含氮氧阴离子螯合配体的铑络合物的常压氢甲酰化催化性能

铑膦络合物是最常用的烯烃氢甲酰化反应的催化剂,目前改进这类催化剂的活性和选择性大多从选用新型膦配体着手,而很少研究改变铑络合物本身的配位环境.Rh(acac)(CO)_2等一价铑络合物是人们熟知的氢甲酰化催化剂,而类似结构的Rh(ON)(CO)_2型络合物(ON为氮氧阴离子配体)催化剂则尚未见报道.本文研究了Rh(ON)(CO)_2与膦配体组成的体系在常压下对烯烃氢甲酰化反应的催化作用.所用三种Rh(ON)(CO)_2型络合物的结构如下:     

羧基膦－钯－酸体系催化烯烃氢酯基化反应

以钯－膦－酸体系催化烯烃氢酯基化的反应日显重要，而膦配体是决定此反应的重要因素，用二苯基膦乙酸（ＤＰＡ）为配体的钯催化剂体系，对烯烃的氢酯基化反应作了研究。对影响反应的各种因素如反应温度、反应压力、不同的溶剂、膦配体及酸助剂的量等作了考察，发现此配体对烯烃的区域选择性有改善。并用此催化体系对不同结构的烯烃进行了研究，发现有如下的活性顺序：环烯烃＞直链端烯＞直链内烯。     

四膦配体的合成及其金属配合物催化烯烃氢甲酰化反应研究

合成了四膦配体Ｃ（ＣＨ２ＰＰｈ２）４，并研究了由钴－四膦配体组成的催化剂体系对烯烃氢甲酰化反应的催化作用．对反应的各种因素，如反应温度、反应压力、不同Ｐ／Ｃｏ比，不同烯烃等的影响作了探讨，并与不同膦配体体系催化烯烃氢甲酰化作对比，发现膦配体催化活性有如下顺序：Ｃ（ＣＨ２ＰＰｈ２）４≈Ｐｈ２Ｐ（ＣＨ２）２ＰＰｈ２＞Ｐｈ２Ｐ（ＣＨ２）３ＰＰｈ２＞Ｐｈ２ＰＣＨ２ＰＰｈ２＞Ｐｈ２Ｐ（ＣＨ２）４ＰＰｈ２．     

聚氧乙烯基取代膦—铑配合物催化有机单相苯乙烯氢甲酰化反应研究

基于非离子表面活性膦配体的临界溶解温度特性 ,研究了以 Rh Cl3· 3H2 O为催化剂前体、聚氧乙烯基取代膦为配体原位合成的膦铑配合物催化剂 ,对有机单相体系中苯乙烯氢甲酰化反应的催化性能 .考察了反应温度、压力及不同聚氧乙烯基取代膦 -铑配合物催化剂对反应的影响 .以 Rh/PETPP配合物为催化剂时 ,在 T=10 0℃ ,p=6 .0 MPa (CO/H2 =1∶ 1)条件下 ,反应 3.5 h后 ,烯烃转化率和产物醛收率可分别达 96 .7%和 92 .6 %     

铑/双膦配体催化均相内烯烃氢甲酰化反应的研究进展

烯烃氢甲酰化反应是工业上合成醛的重要方法.由于双膦配体良好的配位能力,形成的铑配合物有很好的催化活性,在内烯烃氢甲酰化反应中,可以有效地提高直链醛选择性.本文系统地综述了近年来双膦配体铑配合物催化均相内烯烃氢甲酰化反应的研究进展,讨论了双膦配体结构对催化剂活性和生成直链醛选择性的影响.     

两相催化体系中长链烯烃氢甲酰化反应研究：—阳离子胶束的动力学作用机理

研究了以水溶性铑－膦配合物RhCl(CO)(TPPTS)2为催化剂,三苯基膦三磺酸钠（TPPTS）为配体,在阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）存在下,水／有机物两相催化体系中,1－十二烯甲酰化反应与CTAB浓度的关系,为了进一步揭示阳离子表面活性剂在该反应体系中的动力学作用机理,分别应用分光光度法和光散射法,测定了1－十二烯在CTAB胶束中的增溶曲线和铑民位催化剂、配体TPPTS和1－十二烯对CTAB胶束摩尔质量的影响,结果表明,阳离子表面活性剂对长烯烃烯氢甲酰化两相催化反应具有加速作用,可能是由于;（1）催化剂及配体吸附于胶束界面并富集;（2）烯烃增溶于胶束内核,容易与催化活性物种发生配位反应。     

