Determination of the sound energy level of a gunshot and its applications in room acoustics

In some cases an impulsive noise source such as a gunshot can be a preferred alternative when investigating building acoustics, including sound insulation measurements, when compared to conventional steady state noise sources. A gun equipped with blank cartridges is an impulsive noise source that is lightweight and small enough to be easily transported. The differences in the noise characteristics between individual cartridges for the same gun are usually small, so the impulsive source can be replicated to a high degree. This paper is focused on the practical application of the sound exposure levels produced by a gunshot with a known sound energy level in the rooms under investigation. In this way, the equipment and methods required by the conventional method are simplified significantly. Furthermore, reverberation times need not be measured, since the equivalent absorption area can be directly obtained from the measured sound exposure levels. Using Green’s theorem, the roles of the sound source and measuring microphone were exchanged, which simplified the determination of sound insulation as it was easier to change the position of the gun than the microphone. The results obtained using the impulsive noise source were in good agreement with those obtained using the conventional method. Above 100 Hz, their difference in any frequency band of interest was less than 1 dB.     

Monaural envelope correlation perception, revisited: effects of bandwidth, frequency separation, duration, and relative level of the noise bands

This article presents the results of two experiments investigating performance on a monaural envelope correlation discrimination task. Subjects were asked to discriminate pairs of noise bands that had identical envelopes (referred to as correlated stimuli) from pairs of noise bands that had envelopes which were independent (uncorrelated stimuli). In the first experiment, a number of stimulus parameters were varied: the center frequency of the lower frequency noise band in a pair, f1; the frequency separation between component noise bands; the duration of the stimuli; and the bandwidth of the component noise bands. For a long stimulus duration (500 ms) and a relatively wide bandwidth (100 Hz), subjects could easily discriminate correlated from uncorrelated stimuli for a wide range of frequency separations between the component noise bands. This was true both when f1 was 350 Hz, and when f1 was 2500 Hz. In each case, narrowing the bandwidth to 25 Hz, or shortening the duration to 100 ms, or both, made the task more difficult, but not impossible. In the second experiment, the level of the higher frequency noise band in a pair was varied. Performance did not decrease monotonically as the level of this band was decreased below the level of the other band, and only showed marked impairment when the level of the higher frequency band was at least 60 dB below that of the lower frequency band. The pattern of results in these two experiments is different from that which is obtained when the same stimulus parameters are varied in experiments investigating comodulation masking release (CMR). This suggests that the mechanisms underlying CMR and those underlying the discrimination of envelope correlation are not identical.     

薄膜型声学超材料对低频振动的隔声特性分析*

高效共振混合机工作频率为60 Hz,且系统处于共振,产生较大低频噪声。针对振动机械产生的有害噪声,分析了高效共振混合机低频高加速度共振混合过程的特点,得到了60 Hz低频声波穿透力强特点,相比传统的以吸声材料构建的50~100 mm厚度、隔声效果小于10 dB的隔声罩,分析了薄膜型声学超材料在低频减振降噪中的隔声特性。通过多物理场仿真分析,60 Hz时隔声量为31.4 dB,确定了硅橡胶弹性薄膜的预应力和质量块的面密度;采用3D打印机快速成型技术,构建了隔声实验装置,分析了独立隔声单元、面密度、薄膜尺寸等隔声特性规律。基于人耳在实际环境中感受到的噪声强度,提出了噪声衰减量和插入损失的分析方法,在距离声源380 mm和1000 mm的位置,60 Hz时隔声量分别为27 dB和38 dB。研究成果丰富了低频隔声特性理论,为薄膜型声学超材料的工程设计和优化提供了技术支撑。     

半波长管传声损失分析*

1/4波长管和Herschel-Quincke(HQ)管具有良好消声潜力,在其固有频率附近具有很高的消声量级,为了将这种消声潜力在更小的安装空间内和更宽的频带上发挥出来,设计了一种新的半波长管,通过对多管传声损失理论模型的推导,运用数值计算的方法,分析了传声损失的影响因素并对多分支管模型进行宽频带尺寸设计,最终实现在350～1350 Hz的宽频带的消声效果,并且通过实验验证了理论模型,同时利用实验数据对管端进行修正,结果证实了理论是正确的。所设计的多分支半波长管可以在复杂的应用场景进行灵活的结构设计,所以在航空发动机降噪、汽车尾气降噪和工厂排气降噪等领域具有更好的适应性和良好的应用前景。     

The effects of low frequency noise on people—A review

During the fast few years, the existence of high levels of man-made low frequency noise (0–100 Hz), and in particular infrasonic noise, has been reported in many environments. An effort has been made over the last decade to discover whether such high levels of low frequency noise are significant. A review of the effects of low frequency noise indicates that the effects are similar to those of higher frequency noise, that noise in the 20–100 Hz range is much more significant than infrasound at similar sound pressure levels and that the possible danger due to infrasound has been much over-rated.     

