原位包覆导电聚吡咯的Li1.26Fe0.22Mn0.52O2富锂铁锰基正极材料的制备及电化学性能的提高

采用化学氧化聚合的方法成功合成了导电聚吡咯(PPy)包覆的纳米尺寸Li_1.26Fe_0.22Mn_0.52O₂(LFMO)正极材料。通过X射线衍射(XRD)检测样品的晶体结构,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察材料形态和微观结构。元素映射和傅里叶变换红外光谱结果表明,PPy导电网络存在于复合材料中,并且PPy均匀分布在LFMO颗粒上。通过恒流充放电测试和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)分析研究了所有样品的电化学性能,结果表明表面上的PPy显著降低了LFMO的电荷转移电阻。包覆PPy质量分数为2%的LFMO-2%PPy表现出极好的倍率性能和良好的循环稳定性,其在1C倍率下首次放电容量为206 mAh·g^-1,首圈库仑效率为87%,在1C和2C分别循环50圈后,其容量分别稳定在131和139 mAh·g^-1。     

微量Mg/F表面梯度渗透改善高电压LiCoO2界面脆弱

采用高温固相法在1 050℃下烧结,制备了LiCoO₂低浓度梯度改性样品,分别为LiF掺杂包覆(LCOLF、LCO@LF)和MgF₂掺杂包覆(LCOMF、LCO@MF)。通过光电子能谱、透射电子显微镜和电化学技术等表征方法,对比分析材料形貌及电化学性能。结果表明,体相掺杂复合电极中,LCOLF热重测试显示出最优热稳定性,LCOMF晶体中(003)和(104)晶面间距收缩;45℃下1C倍率循环70圈后,LCOLF和LCOMF比容量分别为141.45和166.98 mAh·g^-1,循环性能优于LiCoO₂。表面包覆复合电极中,LCO@LF和LCO@MF晶粒表面光洁且晶格氧键价都向更高结合能方向增强;LCO@MF构建了坚实且紧密的包覆层,循环70圈后,放电比容量和容量保持率分别为183 mAh·g-1和91.26%(LCO@LF分别为154.38 mAh·g^-1和77.54%),循环性能显著优于体相掺杂。     

碳包覆碳酸钴锂离子电池负极材料的制备及电化学性能

以葡萄糖作为碳源,通过简单的水热反应获得菱形碳包覆碳酸钴(CoCO₃/C)复合材料,并研究了其作为锂离子电池负极材料的电化学性能.晶型和表面形貌通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)进行表征,用热重-差热分析法(TG-DTA)来测试CoCO₃/C材料中碳的含量,用拉曼光谱分析无定型碳的存在. Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH)则用来分析材料的孔径分布情况.实验表明,碳包覆不仅在CoCO₃颗粒表面包覆了一层无定性碳,使得CoCO₃材料在充放电过程中保持结构的稳定性,也形成了一些大约30 nm左右的介孔,这种孔的存在有助于电解液中离子的传输,从而提高材料的电化学性能.电极材料在0.90C(1.00C = 450 mAh•g^-1)倍率下进行循环测试, 500次后的容量仍保持在539 mAh•g^-1,显示出了较好的循环性能.当增加到3.00C倍率时CoCO₃/C容量为130 mAh•g^-1,再恢复到0.15C倍率时容量依然能够达到770 mAh•g^-1,表现出了CoCO₃/C具有良好的稳定性.     

富锂锰基正极材料的改性及其电化学性能研究

采用溶剂热法成功制备了富锂锰基正极材料Li_1.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂(LLO),通过铈离子掺杂和Nb₂O₅包覆,获得新型改性富锂锰基正极材料CNLLO。与LLO相比,比镍、钴、锰离子半径更大的铈离子的掺入增加了CNLLO的层间距,提高了锂离子扩散速率;Nb₂O₅包覆层抑制了CNLLO表面的副反应,限制了晶体结构的转变,提高了CNLLO的稳定性。在10 C倍率下,CNLLO的放电比容量(128.0 mAh·g^-1)高于LLO(85.6 mAh·g^-1)。此外,CNLLO还表现出优异的循环性能,1 C下循环200次后容量保持率和平均放电电压衰减值分别为80.2%和415.3 mV。因此,所制备的CNLLO正极材料具有优异的电化学性能,在锂离子电池中具有广阔的应用前景。     

高倍率性能纳微结构锂离子电池正极材料0.6Li2MnO3-0.4LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2的简易制备

