生色团连接的苯骈三氮唑衍生物的激发态分子内质子转移

用从头算和密度泛函理论研究了对硝基二苯乙烯作为生色团连接的2-(2-羟基-苯基)-苯骈三氮唑的衍生物2-羟基-5-[对硝基-二苯乙烯基-氧亚甲基]-苯基-(2H-苯骈三氮唑)(C1)和4′-硝基-3,4-二[2-羟基-(2H-苯骈三氮唑)-苄氧基]-二苯乙烯(C2)发生激发态分子内质子转移(ESIPT)的可能性.系统研究了C1和C2发生ESIPT的互变异构体的基态与激发态的性质变化,包括相关的键长、键角等结构参数,Mulliken电荷和偶极矩,前线轨道以及势能曲线.计算结果表明,对于C1来讲,酮式(keto)的基态(K)不存在稳定结构,因此发生基态分子内质子转移(GSIPT)可能性很小.酮式的激发态(K*)的氢键强度要远强于烯醇式(enol)的激发态(E*)的氢键强度.分子在光致激发后,质子供体所带负电荷减小而质子受体所带负电荷增加.在K*,HOMO→LUMO的电子跃迁导致电子密度从"酚环"向质子化杂环转移.E*→K*跃迁只需要克服较小的能垒(约41 kJ.mol-1).计算结果表明C1发生ESIPT的可能性很大.C2由于具有高能量,其具有基态的单质子转移特征的异构体EK(同时含烯醇E与酮K结构)、具有基态的双质子转移特征的异构体2K(含有双酮结构),以及具有双酮结构特征的激发态2K*均无法获得它们的稳定结构,因此,基态分子内单或双质子转移和激发态分子内双重质子转移发生的可能性极小.然而,由于双烯醇式的激发态(2E*)和EK的激发态(EK*)存在稳定结构,且2E*→EK*跃迁具有低能垒,因此C2有可能发生激发态分子内单重质子转移.本文进一步计算了两个分子的紫外-可见吸收光谱与荧光发射光谱,获得了具有较大斯托克位移的ESIPT的荧光发射峰.     

基于异噁唑酮类份菁染料的激发态分子内质子转移的研究

运用量子化学理论计算方法研究了3-甲基-4-(1H-吲哚-3-次甲基)-异噁唑-5-酮(A)及其衍生物份菁染料的激发态分子内质子转移性质.研究表明:在基态3种染料AH(R=H),AO(R=—O(H3))和AP(R=—O(H2Ph))只存在酮式构型,在激发态AH与AP存在酮式和烯醇式2种构型,而AO存在酮式、烯醇式和仲胺式3种构型.红外光谱表明化合物从基态跃迁到激发态存在分子内的氢键增强作用,势能曲线显示激发态的质子转移为放热反应且能垒较低,通过分析电子光谱得到具有较大斯托克位移的激发态分子内质子转移的荧光发射峰,前线分子轨道理论计算进一步说明了其质子转移的发生过程.     

水杨酸-2′-乙基己基酯在胶束中的增溶位点

考察了阳离子、非离子和阴离子表面活性剂存在下水杨酸-2′-乙基己基酯(EHS)的吸收光谱和激发态分子内质子转移(ESIPT)荧光光谱.结果表明,EHS可增溶在胶束中,2′-乙基己基碳链朝向胶束内核,而水杨酸基朝向胶束-水界面;胶柬环境有利于EHS分子对紫外光的吸收和分子内氢键的形成,从而使ESIPT荧光显著增强,激发态分子以发射可见光和非辐射去活化方式衰减;并根据EHS和表面活性剂分子的结构和大小,解释了EHS分子在胶束中的结合位点,荧光猝灭和酯水解的光谱测量进一步为此结合位点提供了佐证.     

一个新的七元环吡咯-吡啶氢键分子激发态分子内质子转移的理论研究

运用含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)方法和以环己烷为溶剂的可极化连续模型(PCM),研究了2-[2-(1 H-pyrrol-2-yl)-cyclopent-1-enyl]-pyridine(7-HB)发生激发态分子内质子转移(ESIPT)的反应机制.结果表明,7-HB分子被光激发到Franck-Condon区域后,在第一光学亮态(S_1)上会发生一个超快的从Normal(N)式到Tautomer(T)式的质子转移反应,其反应的能垒仅有0.05eV.此外,在相同计算水平下,还研究了7-HB分子的吸收和发射光谱,所得结果与实验数据吻合得很好.     