基于低频吸声超构材料的复合消声器研究*

针对管道内低频噪声难以抑制的问题，本文基于亥姆霍兹共振腔（HR）阵列吸声板和穿孔管消声器组合，设计了一种复合式宽带消声器。首先利用有限元法仿真分析传统穿孔管消声器，发现中低频消声能力较差，通过嵌入HR阵列吸声板吸收中低频噪声。采用仿真与实验的方式研究吸声板的声学性能：在400-1000 Hz频段内的平均吸声系数达到了0.88。然后对复合式消声器进行数值模拟及3D打印阻抗管实验测试对比：复合式消声器在400-1718Hz频率范围内的平均传递损失为18.15 dB ，最终实现了管道内全频带噪声有效控制。     

几类典型环境声的主观评价及感知特性分析

近年来,通过“注入”调控声以降低交通噪声烦恼感的声频注入法受到广泛关注。以交通噪声调控研究为背景,通过成对比较评价了4类典型声音(实验一)和4类典型交通噪声(实验二)的烦恼感。结果表明,有调声(纯音和复音)烦恼度最高,自然声最低(海潮声最佳),蓝色噪声是仅次于海潮声令人感觉舒适的声音;被试对交通噪声和白噪声的评价存在明显的分类偏好。分析心理声学特征发现人对声音的感知依赖于多方面因素,但声刺激的某一因素(如粗糙度或音调特别高)特别突出则会引起极大的反感。构建不相似度二维感知空间,维度1反映了声音类型间的差异,维度2表征了被试对不同类型声音的烦恼度评价;并且通过相关分析发现它们与谱结构参量相关性较强。接下来的研究中,可以通过调整交通噪声的谱下降值和时域上升时间等参量使其谱结构更接近于自然声,从而降低噪声烦恼度。     

A demonstration of active control of broadband sound

This paper describes a short experiment undertaken to demonstrate how easily broad-band active control of sound can be used to tackle real industrial problems. Ten decibles of the low frequency sound entering an anechoic chamber through a lobby was blocked by using a single degree of freedom system. The experiment was set up, tested and demonstrated in a day.     

Active control of the volume acquisition noise in functional magnetic resonance imaging: method and psychoacoustical evaluation.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides a noninvasive tool for observing correlates of neural activity in the brain while a subject listens to sound. However, intense acoustic noise is generated in the process of capturing MR images. This noise stimulates the auditory nervous system, limiting the dynamic range available for displaying stimulus-driven activity. The noise is potentially damaging to hearing and is distracting for the subject. In an active noise control (ANC) system, a reference sample of a noise is processed to form a sound which adds destructively with the noise at the listener's ear. We describe an implementation of ANC in the electromagnetically hostile and physically compact MRI scanning environment. First, a prototype system was evaluated psychoacoustically in the laboratory, using the electrical drive to a noise-generating loudspeaker as the reference. This system produced 10-20 dB of subjective noise-reduction between 250 Hz and 1 kHz, and smaller amounts at higher frequencies. The system was modified to operate in a real MR scanner where the reference was obtained by recording the acoustic scanner noise. Objective reduction by 30-40 dB of the most intense component in scanner noises was realized between 500 Hz and 3500 Hz, and subjective reduction of 12 dB and 5 dB in tests at frequencies of 600 Hz and at 1.9 kHz, respectively. Although the benefit of ANC is limited by transmission paths to the cochlea other than air-conduction routes from the auditory meatus, ANC achieves worthwhile attenuation even in the frequency range of maximum bone conduction (1.5-2 kHz). ANC should, therefore, be generally useful during auditory fMRI.     

Model/data comparison of typhoon-generated noise

Ocean noise recorded during a typhoon can be used to monitor the typhoon and investigate the mechanism of the windgenerated noise. An analytical expression for the typhoon-generated noise intensity is derived as a function of wind speed.A "bi-peak" structure was observed in an experiment during which typhoon-generated noise was recorded. Wind speed dependence and frequency dependence were also observed in the frequency range of 100 Hz–1000 Hz. The model/data comparison shows that results of the present model of 500 Hz and 1000 Hz are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data, and the typhoon-generated noise intensity has a dependence on frequency and a power-law dependence on wind speed.     

