Application of dual kriging to structural shape optimization based on the boundary contour method

Summary The paper presents an approach in which the coupling of dual kriging and the boundary contour method (BCM) is applied to structural shape optimization problems in mechanical engineering design. The problems consist of optimizing the shape of an elastic body, which requires minimizing an objective function subject to some given constraints, such as those of displacement, stress or manufacturing. The originality of the present work is involved with the use of two novel methods that are combined here to solve structural shape optimization problems. The first one, called dual kriging, is a general, versatile interpolation and geometric modeling tool. The second one is a new variant of the boundary element method (BEM), called the BCM, which achieves a further reduction in dimensionality of analysis problems. Based on the advantages of these two methods, the coupling approach presented here is expected to offer an effective as well as a straightforward manner for solving shape optimal design problems. Received 18 December 1997; accepted for publication 21 April 1998     

Error analysis and adaptivity in three-dimensional linear elasticity by the usual and hypersingular boundary contour method

Two related topics are addressed in this article. The first part of the article proves that, for a certain admissible class of problems in linear elasticity, the hypersingular boundary contour method (HBCM) can be collocated at all boundary points on the surface of a three-dimensional (3-D) body, including those on boundary contours, edges and corners, because the HBCM-shape-functions satisfy, a priori, all the smoothness requirements for collocation at these points. In contrast, the hypersingular boundary element method needs, in general, relaxation of some of these smoothness requirements for its shape functions, even for collocation at regular points that lie on the boundaries of boundary elements.A hypersingular residual, obtained from the standard and hypersingular boundary integral equations (HBIEs), has been recently proposed as a local error estimator for a boundary element, for the boundary integral equation. The second part in the present article is concerned with a definition of an analogous local error estimator for the boundary contour method, for 3-D linear elasticity. This error estimator is then used to drive an h-adaptive meshing procedure. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate adaptive meshing for selected example problems.     

平面问题等价边界积分方程的三次边界轮廓法

基于弹性力学平面问题等的边界积分方程,给出了三次单元的边界轮廓法。根据平面问题解的复变函数表示,构造了三次形函数。给出了对于混合边值问题求解系统方程确定的边界轮廓方程配置和三次单元界轮廓法的实施。     

弹性力学中一种新的边界轮廓法

利用基本解的特性,将面力积分方程化成仅含有Ｃａｕｃｈｙ主值积分的形式,基于这种边界积分方程,提出了一种新的边界轮廓法,对于三维问题,该方法只须计算沿边界单元界线的线积分,对二维问题,则只需计算边界单元两点的热函数之差,无须进行数值积分计算,实例计算说明该方法是有效的。     

Boundary contour analysis for surface stress recovery in 2-D elasticity and Stokes flow

Summary A variant of the boundary element method, called the boundary contour method, offers a further reduction in dimensionality. Consequently, boundary contour analysis of 2-D problems does not require any numerical integration at all. In a boundary contour analysis, boundary stresses can be accurately computed using the approach proposed in Ref. [1]. However, due to singularity, this approach can be used only to calculate boundary stresses at points that do not lie at an end of a boundary element. Herein, it is shown that a technique based on the displacement/velocity shape functions can overcome this drawback. Further, the approach is much simpler to apply, requires less computational effort, and provides competitive accuracy. Numerical solutions and convergence study for some well-known problems in linear elasticity and Stokes flow are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. This research was supported in part by the 2004 Ralph E. Powe Junior Faculty Enhancement Award from Oak Ridge Associated Universities and by the University of South Alabama Research Council.     

弹性力学平面问题的等价边界积分方程的边界轮廓法

基于边界积分方程中被积函数散度为零的特性,提出了弹性力学平面问题的等价边界积分方程的边界轮廓法,该方法无需进行数值积分,只需要计算单元两结点势函数值之差。实例计算说明,基于传统的边界积分方程的边界轮廓法所得到的面力结果是错误,而本文建立的边界轮廓法则可给出精确的结果。     

The boundary contour method for magneto-electro-elastic media with quadratic boundary elements

This paper presents a development of the boundary contour method (BCM) for magneto-electro-elastic media. First, the divergence-free of the integrand of the magneto-electro-elastic boundary element is proved. Second, the boundary contour method formulations are obtained by introducing quadratic shape functions and Green’s functions [Ding, H.J., Jiang, A.M., 2004. A boundary integral formulation and solution for 2D problems in magneto-electro-elastic media. Computers and Structures, 82 (20–21), 1599–1607] for magneto-electro-elastic media and using the rigid body motion solution to regularize the BCM and avoid computation of the corner tensor. The BCM is applied to the problem of magneto-electro-elastic media. Finally, numerical solutions for illustrative examples are compared with exact ones. The numerical results of the BCM coincide very well with the exact solution, and the feasibility and efficiency of the method are verified.     