水杨酸-2’-乙基己基酯在胶束中的增溶位点

考察了阳离子、非离子和阴离子表面活性剂存在下水杨酸-2’-乙基己基酯(EHS)的吸收光谱和激发态分子内质子转移(ESIPT)荧光光谱. 结果表明, EHS可增溶在胶束中, 2’-乙基己基碳链朝向胶束内核, 而水杨酸基朝向胶束-水界面; 胶束环境有利于EHS分子对紫外光的吸收和分子内氢键的形成, 从而使ESIPT 荧光显著增强, 激发态分子以发射可见光和非辐射去活化方式衰减; 并根据EHS和表面活性剂分子的结构和大小, 解释了EHS分子在胶束中的结合位点, 荧光猝灭和酯水解的光谱测量进一步为此结合位点提供了佐证.     

基于2-(2'-羟基苯基)苯并噻唑的激发态分子内质子转移化合物的光物理行为研究

运用量子化学理论计算方法结合现代光谱技术对激发态分子内质子转移(Excited state intramolecular proton transfer,ESIPT)化合物DHBIA{N,N'-di[3-hydroxy-4-(2'-benzothiazole)phenyl]5-tert-butyl-isophthalic amide}的激发态光物理行为进行了深入研究.研究表明:该化合物的醇式激发态很容易发生分子内C—N单键的快速扭转,使分子构型发生大幅扭曲,并显现出明显的扭曲的分子内电荷转移(Twisted intramolecular charge transfer,TICT)特征,激发态的这种构型弛豫导致的非辐射失活与质子转移过程相竞争,导致了激发态质子转移效率的降低以及相应酮式结构发光物种的大幅减少,从而致使化合物稀溶液的发光极为微弱.这种TICT特征也正是导致该化合物具有聚集发光增强性质的重要原因之一.     

2-(2-巯苯基)苯并噁唑分子内质子转移取代基电子效应的密度泛函理论研究

在B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)和TDB3LYP/6-31++G(d,p)//CIS/6-31G(d,p)水平上研究了2-(2-巯苯基)苯并噁唑及其衍生物基态和激发态分子内质子转移现象,并探讨取代基电子效应对分子内质子转移的影响,研究结果表明,在基态时,硫醇式异构体为优势构象,供电子取代基使基态分子内正向质子转移能垒(烯醇式→酮式)升高;而吸电子取代基则可降低能垒,有利于基态分子内质子转移并有助于硫酮式异构体的稳定.在激发态时,硫酮式结构为优势构象,所研究的2-(2-巯苯基)苯并噁唑化合物及衍生物均可以发生无能垒或低能垒(≤1.5kJ/mol)的激发态分子内质子转移.巯苯基部分是激发态失活的主要活性部分,供电子基团有利于激发态的质子转移,吸电子基团使激发态跃迁困难,不利于激发态的质子转移.     

2-羟基吡啶质子转移过程的理论研究

采用量子化学中的密度泛函理论,在B3LYP/6-31G(d)基组水平上,计算并考察了2-羟基吡啶分子醇式结构和酮式结构进行结构互变的质子转移过程中的4种可能途径:(a)分子内质子转移,(b)水助催化质子转移,(c)同种二聚体双质子转移和(d)异种二聚体间双质子转移.计算结果表明,途经c所需要的活化能最小(2.6 kJ•mol－1,逆反应则为27.1 kJ•mol－1),而过程a所需要的活化能最大(137.2 kJ•mol－1),途径b和d的活化能居中间(分别为38.7和17.3 kJ•mol－1).研究还表明,氢键在降低反应活化能方面起着重要的作用.     