采用快速共沉淀法合成了立方体的层状无钴富锂固溶体正极材料0.6Li₂MnO₃-0.4LiNi_0.5Mn_0.5O₂.通过X射线衍射(XRD), X射线光电子能谱(XPS),电感耦合等离子体(ICP),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),透射电子显微镜(TEM)及电性能测试等手段对材料进行了表征.结果表明,材料具有典型的α-NaFeO₂六方层状晶体结构且具有与目标材料相似的化学组成. SEM和TEM结果表明,材料由粒径为40-200 nm的纳米颗粒组装成立方体结构.在文中给出了一个立方团聚体可能的形成机理.电化学性能测试(2.0-4.8 V电压范围内(vs Li/Li⁺))显示该材料具有优异的倍率性能, 0.1C和10C倍率下的放电比容量分别是243和143 mAh·g^-1.此外,该材料具有良好的循环稳定性,即使在大倍率测试后, 0.5C倍率下循环72次仍显示出90.7%的高容量保持率.这种具有简易操作步骤和优异结果的共沉淀方法是一种经济的能够促进锂离子电池正极材料大规模应用的技术手段.     

制备条件对MXene形貌、 结构与电化学性能的影响

以Ti₃AlC₂为原料, 采用LiF+HCl一步刻蚀-插层制备Ti₃C₂T_x, 进一步通过超声处理得到单层或少层的MXene. 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)和电化学测试对样品的结构、 形貌和电化学性能进行了研究. 通过改变刻蚀剂的比例及超声剥离时间, 研究了不同刻蚀条件和剥离条件对二维晶体Ti₃C₂T_x的形貌、 结构和电化学性能的影响. 结果表明, 制备条件对MXene的片层结构和性能具有较大的影响. 当HCl浓度为6 mol/L, LiF与Ti₃AlC₂的摩尔比为7.5, 超声时间为1 h时, 所得MXene具有较小的晶格常数和较大的片层尺寸, 片层尺寸可达1 μm, 具有较多的表面含氧官能团, 电化学性能最佳, 在0.5 A/g的电流密度下, 质量比容量达到342 F/g, 当电流密度提高至20 A/g时, 质量比容量仍可保持244 F/g, 在1 A/g电流密度下循环10000周后, 容量仍能保留87%左右, 表现出较好的倍率性能与循环稳定性.     

CoAl2O4包覆LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2的电化学性能

通过共沉淀法制得类球形锂离子电池正极材料LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂,并用非水相共沉法对其进行CoAl₂O₄包覆得到LNCMO(x). 采用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微术（SEM）和透射电子显微术（TEM）测试材料的结构和观察材料形貌. 结果表明,CoAl₂O₄在材料表面形成8 nm均匀包覆层,未改变主体材料的结构. 电化学性能测试表明,1%（by mass）CoAl₂O₄包覆量的LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2材料（LNCMO(1)）高充电电压（3.0 ~ 4.6 V,150 mA·g^-1）100周期循环放电容量保持率为93.7%（无包覆LNCMO(0)保持率为74.4%）;55 °C高温100周期循环容量保持率为77%（无包覆LNCMO(0)保持率17%）. XRD和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）测试表明,CoAl₂O₄包覆的LNCMO(x)材料可有效地减缓材料中Mn离子在电解液的溶解,提高材料结构稳定性和热稳定性.     

PEG包覆涂层对含碳纤维导电剂的锂硫正极材料的影响

通过球磨混合及聚乙二醇（PEG）包覆处理制备含有高模量碳纤维（HMCF）的硫基复合材料.采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测定材料的结构和形貌,采用X-光电子扫描能谱（XPS）验证了PEG包覆在材料的表面,较系统地研究了PEG含量对含有高模量碳纤维的硫正极比容量、循环稳定性和倍率性能等性能的影响.结果表明：和常用的导电剂乙炔黑(AB)相比,HMCF导电剂具有结晶度高,接触角小,吸液性能好等优点.当PEG涂层量为1.09%时,硫正极初始放电容量为1312.5 mAh·g^-1,在电流密度为200 mA·g^-1充放电时,50次循环以后可逆容量保持为650 mAh·g^-1,和没有PEG涂层相比,循环稳定性提高了39.9%.     