弹性薄板弯曲问题的边界轮廓法

导出了弹性薄板弯曲问题边界积分方程的另一种形式,基于这种方程,提出了平板弯曲问题的边界轮廓法,讨论了三次边界单元边界轮廓法的计算列式,并给出了计算内力的边界轮廓法方程。该法无需进行数值积分计算,完全避免了角点问题和奇异积分计算。给出的算例,与解析解相比较,证实该方法的有效性。     

REGULARIZATION OF NEARLY SINGULAR INTEGRALS IN THE BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD OF POTENTIAL PROBLEMS

IntroductionAsanimportantnumericalmethod ,BoundaryElementMethod (BEM)hasbeenappliedinmanyareas[1].However,theBEMhasthedifficultiesofcalculatingsingularintegralsatnodesonboundaryoratinteriorpointsveryclosetotheboundary .TheaccuracyoftheBEMdependsontheprecisionofthecalculatedvaluesofthesingularintegrals,toagreatdegree.Manyresearchersdevotethemselvestothetreatmentofthesingularintegrals[2～3],whicharereviewedindetailbyRef.[4] .Ageneralregularizationalgorithmofevaluatingthephysicalquantitiesa…     

边界元特征值分析及Burton-Miller法探究BEM eigenvalue analysis and the investigation of the Burton-Miller method

运用围道积分方法将边界元非线性特征值问题转化为规模很小的广义特征值问题,从而构造出一种边界元特征值分析方法。数值算例验证了该方法的求解精度。针对外声场问题,通过对常规、法向导数和Burton‐Miller边界积分方程的虚假特征频率的计算和比较,揭示了Burton‐Miller法规避虚假特征频率的本质,并对其中的叠加常数的最优取值给出了一种新的解释。     

Hypersingular integral equation method for a three-dimensional crack in anisotropic electro-magneto-elastic bimaterials

Using Green’s functions, the extended general displacement solutions of a three-dimensional crack problem in anisotropic electro-magneto-elastic (EME) bimaterials under extended loads are analyzed by the boundary element method. Then, the crack problem is reduced to solving a set of hypersingular integral equations (HIE) coupled with boundary integral equations. The singularity of the extended displacement discontinuities around the crack front terminating at the interface is analyzed by the main-part analysis method of HIE, and the exact analytical solutions of the extended singular stresses and extended stress intensity factors (SIFs) near the crack front in anisotropic EME bimaterials are given. Also, the numerical method of the HIE for a rectangular crack subjected to extended loads is put forward with the extended crack opening dislocation approximated by the product of basic density functions and polynomials. At last, numerical solutions of the extended SIFs of some examples are obtained.     

基于等几何分析的比例边界有限元方法

提出了一种具有比例边界有限元的半解析特性和等几何分析的几何特性的新方法。该新方法是在比例边界有限元框架中用NURBS曲线或曲面精确描述域边界几何形状,同时域边界位移场采用描述几何形状的NURBS形函数等参构造。这种新方法具有比例边界有限元固有的径向解析特性和NURBS的高阶连续性的优点。数值算例显示,与传统的比例边界有限元相比,基于等几何分析的比例边界有限元方法提高了域边界单元和域内应力场的连续性,减少了计算自由度。应用此方法可以用较少的计算自由度获得更高连续阶和更高精度的位移、应力和应变场。     

Regularization in 3D for anisotropic elastodynamic crack and obstacle problems

We propose, in this paper, a unified method of generating a regularized integral equation in the double layer potential approach for 3D anisotropic elastodynamics. Our regularization preserves the causality in the time-domain. The method is based on a special decomposition of the hypersingular kernel which appears in the integral representation of the stress tensor.     

pFFT快速边界元方法模拟三维声散射

研究了用pFFT快速边界元方法模拟声散射问题的关键技术。采用Burton—Miller方程消除了声学边界元方法中外问题解的不唯一现象。为此,文中研究了采用常量元时该方程中超奇异积分的计算方法。最后,通过对平面声波的刚性圆球声散射的数值模拟,验证了建立的声学pFFT快速边界元方法。     

