高频宽带嵌套式复合材料换能器*

研制了一种嵌套式高频宽带复合材料换能器,利用1-3型压电复合材料Q值较低、频带较宽的特点,采用组合式的结构拓展换能器的工作带宽。通过切割框型压电陶瓷、灌注环氧树脂得到压电复合材料框型敏感元件,再将不同厚度的框型敏感元件沿轴向嵌套从而制成多层嵌套的压电复合材料敏感元件。建立1-3型压电复合材料中压电小柱的等效电路,根据等效电路计算出压电小柱的谐振频率,并与1-3型压电复合材料的谐振频率理论计算结果进行对比。通过ANSYS软件对敏感元件结构进行仿真,并根据仿真结果确定了敏感元件的最佳设计方案。最终制作出的换能器进行水下测试,该换能器的谐振频率为310kHz,最大发送电压响应为188.5dB,-3dB带宽可达130kHz,接收灵敏度最大可达-186.8dB,-3dB带宽可达90kHz,谐振频率处-3dB的指向性开角约为2.4°。该嵌套式敏感元件可实现换能器宽带发射与接收声波的目标。     

圆环状复合材料高频宽带水声换能器

研制了一种圆环状高频宽带水声换能器。利用压电复合材料Q值低从而频带宽的特点,采用双环轴向堆叠产生双模态耦合的结构方式拓宽换能器的带宽。通过理论分析与仿真计算,确定敏感元件几何尺寸。用切割-浇注-被覆电极等工艺制备出压电复合材料圆环;再将制备出的外径相同,壁厚不等的压电复合材料圆环轴向叠堆制成叠堆敏感元件,最后灌注防水透声层制成换能器。对制得的换能器进行水下性能测试,测得该换能器谐振频率为410 kHz,最大发射电压响应为150 dB,-3 dB带宽达60 kHz,水平指向性开角(-5 dB)为360°,-3 dB垂直指向性开角约20°。结果表明将复合材料圆环轴向堆叠可显著拓展换能器的带宽,且实现声波的水平全向发射。      

一种压电超声波物料输送器*

利用压电陶瓷元件具有良好声电转换特性和输出特性,本文提出了一种新型结构的压电超声波物料输送器。设计了超声波物料输送器的结构并分析了其工作原理,采用纵扭复合型压电换能器为驱动源,对压电换能器进行了结构设计和参数计算,并对其进行了性能测试。由此研制出了压电超声波输送器的样机并进行了试验测试,结果表明:当频率为17.9 kHz–18.6 kHz时,输送器具有输送物料能力。驱动负载为1.5 kg时系统的谐振频率为18.3 kHz,输送速度最快,达到64个/min。随着电源输出功率的增大输送物料速度呈线性增加。该输送器的稳定性好,噪声低。与压电片式和电磁式输送器噪声进行对比,超声波输送器的工作噪声仅为31 dB,略小于压电片式,远小于电磁式。     

175kHz高频空气超声换能器研制及其特性测量

本文报道了一种用于复杂空气旋涡场参量测量的高频空气超声换能器．在用超声-激光方法研究流场时，它是关键的换能元件。该换能器工作频率为175kHz。由于采用了管状压电元件及特制的伞状反射器，该换能器具有优越的指向性（士2．5°）     

基于ZnO压电薄膜的弯曲振动硅微压电超声换能器的研究

对所研制的硅微压电超声换能器（PMUT）的振动特性进行了研究分析。对硅微压电超声换能的振动膜薄板的厚度相对于薄板的尺度（边长）而言较薄的情况,理论分析与实验结果均表明残余应力对换能器的谐振频率影响较大:不考虑残余应力的理论分析得出的换能器谐振频率与器件的实验测量的结果相差较大,而考虑残余应力的分析给出的谐振频率结果与实验结果是符合的。本文还对所制作的硅微压电超声换能器的谐振频率及导纳进行测量,并给出其等效电路参数。其中振动膜边长为1mm的换能器的谐振频率为71.25 kHz。最后对其进行了简单接收发射实验,测得谐振频率处的接收灵敏度为-201.6 dB（ref 1 V/μPa）,发射电压响应约为137 dB（ref 1 μPa·m/V）。      

自由端盖Ⅲ型宽带弯张换能器的设计

提出了一种利用多模耦合实现低频、宽带、大功率特性的新结构Ⅲ型弯张换能器。通过在压电陶瓷堆内部嵌入与凹型弯张壳体相连的弹性辅助弯曲梁结构,并用弯曲圆盘作为顶部自由端盖,增加有效工作模态。利用有限元方法对换能器进行了设计优化,分析结果显示换能器在低频段存在4个主要工作模态。根据优化结果,加工制作了换能器样机,水池实验的测试结果表明:在1.5～5.5 kHz范围内,换能器样机的发送电压响应均大于135 dB;1.5～4 kHz内的最大发送电压响应大于142 dB,响应起伏小于6 dB。研究结果表明自由端盖Ⅲ型弯张换能器不仅能够在小尺寸设计下实现大功率工作,还能获得低频宽带发射性能。      