膦配体链长对锚合膦配体修饰的Rh/SiO_2催化剂上氢甲酰化反应性能的影响(英文)

烯烃氢甲酰化反应产物醛是生产多种有机化合物的重要中间体,具有重要的工业价值.均相催化剂具有反应条件温和及催化效率高的优点,因而成为工业应用的主要催化体系,但催化剂分离复杂且昂贵.多相催化剂具有易分离和易回收的优点,但在氢甲酰化反应中的活性和选择性较低,因而大大阻碍了其在工业上的应用.为了得到兼具两种催化剂优点的新型催化剂,人们进行了数十年的研究,均相催化剂多相化便是其中一个研究热点.实现该策略最常用的一个方法是将均相催化剂固载到载体上,以此来达到催化剂易从反应物及产物中分离,同时保有高活性高选择性的目的.通过化学键将金属配合物的配体键合到载体上已经取得了一定的成功,但依然存在着活性组分流失和催化剂失活的问题.本课题组开发了一种锚合膦配体修饰的Rh/SiO_2新型催化剂,在乙烯氢甲酰化反应中表现出卓越的稳定性,反应1000 h后依然没有出现活性下降和组分流失的现象,这是因为配体和活性金属同时被固载在载体SiO_2上.但是由于配体和活性金属都不能自由移动,很多配体不能与金属原子有效接触,起不到配位效应,因而催化剂活性仍不够高.因此,为了提高锚合膦配体修饰的Rh/SiO_2催化剂的活性,我们合成了具有较长链长的膦DPPPTS,并与商业购买的链长较短的膦DPPETS做对比,研究锚合膦配体链长和催化剂活性的关系.使用N_2物理吸附、原位红外光谱(FT-IR)和固体~(31)P核磁共振(NMR)等探讨了膦配体链长影响催化性能的原因.固定床上乙烯氢甲酰化反应结果表明,当膦配体的链长增长一个亚甲基长度后,反应稳定后催化剂的活性提高了一倍以上.N_2物理吸附实验表明,延长配体的链长对催化剂结构性质的影响不大,因而也不会改变反应时的传质.催化剂吸附合成气(CO:H_2=1:1)的原位FT-IR结果表明,不同链长膦配体修饰的Rh/SiO_2催化剂上均原位生成了类似于用于均相氢甲酰化反应的Wilkinson型催化剂的活性物种HRh(CO)_2(DPPPTS)_2[或HRh(CO)_2(DPPETS)_2],以及吸附在Rh上的线式CO.这两种吸附物种均利于氢甲酰化反应的进行,其中以前者活性更好.从原位FT-IR结果同样看出,锚合链长较长的膦配体的催化剂(DPPPTS-Rh/SiO_2)上原位生成的活性物种量更多,因而催化活性更高.固体~(31)P NMR结果表明,催化剂上的膦以自由态的膦(高场峰β)和与Rh配位的膦(低场峰α)两种形式存在.α峰面积和β峰面积之比(r)越高代表与Rh配位的膦配体占总膦量的比例越高.发现DPPPTS-Rh/SiO_2催化剂的r值(1.31)高于DPPETS-Rh/SiO_2催化剂(1.05),即前者与Rh配位生成活性物种的膦配体的比例更高.结合原位FT-IR和固体~(31)P NMR的结果可知,链长较长的DPPPTS更容易与Rh配位,从而生成更多的铑膦配合物活性物种,因而催化剂活性更高.因此,增长锚合膦配体的链长有助于提高其修饰的Rh/SiO_2催化剂的活性.     

PETPP／Rh配合物催化剂的原位红光外光谱研究

利用原位红外光谱,考察了PETPP/Rh催化剂在CO/H2气氛下的活化情况,并监测1-十二碳烯氢甲酰化的反应过程。实验结果表明,在PETPP/Rh配合物催化剂中,膦配体主要以配位数少的形式存在,因而氢甲酰化反应产物醛的正/异比较低。     

