利用原位红外光谱与微分电化学质谱联用技术研究在Pt以及PtRu电极上发生的甲醇氧化反应

利用电化学衰减全反射原位傅里叶变换红外光谱与微分电化学质谱联用技术,在流动电解池环境以及恒电位条件下研究了Pt电极和Pt电极通过表面电沉积Ru形成的PtRu电极（PtxRuy）上发生的甲醇氧化反应（反应电解质溶液为0.1 mol/L HClO4＋0.5 mol/L MeOH）. 在0.3-0.6 V（参比电极为可逆氢参比）实验用到的所有电极上,CO是唯一能从红外光谱观察到的与甲醇相关的表面吸附物;在Pt0.56Ru0.44电极上可以观察到CO吸附在Ru原子形成的岛上和CO线式吸附在Pt电极表面红外波段,而其他电极上只能观察到Pt表面上线式吸附的CO;甲醇氧化活性按Pt0.73Ru0.27〉Pt0.56Ru0.44〉Pt0.83Ru0.17〉Pt的顺序递减;在0.5V时,甲醇在Pt0.73Ru0.27电极上的氧化反应的CO2电流效率达到了50%.     

Ru膜上Pt层的自发沉积及其在电化学表面增强红外光谱中的应用

采用自发沉积法在Ru膜上生成超薄Pt层(简称Ru/Pt膜), 即在开路状态下将电化学还原后的Ru膜浸于除去氧的H2PtCl6溶液中进行自发沉积. 电化学伏安法测量表明, 随着电还原-自发沉积循环次数的增加, 该Ru/Pt膜电极所含Pt组分增加, 且CO吸附层的电氧化峰电位较Pt膜电极上的明显负移. 应用现场衰减全反射表面增强红外光谱法(ATR-SEIRAS)可轻易检测到在该膜电极Pt和Ru位上吸附CO的振动谱峰. 所制Ru/Pt膜电极不仅对CO的电催化氧化具有协同效应, 还可应用于现场ATR-SEIRAS的研究中.     

Sb在Pt(100),Pt(110),Pt(111)及Pt(320)上不可逆吸附的电化学特性

研究了Sb在Pt(1 0 0 ) ,Pt(1 1 0 ) ,Pt(1 1 1 )和Pt(32 0 )单晶面上不可逆吸附的电化学特性 .发现当扫描电位的上限Eu≤ 0 .45V时 ,Sbad可以稳定地吸附在Pt(1 0 0 ) ,Pt(1 1 0 )和Pt(1 1 1 )表面 ,而Sbad在Pt(32 0 )表面稳定的电位较低 ,为Eu≤ 0 .40V .从饱和吸附Sb的铂单晶电极出发 ,通过改变电位扫描上限Eu 和电位扫描圈数可以获得不同Sb覆盖度 (θSb)的电极 .根据Sb和H在铂单晶电极表面共吸附的定量数据 ,对Sb在不同铂单晶面上饱和吸附的模型进行了初步探讨 .     

Pt-Ru合金薄膜的电沉积制备及其电化学表面增强红外吸收光谱

在1mmol·L-1H2PtCl6+1mmol·L-1RuCl3+0.1mol·L-1H2SO4镀液中采用电沉积法在化学镀金膜的红外窗口Si反射面上制备Pt50Ru50合金电极.利用原子力显微镜(AFM)可以观察到制备的Pt50Ru50合金电极形貌呈现出100-200nm大小的颗粒.常规电化学分析方法得出该电极具有典型的合金特征,对CO和CH3OH具有很好的催化氧化作用.应用电化学现场衰减全反射表面增强红外光谱法(ATR-SEIRAS)可以观察到该电极上Pt位和Ru位上CO的振动谱峰,且表现出Pt-Ru二元金属良好的协同催化性能.     