含不同质子供体的2-苯基苯并三唑衍生物激发态质子转移的理论研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)和二级微扰理论(MP2)研究了带不同质子供体的2-苯基苯并三唑衍生物: 2-(2-羟苯基)苯并三唑(H-TIN), 2-(2-氨苯基)苯并三唑(APyBT)和2-(2-巯苯基)苯并三唑(MPyBT)的激发态分子内质子转移(ESIPT)性质以及它们作为紫外光吸收剂的光物理机制. 结果表明, 在基态时三个化合物的最稳定异构体是均存在分子内氢键的正常构型N, 而互变异构体T和其扭曲构型T_twisted都是不稳定的. 激发态势能曲线表明H-TIN和APyBT的ESIPT分别需要克服约7.06和20.7 kJ/mol的能垒, 而MPyBT的ESIPT无需能垒|同时结合分子轨道, 电荷差分密度三维立体图的分析结果表明三个化合物都能发生ESIPT, 并且伴随有扭曲分子内电荷转移, 这些原因均表明它们都具有好的紫外光稳定作用.     

竹红菌甲素光敏活性的量子化学研究

利用密度泛函B3LYP/6-31G^*方法对茈醌类光敏剂竹红菌甲素hypocrellin A(HA)及其模型化合物的结构性质和分子内氢传递(IHT)过程进行了系统的计算研究,比较了各侧链对分子结构和IHT过程的影响.利用CIS/6-31G^*方法对HA的活性中心苝醌(PQ)及与其结构类似的一系列化合物激发态的IHT过程进行了研究.得到的主要结论包括:(1)常温下,处于基态的HA分子能够进行快速的分子内氢传递.(2)HA的几种模型化合物在基态时的IHT势垒、分子内电荷分布与HA差别很小,这说明侧链对IHT过程的影响不大.(3)HA模型化合物的IHT势垒与氧氢键键长变化和氢键键长变化呈良好的线性关系.(4)IHT反应中伴随着一个电荷分离过程,在氢传递过程中占主导地位的是静电相互作用,这说明此IHT过程本质上是质子转移过程.(5)共轭结构对该类分子的激发态IHT过程具有重要影响,总的趋势是对小共轭体系,单重激发态和三重激发态IHT反应的势能曲线分离,随着分子共轭结构的增大,两个激发态势能曲线逐渐接近,发生交叉的可能性以及交叉的程度也随之增大,即从单重态到三重态发生系间窜越的可能性也随之增大.由于分子内氢传递导致单重激发态和三重激发态势能曲线交叉,致使发生系间窜越,使体系三重态量子效率显著提高,从而提高了茈醌类光敏剂的光敏活性.这说明IHT过程对该类分子保持其光敏活性具有重要的意义.     

A theoretical study on the excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer mechanism of 4′‐dimethylaminoflavonol chemosensor

In this work, density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) methods are used to explore the excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) mechanism of a novel system 4′‐dimethylaminoflavonol (DAF). By analyzing the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surface, we verify that the intramolecular hydrogen bond in DAF exists in both the S₀ and S₁ states. We calculate the absorption and emission spectra of DAF in two solvents, which reproduce the experimental results. By comparing the bond lengths, bond angles, and relative infrared (IR) vibrational spectra involved in the hydrogen bonding of DAF, we confirm the hydrogen‐bond strengthening in the S₁ state. For further exploring the photoexcitation, we use frontier molecular orbitals to analyze the charge redistribution properties, which indicate that the charge transfer in the hydrogen‐bond moiety may be facilitating the ESIPT process. The constructed potential energy curves in acetonitrile and methylcyclohexane solvents with shortened hydrogen bond distances demonstrate that proton transfer is more likely to occur in the S₁ state due to the lower potential barrier. Comparing the results in the two solvents, we find that aprotic polar and nonpolar solvents seem to play similar roles. This work not only clarifies the excited‐state behaviors of the DAF system but also successfully explains its spectral characteristics.     

A theoretical investigation on the excited state intramolecular single or double proton transfer mechanism of a salicyladazine system

Given the tremendous potential applications of excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) systems, ESIPT molecules have received widespread attention. In this work, based on density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT (TDDFT) methods, we theoretically study the excited state dynamical behaviors of salicyladazine (SA) molecules. Our simulated results show that the double intramolecular hydrogen bonds of SA are strengthened in the S₁ state via exploring bond distances, bond angles, and infrared (IR) vibrational spectra. Exploring the frontier molecular orbitals (MOs), we confirm that charge redistributions indeed have effects on excited state dynamical behaviors. The increased electronic densities on N atoms and the decreased electronic densities on O atoms imply that charge redistribution may trigger the ESPT process. Analyzing the constructed S₀‐state and S₁‐state potential energy surfaces (PESs), we confirm that only the excited state single proton transfer reaction can occur although SA possesses two intramolecular hydrogen bonds. In this work, we clarify the specific ESIPT mechanism, which may facilitate developing novel applications based on the SA system in future.     