一种新型双膦亚磷酸酯配体的合成及在1-己烯氢甲酰化反应中的应用

以4,4'-二羟基二苯丙烷和2,4-二叔丁基苯酚为原料合成了一种新型双膦亚磷酸酯配体,并用此配体和Rh(acac)(CO)2原位形成的催化体系催化1-己烯的氢甲酰化反应.系统考察了反应温度、压力、P/Rh和溶剂四种反应参数对催化体系的催化性能影响.选择了最佳的反应条件,在铑浓度为0.75×10-3mol/L、P/Rh比为10、温度100℃、压力(H2/CO=1)2.0MPa的条件下反应1.0h,在溶剂甲苯中1-己烯的转化率可达到100%,醛选择性为98.7%,TOF为3498.6h-1.在相同的条件下与以三苯基膦和单膦亚磷酸三(2,4-二叔丁基苯基)酯为配体的铑催化剂相比较,以新型双膦亚磷酸酯为配体的铑催化剂的催化活性是PPh3的1.6倍,而与亚磷酸三(2,4-二叔丁基苯基)酯的催化活性相当.     

编织芳基网络聚合物负载Rh催化剂上高碳烯烃氢甲酰化反应性能

考察了编织芳基网络聚合物（KAPs）负载的Rh催化剂（Rh/KAPs）在高碳烯烃氢甲酰化反应中的催化性能. 结果表明,三苯基膦-苯基底KAPs负载Rh催化剂（Rh/KAPs-1）具有优异的高碳烯烃氢甲酰化反应活性,产物醛收率显著高于Rh/SiO₂催化剂. 傅里叶变换红外光谱、热重、氮气吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、¹³C核磁共振和³¹P核磁共振结果显示,Rh/KAPs-1催化剂具有优异的热稳定性及大的比表面积和多级孔道结构,Rh颗粒处于高度分散状态,并可在反应过程中形成均相催化活性物种.     

Markovnikov hydroformylation catalyzed by ROPAC in the presence of phosphine and phosphine oxide ligands

Rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation of 1-octene in the presence of different phosphine and phosphine oxide ligands has been investigated. The molecular structure of new phosphine ligand, fluorenylidine methyl phenyl diphenylphosphine, was determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Parameters such as different ligands, molar ratio of ligand to rhodium complex, ratio of olefin to rhodium complex, pressure of CO : H₂ mixture, and time of the reaction were studied. The linear aldehyde was the main product when the phosphine ligands were used as auxiliary ligands while the selectivity was changed to the branched products when the related phosphine oxide ligands were used. Under optimized reaction conditions, in the presence of [Rh(acac)(CO)(Ph₃P)]-di(1-naphthyl)phenyl phosphine oxide, conversion of 1-octene reached 97% with 87% selectivity of branched aldehyde.     

负载型水溶性铑膦配合物催化剂的结构和性能

SiO2担载TPPTS（间-三苯基膦三磺酸钠盐）－Rh（acac）（CO）2制成的负载型水溶性催化剂进行1-己烯氢甲酰化催化反应时，引入适量水蒸气可显著提高催化活性．用魔角旋转固体核磁共振磷谱表征得到，在新制备的催化剂中，吸附于SiO2表面但未参与配位的TPPTS，约占总膦物种的70mol％以上，而位于δ=32．4处的表面配合物｛Rh（CO）（TPPTS）2｝膦物种量约为15mol％，其它膦10mol％左右．催化剂经干燥合成气在373K处理2h、或经湿合成气在较低温度（333K）下处理2h后，｛Rh（CO）（TPPTS）2｝的增加量仅约为10～15mol％，其它膦物种的变化量也较小，但催化剂经湿合成气于373K处理2h后，｛Rh（CO）（TPPTS）2｝的净增量大于40mol％；在工作态催化剂中，也观察到｛Rh（CO）（TPPTS）2）大量生成、未配位TPPTS量减小；经43h反应运转后，催化剂活性下降，归属为｛Rh（CO）（TPPTS）2）的磷谱峰宽化，揭示有部份配合物解络、部分TPPTS被氧化成OTTPTS．本研究结果证实，适量水可促进催化剂中具氢甲酰化催化活性的铑膦物种形成，提高活性，但随反应进行，配合物将逐渐解络、膦配体逐渐被氧化，从而使催化剂逐渐失活．     