NaOH浓度对Na0.44MnO2储钠性能的影响

我们通过球磨法及后续的高温焙烧合成出了短棒状的Na_0.44MnO₂,并研究了其作为碱性水溶液钠离子电池正极时,电解液NaOH浓度对其电化学性能的影响。结果表明,提高NaOH浓度有利于抑制嵌氢反应的发生并改善电极的循环性能和倍率性能,但同时也会造成析氧反应的提前触发,浓度过高时则又会降低其倍率性能。Na_0.44MnO₂在8 mol·L^?1 NaOH中表现出了最佳的电化学性能,0.5C(1C=121 mA·g^?1)的电流密度下,比容量达到79.2 mAh·g^?1,50C时,仍能释放出35.3 mAh·g^?1的比容量,在0.2–1.2 V(vs.NHE)的电压窗口内,500周后容量保持率64.3%。此外,我们也发现缩小电压窗口可以减少副反应、改善循环性能。Na_0.44MnO₂在浓碱电解液中也表现出了优异的耐过充能力。上述结果不仅表明通过优化电解液体系和测试条件可大大改善Na_0.44MnO₂的储钠性能,同时也证实了Na_0.44MnO₂作为一种水溶液钠离子电池正极材料,在大规模储能领域具有良好的应用前景。     

铝掺杂及钨酸锂表面包覆双效提升富锂锰基正极材料的循环稳定性

采用溶胶-凝胶法合成Al掺杂富锂锰基Li_1.2Mn_0.54-xAl_xNi_0.13Co_0.13O₂（x=0、0.03）锂离子电池正极材料,之后采用一步液相法制备Li₂WO₄包覆层,系统地研究了Al掺杂和Li₂WO₄包覆双效改性对富锂锰基正极材料电化学性能的影响.结果表明,Al掺杂后明显提升富锂锰基正极材料的循环稳定性,包覆层Li₂WO₄明显改善其倍率性能和放电平台电压衰减问题.Li₂WO₄包覆量为5% Li_1.2Mn_0.51Al_0.03Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂正极材料在2.0~4.8 V充放电电压区间及1000 mA·g^-1电流密度下比容量仍高达110 mAh·g^-1左右,同时在100 mA·g^-1的电流密度下循环300次容量保持率为78%,而且循环过程中放电平台电压衰减也明显减缓.该工作为解决锂离子电池富锂锰基正极材料循环稳定性和平台电压衰减提供了新的思路.     

Sc2MgGa2 and Y2MgGa2

Scandium magnesium gallide, Sc₂MgGa₂, and yttrium magnesium gallide, Y₂MgGa₂, were synthesized from the corresponding elements by heating under an argon atmosphere in an induction furnace. These intermetallic compounds crystallize in the tetragonal Mo₂FeB₂‐type structure. All three crystallographically unique atoms occupy special positions and the site symmetries of (Sc/Y, Ga) and Mg are m2m and 4/m, respectively. The coordinations around Sc/Y, Mg and Ga are pentagonal (Sc/Y), tetragonal (Mg) and triangular (Ga) prisms, with four (Mg) or three (Ga) additional capping atoms leading to the coordination numbers [10], [8+4] and [6+3], respectively. The crystal structure of Sc₂MgGa₂ was determined from single‐crystal diffraction intensities and the isostructural Y₂MgGa₂ was identified from powder diffraction data.     

Zur Kenntnis der Dialkalimetalldichalkogenide β-Na2S2, K2S2, α-Rb2S2, β-Rb2S2, K2Se2, Rb2Se2, α-K2Te2, β-K2Te2 und Rb2Te2

On Dialkali Metal Dichalcogenides β-Na₂S₂, K₂S₂, α-Rb₂S₂, β-Rb₂S₂, K₂Se₂, Rb₂Se₂, α-K₂Te₂, β-K₂Te₂ and Rb₂Te₂ The first presentation of pure samples of α- and β-Rb₂S₂, α- and β-K₂Te₂, and Rb₂Te₂ is described. Using single crystals of K₂S₂ and K₂Se₂, received by ammonothermal synthesis, the structure of the Na₂O₂ type and by using single crystals of β-Na₂S₂ and β-K₂Te₂ the Li₂O₂ type structure will be refined. By combined investigations with temperature-dependent Guinier-, neutron diffraction-, thermal analysis, and Raman-spectroscopy the nature of the monotropic phase transition from the Na₂O₂ type to the Li₂O₂ type will be explained by means of the examples α-/β-Na₂S₂ and α-/β-K₂Te₂. A further case of dimorphic condition as well as the monotropic phase transition of α- and β-Rb₂S₂ is presented. The existing areas of the structure fields of the dialkali metal dichalcogenides are limited by the model of the polar covalence.     

