苝醌分子内质子传递过程的理论研究

用AM 1方法计算了醌 (PQ)及醌类光敏剂竹红菌甲素 (HA)分子内质子传递过程的势垒 .得到如下结果 :( 1 )PQ在基态、单重激发态、三重激发态的质子传递势垒分别为 89 75 ,5 5 40和 83 97kJ/mol;( 2 )PQ负离子在基态和激发态的质子传递势垒分别为 80 .1 2和 79.91kJ/mol;( 3)PQ正、负离子自由基的质子传递势垒分别为 6 5 94和 5 9 2 9kJ/mol;( 4)PQ发生分子内双质子传递的势垒为 1 72 1 3kJ/mol;( 5 )HA的质子传递势垒为 89.2 4和 88.0 7kJ/mol.由此得出以下结论 :( 1 )PQ在基态和激发态都存在分子内质子传递过程 ,但激发态的传递速率大大高于基态 ;( 2 )PQ发生双质子传递的可能性几乎没有 ;( 3)PQ负离子及正、负离子自由基仍存在分子内质子传递 ;( 4)HA的七元侧环并未显著影响它的质子传递势垒 .     

双光子诱导产生单重态氧的三重态光敏剂的研究

自2001年以来,双光子敏化产生单重态氧的三重态光敏剂的研究取得了一定的进展。双光子三重态光敏剂对肿瘤组织的近红外激光和红外激光的光动力治疗作用具有广阔的应用前景。本文重点分析了近些年已报道的双光子三重态光敏剂种类,如疏水性、水溶性等不同的敏化剂;介绍了可以根据分子的激发态性质、利用化学手段对双光子三重态敏化剂的性质以及光敏产生单重态氧的量子产率进行调控;概括了双光子三重态敏化剂的相对和绝对双光子横截面的测量方法;总结了双光子三重态敏化剂发展中面临的一些关键问题,并展望了双光子三重态敏化剂的发展方向。     

基于碘代Bodipy超分子聚合物的构筑和光物理性能研究

本文以对羟基苯甲醛和3-溴丙炔为原料,经过巯基-炔基点击化学反应成功合成了含有双四重氢键的2,6-二碘代-8-[4-(2-脲基-4[1H]-嘧啶酮)苯基]-氟化硼二吡咯甲川化合物(IBodipy-BisUPy),并对其进行了详细的结构表征以及紫外、荧光、瞬态吸收、低温磷光等光物理性质测试。I-Bodipy-BisUPy可通过四重氢键非共价键作用驱动形成超分子聚合物。重原子碘的存在促进了I-Bodipy-BisUPy从单重激发态向三重激发态的系间窜越,可在低温下呈现一个近红外磷光发射峰,其三重态的寿命为56.7μs。利用微乳法将超分子聚合物制备成纳米颗粒,ESR和对1,5-二羟基萘的光敏氧化性能测试表明此超分子聚合物纳米颗粒可在水中产生单重态氧(1O2),且能够实现对底物的光敏氧化。     

2-(2′-羟基苯基)苯并咪唑的质子转移反应和光谱性质的理论研究

用AM1和INDO/S-CI方法对2-(2’-羟基苯基)苯并咪唑的基态和激发态分子内质子转移反应进行了理论研究,求得基态和激发态反应的势能曲线、势垒和过渡态,并研究了此分子的一些异构体、阴离子的相对稳定性,估算了氢键能.进行了实验光谱的理论指认,所得结果与实验值符合较好,在此基础上对光化学反应机理和光谱性质进行了探讨.     

苝醌类光敏剂构象的分子力学研究

用分子力学方法,计算了苝醌类光敏剂竹红菌甲素(HA),乙素(HB)等不同构象的生成热及酚羟基质子解离前后生成热的变化.发现:(1)1(1)HA,HB4种构象导构体的生成热相近,因而室温下即可相互转化;(2)2(2)HA,HB酚羟基质子解离能力有差别,HA强于HB.(3)3(3)HA,HB存在两个分子内氢键,键能均在8kJ/mol左右,而且Ⅰ型构象键能低于Ⅱ型构象,HA低于HB;(4)4(4)当酚羟基键从形成氢键位置扭转180°左右时存在一能量低点,提示这种构象也是可能存在的;(5)5(5)HBMC的酚羟基氢与相邻的氮原子之问也形成分子内氢键,这是HBMC仍有光敏活性的结构基础.     