充液管路系统流体声与结构声的复合有源控制

采用基于谐频自适应控制算法的有源消声与消振系统对充液管路系统突出的低频线谱噪声进行有源控制实验研究.建立了泵水循环管路实验系统,在管路中安装有源消声器对流体声进行控制,在管路出口障板上采用8×8通道有源消振系统控制结构声辐射。开展的低频线谱噪声与振动有源控制实验结果表明,在50~200 Hz频带内,通过结合有源噪声与振动控制可在多数频点取得10 dB以上的降噪效果。针对该实验系统,通过分别控制流体声和结构声分析了两者的贡献.实验结果验证了有源消声与消振系统具有较好的降噪性能,各频点处流体声与结构声占比情况不同,需要综合控制流体声与结构声才可以取得显著的降噪效果。      

海面波浪谱对深海低频环境噪声的影响

提出了一种适用于深海低频环境噪声的波浪谱,通过声压谱和波浪谱的理论关系,分析了深海低频噪声在百赫兹以下的谱特征,解释了不同频段噪声谱的主要产生机理。将深海传播条件下海面波浪谱与海面风速相结合,利用波浪发声理论得到一种低频海洋环境噪声理论表示方法。仿真结果表明,波浪谱决定着辐射噪声谱的强度和斜率,本模型得到的理论噪声谱可以对低频海洋环境噪声进行预报。2016年的深海实验观测数据分析显示,统计的环境噪声谱级在1 Hz至100 Hz频段范围内大于70 dB,并且噪声谱在低频段呈倒“N”型,在34 Hz处为噪声谱的谷值,噪声级为70 dB,在50 Hz处为噪声谱的峰值,噪声级为92 dB,通过理论计算和实验对比,相关系数为0.95,理论结果和实验测量对比结果符合较好。      

The effects of the ocean surface wave spectrum on low frequency ambient noise in deep water

An ocean surface wave spectrum which is used for low frequency ambient noise in deep water is proposed. It explains the mechanism of low frequency ambient noise from the theoretical relation between the spectrum of sound pressure and wave. Combining the surface wave spectrum and local wind speed in deep water, a theoretical expression of low frequency ambient noise is obtained with wave generated noise theory. Simulation results show that the wave spectrum is crucial to the intensity and the spectral slope of radiated noise spectrum,and the theoretical noise spectrum could be used to predict the ambient noise in deep water.The predicting results axe verified through the experimental data recorded by an ocean bottom seismometer that was deployed on the floor of deep water in April 2016. It is observed that the statistical noise levels from the experimental data for frequencies from 1 Hz to 100 Hz are larger than 70 dB, and the low frequency ambient noise spectrum follows the shape of inverted"N",the valley of noise spectrum is at 3-4 Hz, and the noise intensity is 70 dB. The peak of noise spectrum is at 50 Hz, and the noise intensity is 92 dB. The correlation coefficient is 0.95 between the model spectrum and measured data.     

Summation of modes of a sound signal in a shallow sea

Results of an experiment on the summation of selected modes of a sound signal in a shallow sea (the Barents Sea, a sea depth of 120 m, a 17-km-long path) are presented. The experiment is performed with the use of a point source generating a broadband pulsed signal with a duration of 5 s and a linear frequency modulation within 100–300 Hz. The mode selection in the in-sea experiment is achieved using a vertical antenna array (32 hydrophones, length of 96 m). It is shown that the mode signals selected at the end of the path are formed with a part of the path. The modes are summed coherently (with the use of two methods) and incoherently. The noise immunity of the mode summation is estimated.     

电力变压器绕组振动声纹特性分析*

为更加准确分析变压器绕组的状态特征,本文提出一种基于多物理场耦合仿真的变压器绕组振动声纹特性分析方法。根据实验条件,建立变压器绕组振动噪声模型,考虑变压器绝缘油在噪声传播过程中的作用,对S13-M-200/10型号的油浸式变压器进行短路实验,测量油箱表面的振动加速度以及周围空间的声音信号。仿真结果与实测数据对比分析,油箱表面的振动加速度集中频率为100Hz,空间声音信号集中频率为100Hz和200Hz,验证仿真模型的有效性。最后,建立变压器机械故障的仿真模型,分析得到变压器发生机械故障时,声音信号中100Hz频率分量减少,200Hz频率分量增加,为变压器绕组故障诊断提供依据。     

Experimental study for control of sound transmission through double glazed window using optimally tuned Helmholtz resonators

