet side of the primary attenuators of a ventilation system is the result of interaction between air flow and duct discontinuities. It is of engineering importance to predict the flow-generated noise caused by air duct elements in ventilation systems at the design stage. However, all prediction methods are based upon an isolated in-duct element that is very different from a real ventilation system. Until recently, Mak and Yang have produced a prediction method for flow-generated noise produced by the interaction of two elements in air ducts. In this paper, an attempt has been made to modify their equations so that their predictive equations can possibly be used to predict noise produced by “real” duct discontinuities. By comparing their predictive values with the experimental results of Oldham and Ukpoho, their validity can be proved. The modified Mak-Yang predictive equations, therefore, provide a basis for permitting a more accurate prediction of flow-generated noise produced by various configurations of two in-duct elements and duct dimensions.