弛豫铁电单晶/压电陶瓷混合激励换能器EI北大核心CSCD

为了降低纵向换能器尺寸并提高发射带宽和发送电压响应,研究了一种弛豫铁电单晶/压电陶瓷混合激励换能器,换能器由[011]方向极化PIN-PMN-PT单晶和PZT-4压电陶瓷混合激励,利用多模态振动耦合的原理,通过单晶的32模式振动,可以灵活调整两种振子之间的驱动能力和刚度分配。首先通过四端网络法得到了换能器等效电路并计算了其谐振频率,然后利用有限元方法对换能器进行了仿真优化,最后制作了试验样机并进行了测试分析。换能器样机外径86 mm、长度80 mm,工作频带13~38 kHz,最大发送电压响应为144.9 dB,带内发送电压响应起伏小于6 dB,具有良好的宽带、小尺寸工作性能。     

空心聚合物微珠/环氧树脂复合材料匹配层空耦式压电换能器

研制了一种厚度模空耦式压电换能器,使用综合考虑材料衰减系数和声阻抗的空耦式压电换能器电力声等效电路理论模型以指导匹配层结构设计和材料选择,选用新型的空心聚合物微珠/环氧树脂复合材料作为声匹配材料,优化设计电阻抗匹配及结构参数。该换能器中心频率为510 kHz,-6 dB频域相对带宽为25.4%,插入损耗为-27 dB。结果表明,使用新型低衰减系数的闭孔复合材料单匹配层设计的该换能器不仅保证了高灵敏度,同时简化了换能器结构,为空耦式压电换能器研制提供了新思路。      

Terfenol-D球形低频换能器

本文设计并制作了一种Terfenol—D球形换能器,使用有限元分析软件ANSYS对换能器的电声参数进行模拟计算,计算结果与实验结果符合很好。换能器水中谐振频率f=6.3kHz,Q-3dB=2.63,证明具有低频、宽带的特点。     

铌酸钾钠基无铅压电陶瓷纵振换能器*

高性能环境友好型无铅压电陶瓷及其应用是当前压电材料研究的热点之一,为了探究其在水声换能器领域的应用潜力,该文对铌酸钾钠基无铅压电陶瓷和锆钛酸铅压电陶瓷纵振式换能器进行了对比研究。依据仿真结果优化结构尺寸,制作了两种换能器样机并测试了其在空气中和水中的电声性能。测试结果表明,铌酸钾钠基无铅压电陶瓷换能器的谐振频率为35kHz,最大发送电压响应为 151dB,声源级可达 190dB,在 26kHz~67kHz 的频率范围内发送电压响应的起伏不超过±4.5dB,谐振频率处-3dB 的指向性开角约为 76°。该无铅压电陶瓷换能器具有和锆钛酸铅压电陶瓷换能器相当的发射性能,有望推动无铅压电材料在水声换能器领域的应用进程。     

A wideband combined transducer for measuring system in sound tube

A wideband transducer for sound tube system is presented,which combines longitudinal transducer and ClassⅣflextensional transducer to improve the performance at low frequency and broaden the working band.The equivalent circuit is obtained and used to analyze the coupling mechanism between longitudinal transducer and flextensional transducer.A prototype of the transducer is developed after optimizing the electro-acoustic performances by Finite Element Method.The standing wave in the sound tube stimulated by this transducer has been studied and the sound absorbing coefficients of two acoustic materials samples are measured using this sound tube,which shows that the transducer can meet the requirements of acoustic material measurement with the working band ranging from 1.4 kHz to 23 kHz.     

Experimental temperature measurements by echo-contrast agents

The article considers results of experimental studies of the spectra of ultrasound echo-signals scattered by echo-contrast agents (ECA) at changing temperature. Two types of ECA have been used: Levovist being the suspension of free air bubbles and Definity whose gas bubbles are in an albumin shell. As the temperature increases the maxima of the frequency spectra of backscattering signals shift to low frequencies and the value of this shift serves to determine the true temperature. Experimental data on Levovist are well accorded with the calculations for the temperature range from 34 to 44°C and the frequency shifts were about 17 kHz/°C in the range of frequencies of 3.5—5 MHz. The Definity measured frequency shift versus temperature was 5 kHz/°C. The measured values of frequency shifts serve to the realization of the accuracy of temperature measurements of (0.1–0.2)°C. The obtained results prove the prospectiveness of special temperature ECA in the shells for the temperature mapping of internal organs by means of standard platforms of ultrasound diagnostics.     