This paper presents an experimental investigation of passively control of sound transmission through a double glazed window by using arrangement of Helmholtz resonators (HRs), which are commonly used for narrow band control application. The laboratory experiments were performed placing the window between reverberation chamber and anechoic chamber. The window was subject to diffuse field, approximate normal wave and oblique wave acoustic excitations. Three sets of HRs were designed and installed in cavity of window. The sound control performances at far-field were measured. The control performances from varying the number of HRs, incident acoustic field, excitation sources (band-limited white noise and traffic noise examples) are presented and discussed in detail. It is shown that a considerable reduction of the transmitted sound pressure levels has been achieved around the mass–air–mass resonance frequency (50–120 Hz). The obtained reductions in the transmitted sound pressure illustrate the potentials of HRs for improving the sound insulation characteristics of double glazed window. The experimental results also indicate that only tuning the HRs to the mass–air–mass resonance frequency does not guarantee the best possible insulation of the sound transmission.     

Investigation on Noise Pollution Comprehensive Treatment of Distribution Transformer in Living Area

In the current paper, which deals with the noise pollution excited by distribution transformers in the living area, a comprehensive treatment scheme is put forward for the purpose of reducing the sound pressure level emitting into the environment. In accordance with the associated test standard, the sound pressure levels of distribution transformer and surrounding environment are not only tested but analyzed as well. The measurements were carried out with the frequency analysis of the 1/3 octave resolution, with the center frequencies at 125 Hz, 250 Hz, 400 Hz, and 500 Hz. As illustrated, on the basis of the measurement results, the frequency of noise at 500 Hz of distribution transformer causes the major noise pollution in the surrounding environment. This measurement result is in line with the noise frequency characteristics of distribution transformer. There are two transmission routes of noise: i) the noise excited by distribution transformer transmits by means of the wall of distribution room, and ii) part of noise spreads through the ground of distribution room. Accordingly, acoustic shield and vibration isolation device are applied for the reduction of the low frequency noise emitted through the above two paths. Aimed at applying the appropriate acoustic material and vibration mounting, the evaluation of the noise reduction and vibration absorption is carried out in accordance with the sound and vibration insulation theory. Following the noise treatment, the transformer and environment noise are measured again. The corresponding findings shed light on the fact that the sound level satisfied the requirement of limits of the ordinance. The proposed noise treatment scheme can be applied to the existing power distribution facilities for controlling the sound levels that reach a point where it is comparatively more unobjectionable.     

轻卡进气管的结构优化及其声学性能

为有效降低轻卡进气管的噪声，首先通过原始进气管的噪声实验，测试得出噪声的主要贡献频率，结合管道的布置情况，进行了消声器(谐振腔)的设计，进而完成对进气管的优化设计；通过专业声学分析软件LMS Virtual.lab对优化前后的进气管进行声学性能的模拟研究，得出了谐振腔对声场的具体影响；通过噪声实验，分析出加装谐振腔的进气管相比于原始进气管的降噪效果。研究结果表明：在所研究的进气管噪声的主要贡献频率下(即125 Hz、180 Hz、465 Hz、640 Hz)，加装谐振腔后，传递损失均能得到有效增加；在怠速工况和加速工况下，优化后的进气管噪声值均能满足限定值。因此，通过添加谐振腔来优化进气管可以达到了较好的降噪效果。该研究可为汽车进气管降噪元件的优化设计提供一定的指导。     

An experimental study of swinbanks' method of active attenuation of sound in ducts

The concept of attenuating sound propagating down a duct by means of an antiphase copy of the sound was first put forward forty years ago, but to date no practical system has been produced. The principal problem is to introduce the antiphase signal in such a way that it propagates only in the direction of propagation of the original sound and to ensure that this property can be maintained over a useful frequency range.A suitable arrangement of secondary sound sources has recently been proposed by Swinbanks and this paper describes experiments carried out in an attempt to realise a practical system.A unidirectional array of secondary sources has been successfully constructed around a rectangular duct, using loudspeaker drive units and electronic delays. Sound propagating in the direction of these sources was sampled and a control signal applied to the sources which in turn acted to significantly reduce the amplitude of the sound. Pure tones at frequencies around 150 Hz have been attenuated by more than 50 dB but results with band-limited noise have been less successful. Further work is suggested which should result in a device having significant advantages over conventional splitter silencers, at low frequencies.     

气流管道有源降噪研究

如何消除气流的影响是管道有源降噪的难点之一，本文分析了湍流对有源降噪系统的影响，并开发了一种抗湍流传声器探管，最后在某种通风系统的进气管段进行了降噪试验，气流速度为２０ｍ／ｓ时，在６０－６３０Ｈｚ频带取得了１５ｄＢ（Ａ）的降噪效果。