可调频率压电换能器原理

最近,我们曾研究电负载对压电振动系统振动特性的影响。随着电负载的连续变化,通过压电效应,压电振动系统的谐振频率也连续地改变。由此引伸,可以实现可调频率压电换能器,本文将对其原理进行研讨。我们将对压电夹心换能器进行这种调节频率的理论分析,并对一种纵向加电场,纵向振动的夹心换能器进行实验比较。理论与实验结果一致表明,用有效耦合系数K_eff来衡量,该换能器可以在一个半倍频程的范围内有效地工作。这里提出的可调频率压电换能器,由于是改变电负载,通过压电耦合来实现换能器的频率调节的,因此它还具有方便、连续和瞬时可调的特点。     

压电陶瓷非线性对大功率换能器结构参数匹配影响的计算分析

在Guyomar非线性模型基础上,通过机电等效法将晶堆前向负载作为等效质量和阻尼加入振动方程的质量项和阻尼项,推导了换能器振速、辐射声压级和谐振频率偏移率等表达式,计算分析了压电陶瓷非线性参数和结构参数对换能器声辐射性能的影响,研究了压电陶瓷的非线性对换能器结构参数匹配的影响。结果表明,换能器节面靠前,前盖板厚度越小,前盖板大径越小,都可以减少压电陶瓷非线性引起的换能器频率偏移。当设计频率确定时,压电陶瓷处于非线性工作域的换能器的结构参数有所减小。换能器加入辐射端匹配后,可以改善压电晶堆前向负载匹配,降低换能器的谐振频率偏移率。换能器激励电流也会出现频率偏移现象。在提高换能器激励电压时,换能器的结构参数应适当减小。得到的结论可为换能器设计提供理论依据和帮助。     

具有压电分流电路薄板的吸声特性Ⅰ.理论分析

首次从理论上分析了粘有压电陶瓷片薄板的低频吸声特性和吸声机理.根据压电陶瓷薄片外接分流电路时的等效柔顺性系数,应用拉格朗日方程建立了粘有压电陶瓷片薄板的运动方程.该方程中包含了薄板和压电片的质量、弹性、阻尼以及压电片分流电路的电阻和电感.给出了粘有压电片薄板的表面阻抗和吸声系数的数值计算方法,数值计算表明调节分流电路参数可明显改善薄板一阶模态处的吸声特性.     

探究如何利用谐振电路准确测量电容和电感

当正弦波信号源的输出达到某一频率时,RLC电路的电流达到最大值,即产生谐振现象.目前大多数实验主要是通过描绘RLC串并联电路的相频特性、幅频特性曲线来研究RLC电路的谐振现象,进一步测定谐振曲线、电路品质因数Q值等.那么,能不能利用RLC电路的谐振特性反过来测量电路中的电容和电感呢?为此,本文首先通过谐振电路理论推导得出测量电容及电感的实验原理,然后进行大量的实验探究和数据分析,得出了准确测量电容和电感的条件.     

基于最小电压法的超声换能器谐振频率自动跟踪*

首先分析了最大电流法跟踪超声换能器谐振频率的原理及应用范围。研究了基于由串联电感和并联电容匹配电路下,不同频率时换能器两端电压电流的变化规律。研究表明在串联电感和并联电容匹配电路下发生谐振时,换能器两端的电压最小而电流并非最大。由此形成了采用最小电压法跟踪谐振频率的自动跟踪策略,并给出了该方法的具体实施步骤。论文研究结果为换能器谐振频率的自动跟踪方法提供了新的选择。     

非线性工作状态压电换能器匹配技术

针对压电换能器在大功率下存在复杂非线性而导致匹配参数难以优化的问题,以大功率超声金属焊接为例,通过采集测试焊接过程换能器两端电压的幅值与频率,建立换能器反谐振电阻与驱动电压有效值、频率之间的数学模型;提出基于反谐振电阻模型的最优功率匹配方法,推导了匹配电感电容的计算公式。最后实验验证了数学模型的准确性,且当换能器输入功率在最优功率附近时,匹配网络电能传输效率最高。     

用锁相环电路跟踪压电换能器并联谐振频率区

本在介绍用PLL（Phase-Locked Loop锁相环）电路进行频率跟踪的原理和实质的基础上,给出一种够跟踪压电换能器并联频率fP区间的具体电路,并通过实验研究了匹配电感和负载等对电路跟踪性能的影响,结果表明,这个电路具有很好的频跟踪和功率自动调节性能。     

背衬参数对厚度模压电换能器特性的影响

系统研究了厚度模压电换能器的背衬厚度、声阻抗率及机械损耗因子对换能器振动性能影响,重点分析了在所关心频率附近的有效机电耦合系数和机械品质因数。计算结果表明,随着背衬厚度增大,换能器的有效机电耦合系数和机械品质因数均震荡减小;背衬声阻抗率与压电片声阻抗率差值增大,换能器有效机电耦合系数减小,机械品质因数增大;保持压电片厚度不变,增大背衬的机械损耗因子,换能器有效机电耦合系数单调减小,机械品质因数有极小值,在给定频率范围内电特性曲线趋于光滑。用有限元方法验证了等效电路计算方法的正确性,并对比了换能器的测试结果和计算结果。计算所得规律为厚度模压电换能器的设计和实验制作提供了理论依据。      