三维动态裂纹问题的超奇异积分方程法

基于弹性材料的动态基本方程，结合广义Betti-Rayleigh互易等式与时域下的边界积分方程，推导得到时域下的超奇异积分方程组。引入Laplace域下的动态基本解，将经过主部分析的积分核函数分解为静态和动态部分，其中动态积分核不具有奇异性。在裂纹前沿附近单元，采用与理论分析一致的平方根位移模型。结合Lubich时间卷积实现拉氏变换，采用配置点法计算超奇异积分，获得问题的数值解。并针对椭圆裂纹算例编写Fortran程序，得到冲击荷载作用下张开型裂纹的动态应力强度因子变化规律，数值结果稳定且收敛速度快。     

Fictitious frequency for the exterior Helmholtz equation subject to the mixed-type boundary condition using BEMs

Boundary integral equations and boundary element methods were employed analytically, semi-analytically and numerically to study the occurrence of fictitious frequency for the exterior Helmholtz equations subject to the mixed-type boundary conditions. A semi-infinite rod and a circular radiator of problems were addressed. Degenerate kernel of the fundamental solution and Fourier series for boundary density were utilized in the null-field integral equation to examine the occurrence of fictitious frequency semi-analytically. The BEM was utilized to solve the solution numerically. The CHIEF technique and Burton and Miller method were adopted to suppress the occurrence of the fictitious frequency. It is emphasized that the occurrence of fictitious frequency depend on the adopted method (singular or hypersingular formulation) no matter what the given type of boundary condition for the problem is. The illustrative examples were tested to verify this finding successfully.     

A boundary element method for the solution of finite mobility ratio immiscible displacement in a Hele‐Shaw cell

In this paper, the interaction between two immiscible fluids with a finite mobility ratio is investigated numerically within a Hele‐Shaw cell. Fingering instabilities initiated at the interface between a low‐viscosity fluid and a high‐viscosity fluid are analysed at varying capillary numbers and mobility ratios using a finite mobility ratio model. The present work is motivated by the possible development of interfacial instabilities that can occur in porous media during the process of CO₂ sequestration but does not pretend to analyse this complex problem. Instead, we present a detailed study of the analogous problem occurring in a Hele‐Shaw cell, giving indications of possible plume patterns that can develop during the CO₂ injection. The numerical scheme utilises a boundary element method in which the normal velocity at the interface of the two fluids is directly computed through the evaluation of a hypersingular integral. The boundary integral equation is solved using a Neumann convergent series with cubic B‐Spline boundary discretisation, exhibiting sixth‐order spatial convergence. The convergent series allows the long‐term nonlinear dynamics of growing viscous fingers to be explored accurately and efficiently. Simulations in low‐mobility ratio regimes reveal large differences in fingering patterns compared with those predicted by previous high‐mobility ratio models. Most significantly, classical finger shielding between competing fingers is inhibited. Secondary fingers can possess significant velocity, allowing greater interaction with primary fingers compared with high‐mobility ratio flows. Eventually, this interaction can lead to base thinning and the breaking of fingers into separate bubbles. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

边界元法计算近边界点参量的一个通用算法

针对边界元法存在近力界点参量计算的困难,给出了一个通用性方法,将近边界点到边界单元的距离参数通过分部积分变换到积分式之外,从而计算出二维问题近边界点参量的几乎强奇异和超奇异积分,由此,对任何近边界点参量,提出了整套计算方案,算例证明了本法的有效性。     

New type of dual bem and Green's-function-library strategy for fracture analysis in complex structures

A new type of dual boundary integral equations (DBIE) is presented first, through which, a smaller system of equations needs to be solved in fracture analysis. Then a non-conforming crack tip element in two-dimensional problems is proposed. The exact formula for the hypersingular integral over the non-conforming crack tip element is given next. By virtue of Green's-function-library strategy, a series of stress intensity factors (SIF) of different crack orientations, locations and/or sizes in a complicated structure can be obtained easily and efficiently. Finally, several examples of fracture analysis in two dimensions are given to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the method proposed. Partially supported by the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (No. 99C53026)     

Formulation and implementation of a singular anisotropic finite element

The formulation and implementation of a singular finite element for analyzing homogeneous anistropic materials is presented in this paper. Lekhnitskii's stress function method is used to formulate the boundary value problem with the stress function expressed as a Laurent series. The development of the element stiffness matrix and the method of integrating the element to conventional displacement based finite element programs is shown. The stiffness matrix generation is based on a least squates collocation technique to satisfy displacement continuity boundary conditions at the element interface. Implementation of the element is demonstrated for cracked anisotropic materials subjected to inplane loading. Center cracked, on and off-axis coupons under tensile loading are analyzed using the element. It is shown that the stress distributions and intensity factors compare well with those obtained using other methods.