Crystal Structures of [Bu2Sn(O2PPh2)2], [Ph2Sn(O2PPh2)2], and [PhClSn(O2PPh2)OMe]2. Raman Spectra of [Ph2Sn(O2PPh2)2] and [PhClSn(O2PPh2)OMe]2

[(n‐Bu)₂Sn(O₂PPh₂)₂] ( 1 ), and [Ph₂Sn(O₂PPh₂)₂] ( 2 ) have been synthesized by the reactions of R₂SnCl₂ (R=n‐Bu, Ph) with HO₂PPh₂ in Methanol. From the reaction of Ph₂SnCl₂ with diphenylphosphinic acid a third product [PhClSn(O₂PPh₂)OMe]₂ ( 3 ) could be isolated. X‐ray diffraction studies show 1 to crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2₁/c with a = 1303.7(1) pm, b = 2286.9(2) pm, c = 1063.1(1) pm, β = 94.383(6)°, and Z = 4. 2 crystallizes triclinic in the space group , the cell parameters being a = 1293.2(2) pm, b = 1478.5(4) pm, c = 1507.2(3) pm, α = 98.86(3)°, β = 109.63(2)°, γ = 114.88(2)°, and Z = 2. Both compounds form arrays of eight‐membered rings (SnOPO)₂ linked at the tin atoms to form chains of infinite length. The dimer 3 consists of a like ring, in which the tin atoms are bridged by methoxo groups. It crystallizes triclinic in space group with a = 946.4(1) pm, b = 963.7(1) pm, c = 1174.2(1) pm, α = 82.495(6)°, β = 66.451(6)°, γ = 74.922(6)°, and Z = 1 for the dimer. The Raman spectra of 2 and 3 are given and discussed.     

Electrochemical study of (NEt4)2Cl2FeS2MoS2 and (NEt4)2Cl2FeS2MoS2FeCl2

Summary The ability of [MoS₄]^2–, anions to be used as ligands for transition metal ions has been widely demonstrated, especially with Fe²⁺. The present study has been restricted to linear complexes such as (NEt₄)₂ [Cl₂FeS₂MoS₂] and (NEt₄)₂[Cl₂FeS₂MoS₂FeCl₂]. Their electrochemical properties are described: upon electrochemical reduction, these compounds yield MoS₂, as a black precipitate, and an iron complex in solution, assumed to be [SFeCl₂]^2–. The electrochemical reduction goes through two electron transfers, coupled with the breakdown of the molecular skeleton: a DISPl and an ECE mechanism. Depending on the solvent, the following equilibrium may be observed: [Cl₄Fe₂MoS₄]^2–[Cl₂FeMoS₄]^2–+FeCl₂. The equilibrium constant, K_D, was evaluated by differential pulse polarography. K_D is tightly related to the donor number of the solvent.     

Syntheses,Spectroscopic Studies,and Crystal Structures of Me2Sn(O2PPh2)2, Ph2Pb(O2PMe2)2, and Ph2Pb(O2PPh2)2

Me₂Sn(O₂PPh₂)₂ ( 1 ), Ph₂Pb(O₂PMe₂)₂ ( 2 ), and Ph₂Pb(O₂PPh₂)₂ ( 3 ) have been synthesized by the reactions of Me₂SnCl₂ or Ph₃PbCl with the corresponding diorganophosphinic acid in methanol. X‐ray diffraction studies show that the diorganophosphinate groups behave as double bridges between the metal atoms leading to polymeric ring‐chain structures with M₂O₄P₂ (M = Pb, Sn) eight‐membered rings. The organic groups bonded to the metal atoms are in trans‐position in the resulting octahedral arrangement around the metal atoms. The IR and the mass spectra were reported and discussed.     

Thermal decomposition of Me3SnO2PCl2, Me2Sn(O2PCl2)2 and Ph3SnO2PCl2

TG and DTA studies on Me₃SnO₂PCl₂, Me₂Sn(O₂PCl₂)₂ and Ph₃SnO₂PCl₂ were carried out under dynamic argon atmosphere. The results show that the decomposition proceeds in different stages leading to the formation of Sn₃(PO₄)₂ as a stable product. This compound was characterized by IR spectroscopy. Decomposition schemes involving reductive elimination reactions were proposed.     

The alkali hypophosphites KH2PO2, RbH2PO2 and CsH2PO2

The structures of the hypophosphites KH₂PO₂ (potassium hypophosphite), RbH₂PO₂ (rubidium hypophosphite) and CsH₂PO₂ (caesium hypophosphite) have been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The structures consist of layers of alkali cations and hypophosphite anions, with the latter bridging four cations within the same layer. The Rb and Cs hypophosphites are isomorphous.