LRC串并联谐振电路的品质因数与电容和电感关系的实验研究

在LRC串并联谐振电路中,回路的谐振特性通常由回路中的品质因数决定,而回路中的品质因数又与回路中的电容、电感、电阻有关。本文通过实验的方法,对回路的品质因数与电容和电感的关系进行了研究。得出了在串并联谐振电路中电容和电感的合理取值范围。所得结论将为今后LRC谐振回路的选择和设计提供一定的参考。     

结构参数对偶极声波换能器谐振频率的影响

偶极横波远探测技术在我国复杂地质结的构油气勘探中具有十分广阔的应用前景。换能器的工作频率直接影响声波测井的探测深度。本文对正交偶极声波测井换能器弯曲模态的谐振频率进行了解析计算,并利用有限元方法研究了其结构参数对谐振频率的影响。计算结果表明:当压电陶瓷片的长度增加时,换能器一阶谐振频率先降低后升高,三阶谐振频率先升高再降低之后又上升;当金属基片厚度增加时,换能器一阶与三阶谐振频率均升高;当压电陶瓷片厚度增加时,换能器谐振频率的变化方向与幅度还与压电陶瓷片长度等其他参数相关,有可能升高或降低。     

Study on the radial composite piezoelectric ceramic transducer in radial vibration

A new type of radial composite piezoelectric transducer in radial vibration is developed and analyzed. The radial composite transducer consists of a piezoelectric ceramic thin ring polarized in the thickness direction and a metal thin circular ring. They are connected together and excited to vibrate in the radial direction. The radial vibrations of a piezoelectric ceramic thin ring and a metal thin circular ring are analyzed, respectively. Their radial electro-mechanical equivalent circuits are obtained. Based on the electro-mechanical equivalent circuits and using the boundary conditions between the piezoelectric ceramic thin ring and the metal thin circular ring in the radial direction, the electro-mechanical equivalent circuit of the radial composite piezoelectric transducer is derived out and the resonance frequency equation is obtained. The relationship between the resonance frequency and the geometrical dimensions of the transducer is analyzed. Some radial composite piezoelectric transducers are designed and manufactured. The resonance frequencies and the anti-resonance frequencies, the electro-mechanical equivalent circuit parameters are measured. The effective electro-mechanical coupling coefficient and the mechanical quality factor are calculated. It is illustrated that the measured radial resonance frequencies are in good agreement with the theoretical results from the resonance frequency equation.     

High nonlinearities in Langevin transducer: a comprehensive model

The design and simulation of power transducers are difficult since piezoelectric, dielectric and elastic properties of ferroelectric materials differ from linear behavior when driven at large levels. This paper is devoted to modeling of a resonant power transducer at a high level of dynamic mechanical stress. The power transducer is subjected to a sine electrical field E of varying frequency which was considered as the excitation of the transducer.The mechanical equation of the piezoelectric element is written using electrostriction. The dielectric part is written as a nonlinear function of an equivalent electric field including stress influence (scaling relationship between electric field and mechanical stress). Using various simulations, we show then that typical resonance nonlinearities are obtained, such as jump phenomenon of transducer speed amplitude and phase, resonance peak that become asymmetric, and diminution of mechanical quality factor. As a consequence, we state that those typical nonlinearities are only due to dielectric nonlinearities, in good correlation with typical ferroelectric behavior. Moreover, this demonstrates the usefulness of scaling relationships in ferroelectrics, which explain static depoling under stress and butterfly strain hysteresis loop. The same scaling law gives here several nonlinearities for resonant transducers as well.     

基于飞秒光频梳的压电陶瓷闭环位移控制系统

利用飞秒光频梳、外腔可调谐半导体激光器和法布里-珀罗干涉仪建立了一套压电陶瓷亚纳米级闭环位移控制系统. 将可调谐半导体激光器锁定至光频梳, 通过精确调谐光频梳的重复频率, 实现了半导体激光器在其工作频率范围内的精密调谐. 利用Pound-Drever-Hall锁定技术将带有压电陶瓷的法布里-珀罗腔锁定至半导体激光器, 进而通过频率发生系统控制压电陶瓷产生亚纳米级分辨率的位移. 实验研究发现锁定至光频梳后可调谐半导体激光器1 s的Allan标准偏差为1.68×10^-12, 将其在30.9496 GHz范围内进行连续闭环调谐, 可获得压电陶瓷的位移行程约为4.8 μm; 以3.75 Hz的步长扫描光频梳的重复频率, 实现了压电陶瓷的450 pm闭环位移分辨率并测定了压电陶瓷的磁滞特性曲线. 该系统不存在非线性测量误差, 且激光频率及压电陶瓷位移均溯源至铷钟频率源. 关键词： 光频梳 压电陶瓷 法布里-珀罗腔 可调谐半导体激光器     

Load characteristics of high power sandwich piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers

Based on the equivalent circuit theory, the load characteristics of high power piezoelectric ultrasonic sandwich transducers are studied. Two types of loads are studied. One is liquid load as in ultrasonic cleaning, and the other is solid load as in ultrasonic drilling and machining. The effect of load and structure of the transducer on the resonance frequency of the transducer is analyzed. It is shown that the effect of load on the resonance frequency of sandwich transducers with different structures is different. For liquid load as in ultrasonic cleaning, the effect of the load on the resonance frequency of the sandwich transducer with symmetrical structure is the largest. It is the smallest for the transducer with its displacement node in the back metal cylinder. For solid load as in ultrasonic drilling and machining, the effect of the load on the resonance frequency of the sandwich transducer with its displacement node in the front metal cylinder is the largest. It is also the smallest for the transducer with its displacement node in the back metal cylinder. On the other hand, for some applications, such as ultrasonic drilling, when the lateral dimension of the tool is much less than that of the transducer, its effect on the resonance frequency of the transducer is small. The conclusions are useful in designing vibrating systems for different ultrasonic applications.     

Characteristics of backing impacts on the performance of the thickness mode piezoelectric transducer

The impacts of the thickness, the specific acoustic impedance and the mechanical loss factor of the backing on the performance of the thickness mode piezoelectric transducer are systemically studied, which are focused on the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient and the mechanical quality factor near the center frequency. The results show that with contin?uous increasing of the backing thickness, the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient and the mechanical quality factor are found rapidly declined by oscillation way. With the increase of the difference value of the acoustic impedance between the backing material and the piezoelec?tric material, the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient deceases and the mechanical quality factor increases. Under condition that the thickness of the piezoelectric material is fixed, the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient is found declined with the increase of the mechanical loss factor by monotonous way. The mechanical quality factor has minimum value and the electric characteristic curve tends to be smooth in a given frequency range. The equivalent circuit theory result is in good agreement with the ones by finite element method and the experimental results. The work mentioned above provides a theoretical guidance for the design and experimental fabrication of the thickness mode piezoelectric transducer.     

Study of the sandwiched piezoelectric ultrasonic torsional transducer

The sandwiched piezoelectric ultrasonic torsional transducer was studied. The transducer consists of front and back metal cylinders, and coaxially segmented, tangentially polarized, piezoelectric ceramic tubes. The torsional vibration of the tangentially polarized piezoelectric ceramic slender tube was studied first and its electromechanical equivalent circuit was derived. Based on the network theory and the electromechanical equivalent circuit, the torsional vibration of the piezoelectric ceramic cylinder, formed by stacking a number of identical short piezoelectric ceramic rings, was analysed and the electromechanical equivalent circuit of the piezoelectric ceramic stack in torsional vibration was developed. Finally, the sandwiched ultrasonic torsional transducer was studied and resonance frequency equations were derived which can be used to design and calculate the torsional transducers for different applications.     

具有阻抗匹配层的宽带纵向振动压电换能器设计

本文研究纵向振动压电换能器的频带展宽问题。在复合棒纵向换能器的辐射端加工适当材料的阻抗匹配层,可以使其工作在非单谐振状态下,在单层阻抗匹配层的情况下,合理地选择匹配层的厚度可以调整其谐振点之间的位置,从而改善换能器的辐射特性。本研究结果表明,对于机械品质因素Qm=6,发射响应带宽△f=4kHz的纵向振子,采用四分之一波长厚度的匹配层,在不降低发射响应的条件下,可展宽频带一倍以上。     

渔业声学回波散射测量系统的宽频带换能器

针对目前渔业声学宽频带回波散射测量系统采用多个不同频带的换能器合成、结构复杂且不方便携带的缺点,本文提出一种使用低机械品质因数、高谐振频率的积层压电致动器作为核心压电元件的"朗之万"型宽带水声换能器。测试结果表明,该换能器适用的频率范围为20 kHz~150 kHz,在三个渔业声学常用频率38 kHz、70 kHz、120 kHz下的-3 dB波束宽度分别为20.0°、11.5°、5.0°,可以满足对常见渔业资源种类的宽带声学回波散射特征的测量要求。     

Modeling of functionally graded piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers

The application of functionally graded material (FGM) concept to piezoelectric transducers allows the design of composite transducers without interfaces, due to the continuous change of property values. Thus, large improvements can be achieved, as reduction of stress concentration, increasing of bonding strength, and bandwidth. This work proposes to design and to model FGM piezoelectric transducers and to compare their performance with non-FGM ones. Analytical and finite element (FE) modeling of FGM piezoelectric transducers radiating a plane pressure wave in fluid medium are developed and their results are compared. The ANSYS software is used for the FE modeling. The analytical model is based on FGM-equivalent acoustic transmission-line model, which is implemented using MATLAB software. Two cases are considered: (i) the transducer emits a pressure wave in water and it is composed of a graded piezoceramic disk, and backing and matching layers made of homogeneous materials; (ii) the transducer has no backing and matching layer; in this case, no external load is simulated. Time and frequency pressure responses are obtained through a transient analysis. The material properties are graded along thickness direction. Linear and exponential gradation functions are implemented to illustrate the influence of gradation on the transducer pressure response, electrical impedance, and resonance frequencies.