甲酸在Pt-Ru/GC电极上氧化的SERS研究

采用循环伏安(CV)法、计时电流法和电化学原位表面增强拉曼散射光谱(SERS)技术研究了甲酸在Pt-Ru/GC电极上的氧化行为, 发现甲酸在Pt-Ru/GC电极上与在粗糙Pt电极上一样, 也能自发解离出强吸附中间体CO和活性中间体—COO－. 从分子水平证实钌的加入有利于提高电极对甲酸的电催化氧化活性, 当镀液中Pt：Ru的摩尔比从10∶1变化到1∶1, CO的氧化峰电位从0.41 V负移至0.35 V, 约负移了60 mV. Pt-Ru/GC(1∶1)电极与粗糙Pt电极相比, CO在电极表面氧化完毕的电位亦负移了约200 mV. 该研究结果表明, 电化学原位表面增强拉曼散射光谱技术可望成为研究电催化反应机理的普适谱学工具.     

一种金属单晶电极制备方法的建立和Cu2+在铂单晶上UPD过程的研究

同种材料而表面结构不同的电极往往有完全不同的电化学性能.使用在原子水平上表面结构明确的单晶电极不仅有助于对电极表面吸脱附过程、电场作用下表面结构重组、双电层微观结构、分子水平上的反应机理等基础理论进行深入研究,且对高选择性、高效电催化剂的研制也有指导意义.单晶电化学研究的基础就是制备定向不同的单晶电极.本文建立了金属单晶电极制备方法,并报道了Cu²⁺在Pt单晶电极上UPD(欠电位沉积)过程的研究结果.     

甲醇在欠电位沉积Ru修饰Pt电极上的催化氧化

采用欠电位沉积(upd)方法在Pt 表面沉积亚单层的Ru制备出upd-Ru/Pt 电极. 通过欠电位沉积前后电极在0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4溶液中循环伏安图-152 - 128 mV(vs Ag/AgCl)电位范围内对氢区的数值积分确定Pt表面Ru 的覆盖度. 用电化学方法测试了甲醇在upd-Ru/Pt电极上的催化氧化, 并讨论分析了欠电位沉积电位和Ru的表面覆盖度对甲醇氧化的影响. 结果表明, Ru能够欠电位沉积到Pt表面. Pt表面欠电位沉积少量的Ru 即能大大促进甲醇的氧化.只要控制upd-Ru的沉积量, upd-Ru原子就能大大促进甲醇氧化而与沉积电位无关. Ru原子对甲醇氧化的促进作用与Ru和Pt是否形成合金无关, 而取决于Ru 在Pt表面的百分含量.     

PEMFC商用催化剂电催化活性和寿命研究(英文)

采用自设计的特制H 形电解槽模拟单个氢 空气质子交换膜燃料电池运作,并以电化学方法、SEM及XRD等技术研究两种商用催化剂,即碳载铂(Pt/C)和纯铂钌(Pt Ru)的电催化活性、表面形貌及其结构和寿命.同时对比了两种催化剂分别放在H 形电解槽和常规电解槽中运行情况的测试结果.实验表明,经过H 形电解槽运行后的催化剂,其循环伏安曲线表征氢吸脱的特征峰分别发生了正偏移(Pt/C电极)和负偏移(Pt Ru电极),且对应的峰电流呈现减小的趋势(特别是Pt/C电极).一氧化碳的毒化造成纯铂钌的电催化活性显著下降,其影响是不可逆的.     

Pt单晶(210)、(310)和(510)阶梯晶面上CO2电催化还原的表面过程

研究Pt单晶 (210)、(310)和(510)三个阶梯晶面上CO₂电催化还原的表面过程. 通过改变处理条件获得单晶电极不同的表面结构. 研究结果指出, 当铂单晶电极表面保持其确定原子排列结构时, 对CO₂还原的电催化活性随晶面上(110)台阶密度的降低而减小, 即Pt(210) > Pt(310) > Pt(510); 当三个电极表面发生氧的吸附导致原子排列结构重建时, 其电催化活性均有不同程度的提高. 虽然其活性顺序未发生变化, 但(110)台阶位密度越大的表面其电催化活性增加的程度越高. 研究指出Pt单晶电极的表面结构越开放, 其电催化活性也越高, 并且在外界条件诱导下更易于转变为具有更高反应活性的表面结构. 而相对有序的表面结构则比较稳定. 研究结果从微观层次获得CO₂与Pt单晶电极表面相互作用的规律, 深化了对CO₂电催化还原表面过程的认识.     