Laser spectroscopic investigation of salicylic acids hydrogen bonded with water in supersonic jets: Microsolvation effects for excited state proton dislocation

Geometric structures and excited-state proton dislocation of size-selected salicylic acid clusters (salicylic acid and 5-methoxysalicylic acid) with water were studied by using laser spectroscopic techniques. Fluorescence excitation, dispersed fluorescence, and infrared (IR) spectra of those clusters in supersonic jets were examined for both the electronic ground (S0) and first excited (S1) states. The geometric structures of the clusters were determined on the basis of the IR spectra of the OH stretch region with the help of quantum chemical calculations. The hydroxyl group of the water moiety in the clusters forms a ring involving the carboxylic group of the salicylic acid moiety. The IR spectra in S0 show that the intramolecular hydrogen bond in the salicylic acid moiety is still held upon cluster formation, but the phenolic OH stretch band intensity is remarkably weaken in the clusters. The IR spectra in the S1 state and dispersed fluorescence spectra indicated that the intramolecular excited state proton dislocation is hardly affected by the microsolvation with water, in contrast with the strong suppression of the dislocation in the self-solvation.     

Insights into the excited state intramolecular proton transfer process and mechanism of the novel 3‐hydroxythioflavone system: A theoretical study

It is well known that the molecular excited state dynamical process plays important roles in designing and developing novel applications. In this work, based on density functional theory and time‐dependent density functional theory methods, we theoretically explored a novel 3‐hydroxythioflavone (3HTF). Through calculating the electrostatic potential surface of the 3HTF structure, we confirm the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonding O2‐H3···O4. Our theoretically obtained dominating bond lengths and bond angles involved in hydrogen bonds demonstrate that the intramolecular hydrogen bonds should be strengthened in the S₁ state. Coupling with the simulated infrared vibrational spectra, we further verify the enhanced hydrogen bonding O2‐H3···O4 in the S₁ state. Upon photoexcitation, we found that the charge transfer characteristics around hydrogen bonding moieties play important roles in facilitating the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process. Via constructing potential energy curves in both S₀ and S₁ states, we confirm the almost nonbarrier ESIPT reaction should be an ultrafast process that further explains the previous experimental phenomenon. At last, we search the S₁‐state transition state (TS) structure along with ESIPT path, based on which we simulate the intrinsic reaction coordinate path that further confirms the ESIPT mechanism. We hope that our theoretical work could guide novel applications based on the 3HTF system in future.     

A DFT/TDDFT Investigation of Excited State Dynamical Mechanism of (E)‐1‐((2,2‐Diphenylhydrazono)methyl)naphthalen‐2‐ol

The excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) mechanism of a new compound (E )‐1‐((2,2‐diphenylhydrazono)methyl)naphthalen‐2‐ol ( EDMN ) sensor, reported and synthesized by Mukherjee et al . [Sensors Actuat. B‐Chem . 2014, 202 , 1190], is investigated in detail theoretically. The calculations on primary bond lengths, bond angles, and the corresponding infrared (IR) vibrational spectra and hydrogen‐bond energy involved in intramolecular hydrogen bond between the S₀ and S₁ states confirm that the intramolecular hydrogen bond is strengthened in the S₁ state, which reveals the tendency of ESIPT reaction. The fact that the experimental absorption and emission spectra are well reproduced demonstrates the rationality and effectiveness of the time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) level of theory we adopt here. Furthermore, intramolecular charge transfer based on the frontier molecular orbitals (MOs) gives indication of the ESIPT reaction. The constructed potential energy curves of both the S₀ and S₁ states while keeping the O─H distance of EDMN fixed at a series of values are used to illustrate the ESIPT process. The lower barrier of ~3.934 kcal/mol in the S₁ state potential energy curve (lower than the 8.254 kcal/mol in the S₀ state) provides the transfer mechanism.     