Wideband low frequency generation and detection of Lamb and Rayleigh waves using electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs)

This paper describes a new type of non-contact electromagnetic transducer (EMAT) that can be used to generate both Lamb and Rayleigh waves on metal samples. The generated waves are wideband and low frequency with a dominant frequency content centred at approximately 200 kHz extending to around 500 kHz. The transducers have been used on both aluminium and steel, but operate more efficiently on aluminium due to its lower electrical resistance and density when compared to steel.     

压力罐中水声材料声学特性的参量源测量法

设计了一种原波频率500 kHz、差频范围1~30 kHz的截断宽带参量阵,作为水声材料测量系统的声源。通过分析典型频率下的宽带参量源指向性理论计算和实际测量结果,发现两者结果的曲线基本吻合,证明计算模型是正确的。应用钟形短时脉冲实现水声材料声特性的宽带测量,有益于降低样品边缘衍射干扰。并建立了测量水声材料大面积板状样品声压反射系数、声压透射系数和吸声系数的压力罐测量系统,罐体内尺寸Φ4 m×12 m,最高静水压4.5 MPa,测量频率范围1~30 kHz。对标准样品(尺寸1m×1m)进行了测量实验,其测量结果和理论曲线有很好的吻合,参量源测量法得到了验证;之后,通过对一块橡胶板样品在不同静压力下的吸声性能进行了测量和有效评估,进一步确认了参量源测量法在压力罐这样有限水域中的潜在应用价值。      

用于PZT调制干涉仪的外触发式差动数字鉴相技术

基于相位测量的外差干涉系统以其信号处理方面的优势在光学计量领域得到了广泛的应用。介绍了采用机械调制方法的差动单频干涉系统的干涉信号小数级次的相位测量实现方法。针对机械调制干涉系统的信号有相位跃变点且周期不均匀的特点 ,提出了利用外触发信号对干涉信号进行整周期截取而后再鉴相的方法。研制了基于 FPGA的外触发式差动数字鉴相系统。实验测试表明 ,该鉴相系统在信号频率为 30 0 Hz～ 10 k Hz范围内达到的指标为 :示值稳定性优于± 0 .0 15°,极限偏差小于± 0 .0 7°     

Acoustic backscatter measurements from littoral seabeds at shallow grazing angles at 4 and 8 kHz

Direct measurement of acoustic scattering from the seabed at shallow grazing angles and low kilohertz frequencies presents a considerable challenge in littoral waters. Specifically, returns from the air-water interface typically contaminate the signals of interest. To address this issue, DRDC Atlantic has developed a sea-going research system for measuring acoustic scatter from the seabed in shallow-water environs. The system, known as the wideband sonar (WBS), consists of a parametric array transmitter and a superdirective receiver. In this paper, backscatter measurements obtained with the WBS at two sandy, shallow-water sites off North America's Atlantic coast are presented. Data were collected at 4 and 8 kHz at grazing angles from 3 degrees-15 degrees. The backscattering strength is similar at both sites and, below about 8 degrees, it appears to be independent of frequency within the statistical accuracy of the data. The measurements show reasonable agreement with model estimates of backscatter from sandy sediments. A small data set was collected at one of the sites to examine the feasibility of using the WBS to measure the azimuthal variability of acoustic scatter. The data set--although limited--indicates that the parametric array's narrow beamwidth makes the system well-suited to this task.     

Creaming enhancement in a liter scale ultrasonic reactor at selected transducer configurations and frequencies

Recent research has shown that high frequency ultrasound (0.4–3 MHz), can enhance milkfat separation in small scale systems able to treat only a few milliliters of sample. In this work, the effect of ultrasonic standing waves on milkfat creaming was studied in a 6 L reactor and the influence of different frequencies and transducer configurations in direct contact with the fluid was investigated. A recombined coarse milk emulsion with fat globules stained with oil-red-O dye was selected for the separation trials. Runs were performed with one or two transducers placed in vertical (parallel or perpendicular) and horizontal positions (at the reactor base) at 0.4, 1 and/or 2 MHz (specific energy 8.5 ± 0.6 kJ/kg per transducer). Creaming behavior was assessed by measuring the thickness of the separated cream layer. Other methods supporting this assessment included the measurement of fat content, backscattering, particle size distribution, and microscopy of samples taken at the bottom and top of the reactor. Most efficient creaming was found after treatment at 0.4 MHz in single and double vertical transducer configurations. Among these configurations, a higher separation rate was obtained when sonicating at 0.4 MHz in a vertical perpendicular double transducer setup. The horizontal transducer configuration promoted creaming at 2 MHz only. Fat globule size increase was observed when creaming occurred. This research highlights the potential for enhanced separation of milkfat in larger scale systems from selected transducer configurations in contact with a dairy emulsion, or emulsion splitting in general.