Pt/C和Pt/CNTs电极的电化学稳定性研究

采用恒电位氧化法研究了Pt/C和Pt/CNTs电极的电化学稳定性. 相同条件下, Pt/C电极的氧化电流大约为Pt/CNTs电极的2倍; 120 h氧化后, Pt/C电极Pt的电化学表面积下降了21.3%, 而Pt/CNTs电极仅下降了7.6%, 表明Pt/CNTs电极性能衰减较慢. X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析表明, Pt/C的载体碳黑表面氧增加量大于Pt/CNTs中碳纳米管(CNTs)表面氧的增加量, 说明碳黑的被氧化程度较高, 电化学稳定性差; Pt的表面化学状态没有发生变化; 碳纳米管本身的抗电化学氧化性也大于碳黑. 所以, 载体的被氧化程度不同是两种电极性能衰减不同的主要原因之一, 并且排除了Pt表面状态的影响.     

Interaction of CO and deuterium with bimetallic, monolayer Pt-island/film covered Ru(0001) surfaces

The adsorption properties of structurally well defined bimetallic Pt/Ru(0001) surfaces, consisting of a Ru(0001) substrate partly or fully covered by monolayer Pt islands or a monolayer Pt film, were studied by temperature programmed desorption (TPD) using CO and deuterium as probe molecules. Additionally, the adsorption of CO was investigated by infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). The presence of the pseudomorphic platinum islands or monolayer film leads to considerable modifications of the adsorption properties for both adsorbates, both on the Pt covered and, to a smaller extent, on the bare Ru part of the surfaces. In addition to distinct weakly bound adspecies, which are adsorbed on the monolayer Pt islands, we find unique contributions from island edge desorption, from spill-over processes during the desorption run, and a general down-shift of the peak related to desorption from Pt-free Ru(0001) areas with increasing Pt coverage. These effects, which we consider as characteristic for adsorption on bimetallic surfaces with large contiguous areas of the respective types, are discussed in detail.     

Kinetically Limited CO Adsorption: Spill-Over as a Highly Effective Adsorption Pathway on Bimetallic Surfaces

We demonstrate that the (local) adsorbed carbon monoxide, CO_ad, coverage on the Pt-free areas of bimetallic Pt/Ru(0001) surfaces (a Ru(0001) substrate partly covered by Pt monolayer islands) can be increased to ∼0.80 monolayers (ML), well above the established saturation CO_ad coverage of 0.68 ML, even under ultrahigh vacuum conditions by using spill-over of CO adsorbed on the Pt islands to the Ru areas as an highly effective adsorption channel. The apparent CO_ad saturation coverage of 0.68 ML on pure Ru(0001) is identified as due to kinetic limitations, hindering further uptake from the gas phase, rather than being caused by thermodynamic reasons. This spill-over mechanism is proposed to be a general phenomenon for adsorption on bimetallic surfaces.     

Carbon monoxide adsorption on Ru-modified Pt surfaces: time-resolved infrared reflection absorption studies in ultrahigh vacuum