Ab initio quantum chemical investigation of the ground and excited states of salicylic acid dimer

The structure and stability of different forms of salicylic acid dimer have been examined by Hartree-Fock and density functional theoretic calculations using 6-31G(d,p) and 6-311++g(d,p) basis sets. Vertical excitation energies for the monomer as well as the dimer have been computed using the time-dependent density functional theory using 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The predicted absorption maxima for the first excited singlet state of salicylic acid monomer and the dimer of the primary form are in reasonable agreement with the experimental result. There is a slight red shift (approximately 6 nm) in the absorption maximum in going from the monomer to the dimer, in accord with the experimental observation. Configuration-interaction calculations including single excitation have been carried out to map the potential-energy profile for the intra- as well as the intermolecular proton transfer in different forms of the dimer. The barrier for proton transfer in the ground state as well as the excited states makes it clear that most of the processes take place in the primary form and largely by intramolecular proton transfer.     

Proton/Hydrogen‐Transfer Coordinate of 2,5‐Dihydroxybenzoic Acid Investigated in a Supersonic Beam: Combined IR/UV Spectroscopy in the S0, S1, and D0 States

As a model system for intramolecular proton/hydrogen‐transfer coordinates, the structure of 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid is investigated for the ground, first electronically excited and also the ionic state. Combined IR/UV spectroscopy in molecular‐beam experiments is applied and the experimental results are interpreted by the application of DFT and CASPT2 methods. No proton or hydrogen transfer is observed, but evidence is given for a hydrogen dislocation of the intramolecular hydrogen bond in the S₁ state and to lesser extent in the D₀ state. To obtain direct information on the proton/hydrogen‐transfer coordinate, IR spectra are recorded both in the region of the OH and especially the CO stretching vibrations by also applying two new variants of combined IR/UV spectroscopy for the S₁ and D₀ states. The CO groups are directly involved in the hydrogen bond and, in contrast to the hydrogen‐bonded OH groups, the CO stretching frequencies can be observed in all electronic states.     

Different ESIPT Mechanisms for Angular‐Shaped Quinacridone in Toluene and Dimethyl Formamide (DMF) Solvents: A Theoretical Study

Adopting density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) methods, we investigat and present two different excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) mechanisms of angular‐quinacridone (a‐QD) in both toluene and DMF,theoretically. Comparing the primary structural variations of a‐QD involved in the intramolecular hydrogen bond, we conclude that N1–H2⋯O3 should be strengthened in the S₁ state, which may facilitate the ESIPT process. Particularly, in toluene, the S₁‐state‐stable a‐QD enol* could not be located because of the non‐barrier ESIPT process. Concomitantly, infrared vibrational spectral analysis further verified the stability of the hydrogen bond. In addition, the role of charge–transfer interaction has been addressed under the frontier molecular orbitals (MOs), which depicts the nature of the electronic excited state and supports the ESIPT reaction. The potential energy curves according to variational N1–H2 coordinate demonstrates that the proton transfer process should occur spontaneously in toluene; however, in DMF, a low potential energy barrier of 0.493 kcal/mol is needed to complete the ESIPT reaction. Although this barrier of 0.493 kcal/mol is too low to make an important impact on the ESIPT reaction, just because of the existence of barrier, ESIPT mechanisms in toluene and DMF are different.     

Theoretical insights into excited-state process for the novel 2,3-bis[(4-diethylamino-2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino]but-2-enedinitrile system

In this present work, we clarify the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) mechanism for 2,3-bis[(4-diethylamino-2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino]but-2-enedinitrile (BDABE) system. We present the fact that excited-state single proton transfer can occur along with one hydrogen bond, even though BDABE form consists of two intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Based on the density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory methods, we theoretically investigate and elaborate the excited-state intramolecular dual hydrogen-bonding interactions. By simulating the electrostatic potential surface, we verify the formation of dual intramolecular hydrogen bonds for BDABE molecule in the S₀ state. Furthermore, comparing the primary bond lengths and bond angles as well as the infrared vibrational spectra, we find that the double hydrogen bonds should be strengthened in the S₁ state. When it comes to photoexcitation process, we discover the charge redistribution around hydrogen bonding moieties. The increased electronic density around proton acceptor plays the important roles in strengthening hydrogen bonds and in facilitating ESIPT reaction. In view of the possible ESIPT reaction paths (i.e., stepwise and synchronization double proton transfer) for BDABE molecule, we explored the S₀-state and S₁-state potential energy curves. This work explains experimental results and further clarifies the excited-state behaviors for BDABE system.