HMB体系分子内质子传递的量子化学计算研究

首次利用量子化学半经验AM1方法和从头算HF/6-31G方法对一种新型的苝醌类光? 艏?PQP)-菌生素(HMB)的结构及其分子内质子传递(IPT)进行了理论计算研究，并? 捎弥鸩皆黾硬嗔吹姆椒ㄉ杓屏艘幌盗心Ｐ突衔镆钥悸歉鞑嗔炊訦MBIPT的影响，? 峁推p醌(PQ)的IPT作了对比。同于HMB只有一个分子内氢键，此项研究对解释PQP的光敏活性有十分重要的意义。本研究主要结论：(1)基态时HMB的IPT势垒只有10.0180kJ/mol(反式)和37.9819kJ/mol(顺式)，分子中存在着快速的IPT。(2)侧链对HMB的IPT势垒影响较小，IPT主要受它的大共轭结构和共振模式的影响。(3)过渡态时质子的电荷增加，质子传递势垒与它的电荷变化成线性关系，此关系可推广到其它质子传递体系。(4)HMB的IPT势垒和IPT过程中羟基氧氢键以及氢键的键长变化均成较好的线性关系。(5)虽然只有一个IPT模式，HMB的IPT以及共振模式仍然和PQ十分相似，这是HMB保持光敏活性的基础。     

曙红敏化1-苄基-1,4-二氢吡啶菸酰胺光还原二苯乙二酮的反应

本文研究了曙红敏化NAD(P)H的模型化合物-1-苄基-1,4-二氢吡啶菸酰胺(BNAH)光还原二苯乙二酮的反应机制及光敏剂曙红的激发态行为。用三重态猝灭剂蒽猝灭反应的结果表明,曙红的激发单重态与激发三重态都参与了敏化反应。计算了单重态与三重态反应的量子产率及它们的反应速率常数。从氧化还原电位及激发能的数据可以预计,能量转移敏化不可能反生,而受激发的曙红将电子转移至受体二苯乙二酮这一步则很可能是光敏还原反应的起始过程。     

有机分子三重激发态的调控与应用

对近期有机分子三重激发态调控的研究进展进行了总结评述。控制分子的三重激发态性质,可以制备多种具有新颖性质的分子,如用于可激活光动力治疗(PDT)的光敏剂、磷光分子探针与生物标识试剂,以及可控的三重态湮灭上转换等。但目前对三重态控制方面的研究相对较少,其中的规律也很不明确。近期有文献陆续报道了使用超分子方法和共价修饰法进行的三重态调控,利用的光物理过程有单重态能量转移、三重态能量转移、电子转移等等。现有研究结果表明,三重态的调控规律与单重态的调控规律有所不同,例如:发色团的单重激发态(荧光)往往可以被光诱导电子转移(PET)所猝灭,但是在多个例子中已发现,相同发色团的三重态并不能被PET所猝灭。本文总结的研究结果及所作的分析,将对该领域的分子结构设计及后续研究起到一定的促进作用。     

邻二氯苯激发态动力学

利用飞秒分辨的激光泵浦-探测技术结合飞行时间质谱和光电子速度成像方法研究了邻二氯苯第一电子单重激发态(S₁)的超快动力学.邻二氯苯的S₁态振动基态寿命为(651 ± 10) ps,对应于S₁振动基态向三重态的系间窜越过程.邻二氯苯S₁的高振动激发9a₂18a₂对应两个衰减通道,其中寿命为(458 ± 12) fs的超快过程对应于由处于振动激发的S₁向高振动激发的基态(S₀)发生的内转换过程,而寿命为(90 ± 10) ps过程则对应由S₁态向三重态(T₁)的系间窜越过程,电离产生的光电子能谱中长寿命的谱峰可能与系间窜越过程有关. S₁态高振动态的旋轨耦合程度比低振动态的更强,导致系间窜越过程更快.     