The vibrational spectra of CO adsorbed on Ru-modified Pt(100) surfaces prepared by chemical vapor deposition (condensation of Ru(3)(CO)(12) at 105 K followed by X-ray irradiation and thermal decomposition at 650 K in ultrahigh vacuum, UHV) was investigated by time-resolved infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) in UHV. Spectra were recorded while Ru/Pt(100) bimetallic surfaces (theta(Ru) = 0.24 and 0.52 by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS) were dosed with gas-phase CO. Analysis of the data revealed that for a wide range of calibrated CO exposures, the linear CO-stretching region displays two features: a higher energy peak (2085-2100 cm(-1)), attributed to CO adsorbed on pristine Pt(100) sites, and a lower energy peak (2066-2092 cm(-1)), ascribed to adsorption of CO on sites on the surface induced by the presence of Ru. Similar experiments were performed on bimetallic specimens annealed repeatedly in UHV to 650 K to promote partial Ru dissolution into the lattice and thus render surfaces gradually enriched in Pt. For all surfaces and CO exposures examined, the total integrated area under the two CO spectral features remained fairly constant and equal in value to the corresponding areas found for bare Pt(100). If it is assumed that a fixed exposure leads to a fixed coverage on both bare and Ru-modified Pt(100)surfaces, and the thermal treatment leads to an exchange of Ru by Pt sites without altering significantly the total number of metal sites on the surface, the absorption cross sections for both of these peaks are virtually the same.     

Oxygen adsorption on Pt/Ru(0001) layers

Chemical properties of epitaxially grown bimetallic layers may deviate substantially from the behavior of their constituents. Strain in conjunction with electronic effects due to the nearby interface represent the dominant contribution to this modification. One of the simplest surface processes to characterize reactivity of these substrates is the dissociative adsorption of an incoming homo-nuclear diatomic molecule. In this study, the adsorption of O(2) on various epitaxially grown Pt films on Ru(0001) has been investigated using infrared absorption spectroscopy and thermal desorption spectroscopy. Pt/Ru(0001) has been chosen as a model system to analyze the individual influences of lateral strain and of the residual substrate interaction on the energetics of a dissociative adsorption system. It is found that adsorption and dissociative sticking depends dramatically on Pt film thickness. Even though oxygen adsorption proceeds in a straightforward manner on Pt(111) and Ru(0001), molecular chemisorption of oxygen on Pt/Ru(0001) is entirely suppressed for the Pt/Ru(0001) monolayer. For two Pt layers chemisorbed molecular oxygen on Pt terraces is produced, albeit at a very slow rate; however, no (thermally induced) dissociation occurs. Only for Pt layer thicknesses N(Pt) ≥ 3 sticking gradually speeds up and annealing leads to dissociation of O(2), thereby approaching the behavior for oxygen adsorption on genuine Pt(111). For Pt monolayer films a novel state of chemisorbed O(2), most likely located at step edges of Pt monolayer islands is identified. This state is readily populated which precludes an activation barrier towards adsorption, in contrast to adsorption on terrace sites of the Pt/Ru(0001) monolayer.     

Water wettability of close-packed metal surfaces

We propose a new microscopic criterion to determine surface wetting: water wets the surface whenever its overlayer has a larger adsorption energy than three-dimensional clusters on the bare or water-covered substrate. This conceptually intuitive criterion is validated by detailed first-principles calculations of the energetics of layers and clusters of water on different metal surfaces. This criterion resolves naturally the current discrepancy between theory and experiment on the wetting behavior of undissociated water on Ru(0001), as well as the hydrophobic nature of the Au(111) surface. It also explains the Stranski-Krastanov ice growth on Pt(111) observed experimentally.     

Initial growth of the water layer on (1 x 1)-oxygen-covered Ru(0001) in comparison with that on bare Ru(0001)

The initial growth of a water (D2O) layer on (1 x 1)-oxygen-covered Ru(0001) has been studied in comparison with that on bare Ru(0001) by means of temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). Although water molecules adsorbed on both bare and (1 x 1)-oxygen-covered Ru(0001) commonly tend to form hydrogen bonds with each other when mobility occurs upon heating, the TPD and IRAS measurements for the two surfaces exhibit distinct differences. On (1 x 1)-oxygen-covered Ru(0001), most of the D2O molecules were desorbed with a peak at 160 K, even at submonolayer coverage, as condensed water desorption. The vibration spectra of adsorbed D2O also showed broad peaks such as a condensed water phase, from the beginning of low coverage. For submonolayer coverage, in addition, we found a characteristic O-D stretching mode at around 2650 cm(-1), which is never clearly observed for D2O on bare Ru(0001). Thus, we propose a distinctive water adsorption structure on (1 x 1)-oxygen-covered Ru(0001) and discuss its influence on water layer growth in comparison with the case of D2O on bare Ru(0001).     