均相和非均相体系中竹红菌甲素与尾孢素光敏活性的比较

本文在均相有机体系和非均相胶束体系中用ESR、自旋捕捉、消自旋等技术研究了竹红菌甲素(HA)和尾孢素(CP)的光敏特征;测量了其光动力作用过程中¹O₂、负离子自由基和O₂^·-的相对产率,发现均相体系中HA的光敏活性略高于CP。这表明侧环对醌类光敏剂的光敏活性影响不大。在非均相体系中由于胶束对HA激发态较强的保护作用,HA的光敏活性显著地强于CP。     

Theoretical study of intramolecular proton transfer of perylenequinone

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Time-resolved resonance Raman study of the triplet states of p-hydroxyacetophenone and the p-hydroxyphenacyl diethyl phosphate phototrigger compound

Pico- and nanosecond time-resolved resonance Raman (TR3) spectroscopy have been utilized to study the dynamics and structure of p-hydroxyacetophenone (HA) and the p-hydroxyphenacyl-caged phototrigger compound p-hydroxyphenacyl diethyl phosphate (HPDP) in acetonitrile solution. Transient intermediates were detected and attributed to the triplet states of HA and HPDP. Nanosecond-TR3 measurements were done for two isotopically substituted HA molecules to help better assign the triplet state carbonyl C=O stretching and the ring related vibrational modes. The dynamics of formation and the spectral characteristics for the triplet states were found to be similar for the HA and HPDP. The temporal evolution at very early picosecond time scale indicates there is rapid intersystem crossing (ISC) conversion and subsequent relaxation of the excess energy of the initially produced energetic triplet state. B3LYP/6-311G** density functional theory (DFT) calculations were done to determine the structures and vibrational frequencies for both the triplet and ground states of HA and HPDP. The calculated spectra reproduce the experimental spectra and the observed isotopic shifts reasonably well and were used to make tentative assignments to all the experimentally observed features. The triplet states were found to have extensive conjugated pipi* nature with a single-bond-like carbonyl CO bond. We briefly compare the triplet structure and formation dynamics of HA and HPDP as well as the conformational changes upon going from the ground state to the triplet state. We discuss our present results in relation to the initial pathway for the p-hydroxyphenacyl photodeprotection process. We also compare and discuss the properties of the HA pipi* triplet state relative to the published results of other aromatic carbonyl compounds.     

Photosensitization mechanisms of triplet excited state beta-lapachone. A density functional theory study

Beta-Lapachone is a natural product with multiple pharmacological activities and mechanistic studies indicated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by beta-lapachone play significant roles in its pharmacological actions. As photosensitization is an important ROS-generating pathway, in the present work, the photosensitization mechanisms of beta-lapachone are explored on the basis of density functional theory estimated triplet excited state characters. Starting from triplet excited state beta-lapachone, the possible generating pathways of 1O2 and O2*- are elucidated and the solvent effects on the photosensitizing reactions are also discussed.     

The role of the triplet state in the photosensitization of cationic polymerizations by anthracene

The photosensitization mechanism for cationic polymerizations initiated by diaryliodonium salts photosensitized by anthracene was investigated using fluorescence and phosphorescence spectroscopy. In situ photosensitizer fluorescence measurements confirmed that the photosensitization reaction proceeds by an electron transfer process. Transient phosphorescence studies demonstrated that electron transfer occurred from the triplet excited state of anthracene to the initiator, with an intrinsic kinetic rate constant of 2 × 10⁸ L/mol s. Further evidence for the role of the triplet state was provided by an observed seven-fold decrease in the polymerization rate upon addition of a triplet state quencher. Finally, numerical solution of the photophysical kinetic equations indicated that the triplet state concentration was approximately three orders of magnitude higher than that of the singlet state, and that 94-96% of the active cationic centers are produced by reaction of the initiator with the triplet state. These results indicate that the electron transfer occurs primarily from the triplet state of anthracene, with the singlet state providing only a minor contribution to the photosensitization reaction. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Triplet state properties and triplet-state-oxygen interactions of some linear and angular furocoumarins

Linear and angular furocoumarins with conjugated external carbonyl substituents show higher triplet and singlet oxygen yields than the corresponding unsubstituted molecules. The efficiency of the oxygen quenching process to yield singlet oxygen is also higher for these substituted molecules. These changes are interpreted in terms of the "proximity effect" associated with two nearly degenerate n pi* and pi pi* excited states, and variations in the excess energy following furocoumarin triplet quenching by ground state triplet oxygen to yield singlet oxygen.     