C-H bond activation over metal oxides: a new insight into the dissociation kinetics from density functional theory

The C-H activation on metal oxides is a fundamental process in chemistry. In this paper, we report a density functional theory study on the process of the C-H activation of CH(4) on Pd(111), Pt(111), Ru(0001), Tc(0001), Cu(111), PdO(001), PdO(110), and PdO(100). A linear relationship between the C-H activation barrier and the chemisorption in the dissociation final state on the metal surfaces is obtained, which is consistent with the work in the literature. However, the relationship is poor on the metal oxide surfaces. Instead, a strong linear correlation between the barrier and the lattice O-H bond strength is found on the oxides. The new linear relationship is analyzed and the physical origin is identified.     

Chemical composition and reactivity of water on hexagonal Pt-group metal surfaces

The dissociation behaviour and valence-electronic structure of water adsorbed on clean and oxygen-covered Ru{0001}, Rh{111}, Pd{111}, Ir{111} and Pt{111} surfaces has been studied by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with the aim of identifying similarities and trends within the Pt-group metals. On average, we find higher reactivity for the 4d metals (Ru, Rh, Pd) as compared to 5d (Ir, Pt), which is correlated with characteristic shifts in the 1b(1) and 3a(1) molecular orbitals of water. Small amounts of oxygen (< 0.2 ML) induce dissociation of water on all five surfaces, for higher coverages (> 0.25 ML) only intact water is observed. Under UHV conditions these higher coverages can only be reached on the 4d metals, the 5d metals are, therefore, not passivated.     

Investigation of formation mechanism of Pt(111) nanoparticle layers grown on Ru(0001) core

A layer growth mechanism of Pt-Ru bimetallic nanoparticles has been proposed with supporting experiments and calculations by density functional theory (DFT). Elongated Pt atoms on Ru nanoparticles were synthesized via a two-step route, and their structural details were obtained by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Because of the intrinsic mismatch of lattice spacing between the two elements, such an unusual growth was analyzed with the DFT simulations to explore the mystery of the growth mechanism. Pt atoms would rearrange the packing order and adjust the Pt-Pt atomic distance, and so do the Ru nanoparticles in order to achieve the optimal energy status of the bimetallic system. The resultant Pt(111) layers could stack on top of the Ru(0001) core more tightly by fitting the pockets left between the Ru atoms. The findings give insight into the formation mechanism of the nanosized Pt-Ru bimetallic catalyst and pave the way for designing bimetallic catalysts with tailored properties at the atomic level.     

Surface structural and chemical characterization of Pt/Ru composite electrodes: a combined study by XPS, STM and IR spectroscopy

Electrochemical Ru deposits on Pt(111) surfaces are investigated by STM; the images of the Ru-modified surfaces show islands of monoatomic height and between 2–5 nm in diameter. The density of islands on the surface depends on the Ru deposition potential (observed by STM and XRSD) and the cyclic voltammograms indicate an increasing Ru coverage for lower deposition potentials. The Ru surface coverage is determined by ex-situ XPS measurements and a linear dependence of the Ru coverage on the deposition potential is demonstrated. IR spectra of a monolayer of adsorbed CO on the Ru-modified Pt(111) surfaces show distinct bands for CO adsorbed on Pt and on Ru. For the integrated band intensity of the CO/Ru vibration a linear dependence on deposition potential is found indicating that lateral dipole interactions between CO adsorbed on Pt and Ru are unimportant and that the CO coverage on the Ru islands is constant for the Ru coverages investigated. The possibility of using adsorbate vibrational bands for the determination of the coverage of deposits is discussed. Received: 24 June 1996 / Revised: 6 December 1996 / Accepted: 12 December 1996