THE INFLUENCE OF THE NITRO GROUP ON THE DISSOCIATIONS OF SOME AROMATIC ACIDS AND BASES IN THEIR LOWEST EXCITED TRIPLET STATES*

Abstract— –Estimation of lowest excited triplet and singlet state dissociation constants of some nitro-aromatic acids and bases, from shifts in their phosphorescence and absorption spectra, respectively, indicate that intramolecular charge transfer to the nitro group is much more important in the lowest excited singlet state than in the ground or lowest excited triplet states. As a result, the effect of a nitro group on the acidity of the lowest excited singlet state of an acid or base is more exaggerated than that on the ground or lowest excited triplet state of the same compound. Furthermore, the basicity of the nitro group is greatly enhanced in the lowest excited singlet state. On this basis the increased rate of photoreduction of nitrobenzene in acidic solutions is found to be thermodynamically unfeasible in the lowest excited triplet state. Although the reaction is thermodynamically feasible in the lowest excited singlet state, the short lifetime of that state may make the reaction kinetically unfeasible. Rate-Hammett acidity profiles are therefore inadequate to alone establish the mechanism of photoreduction of nitrobenzene.     

Reactivity of Compound II: Electronic Structure Analysis of Methane Hydroxylation by Oxoiron(IV) Porphyrin Complexes

The methane hydroxylation reaction by a Compound II (Cpd II) mimic PorFe(IV)=O and its hydrosulfide-ligated derivative [Por(SH)Fe(IV)=O](-) is investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the ground triplet and excited quintet spin-state surfaces. On each spin surface both the σ- and π-channels are explored. H-abstraction is invariably the rate-determining step. In the case of PorFe(IV)=O the H-abstraction reaction can proceed either through the classic π-channel or through the nonclassical σ-channel on the triplet surface, but only through the classic σ-mechanism on the quintet surface. The barrier on the quintet σ-pathway is much lower than on the triplet channels so the quintet surface cuts through the triplet surfaces and a two state reactivity (TSR) mechanism with crossover from the triplet to the quintet surface becomes a plausible scenario for C-H bond activation by PorFe(IV)=O. In the case of the hydrosulfide-ligated complex the H-abstraction follows a π-mechanism on the triplet surface: the σ* is too high in energy to make a σ-attack of the substrate favorable. The σ- and π-channels are both feasible on the quintet surface. As the quintet surface lies above the triplet surface in the entrance channel of the oxidative process and is highly destabilized on both the σ- and π-pathways, the reaction can only proceed on the triplet surface. Insights into the electron transfer process accompanying the H-abstraction reaction are achieved through a detailed electronic structure analysis of the transition state species and the reactant complexes en route to the transition state. It is found that the electron transfer from the substrate σ(CH) into the acceptor orbital of the catalyst, the Fe-O σ* or π*, occurs through a rather complex mechanism that is initiated by a two-orbital four-electron interaction between the σ(CH) and the low-lying, oxygen-rich Fe-O σ-bonding and/or Fe-O π-bonding orbitals of the catalyst.     

Photolysis of methylcobalamin: identification of the relevant excited states involved in Co-C bond scission

The relevant excited states involved in the photolysis of methylcobalamin (MeCbl) have been examined by means of time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The low-lying singlet and triplet excited states have been calculated along the Co-C bond at the TD-DFT/BP86/6-31g(d) level of theory in order to investigate the dissociation process of MeCbl. These calculations have shown that the photodissociation is mediated by the repulsive 3(sigmaCo-C --> sigma*Co-C) triplet state. The key metastable photoproduct involved in Co-C bond photolysis was identified as an S1 state having predominantly dCo --> pi*corrin metal-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) character.