硅胶键合膦的制备及其对铑络合物催化1-辛烯氢甲酰化反应的影响

以硅胶为载体, 采用键合接枝法将2-(二苯膦基)乙基三乙氧基硅烷(DPPES)共价键合于硅胶表面, 制备了性能优良的硅胶键合型膦配体(以SiO₂(PPh₂)表示). 以SiO₂(PPh₂)为配体, Rh(acac)(CO)₂ (acac:乙酰丙酮)为催化前体, 负载铑膦络合物催化剂(SiO₂(PPh₂)/Rh)在1-辛烯氢甲酰化反应中原位生成. 对生成的负载型催化剂和硅胶键合型膦配体进行了傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱表征, 考察了膦/铑摩尔浓度比([P]/[Rh])、温度等因素对铑催化的长链1-辛烯氢甲酰化反应的影响. 结果表明, 膦/铑摩尔浓度比的增加能显著提高反应的成醛选择性, 降低铑的流失. 在[P]/[Rh]=12、363 K、2.0 MPa、1.5 h 的温和反应条件下, 1-辛烯转化率和成醛选择性分别可达98.4%和95.3%, 其催化活性与DPPES或三苯基膦(TPP)作配体时的均相铑催化相近. 催化剂循环4 次后, 反应活性无明显下降, 1-辛烯转化率均在97.0%左右, 经电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)检测,有机相中铑流失低于0.1%.     

Modification of rhodium carbonyl catalysts for hydroformylation of 2-butenes by organophosphorus ligands

The influence of the nature of the organophosphorus ligand and the P/Rh molar ratio on the catalytic properties of rhodium carbonyl complexes in hydroformylation of 2-butenes was studied. The difference between phosphine and phosphite ligands during the formation of highly selective catalytic complexes was found. It was supposed that a decrease in the selectivity with respect to 2-methylbutanal is due to the isomerization of olefins under conditions of a decrease in the competitive capability of CO for coordination sites (the high P/Rh ratio, a decrease in the total pressure of the synthesis-gas). Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 702–704, April, 1999.     

羰基铑簇合物衍生的多相烯烃氢甲酰化催化剂的性能及红外表征

在常压下,Rh_4(CO)_(12)或Rh_6(CO)_(16)簇合物衍生的Rh/SiO_2对乙烯,丙烯氯甲酰化反应表现出良好的催化活性和选择性,并有利于直线醛的形成.乙烯氢甲酰化体系的表面催化比活性与Rh分散性的关系表明.乙烯氢甲酰化反应具有结构敏感性,而乙烯加氢反应具有结构非敏感性,高分散的金属表面有利于主反应的选择性.通过红外光谱跟踪,发现表面Rh在反应气氛中显示零价.根据接触时间对催化反应的影响,推测多相烯烃氢甲酰化及加氢反应都在Ph~0活性中心上进行.另外,担载羰基铑簇合物的热分解红外研究结果指出,表面羰基化合物金属中心上的配位不饱和性对氢甲酰化催化活性似乎起着重要影响,簇合物只有完全脱羰才能提供高活性的催化中心.在反应气氛和CO气氛中,担载Rh_6(CO)_(16)表现出一致的热稳定性,说明反应气中的CO对稳定羰基物起着主导作用.     

高稳定性无膦配体乙烯氢甲酰化催化体系研究

高活性、高稳定性的无膦配体多相氢甲酰化催化体系研究是催化化学领域的重要课题。本文以乙烯氢甲酰化这一反应为目标,发展出含有不同含氧官能团的活性炭为载体的负载纳米铑催化材料。其中,当以Rh/C-3这一材料为催化剂时,乙烯氢甲酰化反应的转化频率可以达到57889 mol/mol/h。该催化剂可以在固定床反应器上稳定运行2500小时保持活性稳定。表征发现,碳材料表面的内酯基团 (-CO2-)对催化材料的活性和稳定性具有重要的作用。这一研究对高活性、高稳定性的非膦配体多相氢甲酰化催化体系研究具有一定的启示。     

New diphosphine ligands containing ethyleneglycol and amino alcohol spacers for the rhodium-catalyzed carbonylation of methanol

The new diphosphine ligands Ph(2)PC(6)H(4)C(O)X(CH(2))(2)OC(O)C(6)H(4)PPh(2) (1: X=NH; 2: X=NPh; 3: X=O) and Ph(2)PC(6)H(4)C(O)O(CH(2))(2)O(CH(2))(2)OC(O)C(6)H(4)PPh(2) (5) as well as the monophosphine ligand Ph(2)PC(6)H(4)C(O)X(CH(2))(2)OH (4) have been prepared from 2-diphenylphosphinobenzoic acid and the corresponding amino alcohols or diols. Coordination of the diphosphine ligands to rhodium, iridium, and platinum resulted in the formation of the square-planar complexes [(Pbond;P)Rh(CO)Cl] (6: Pbond;P=1; 7: Pbond;P=2; 8: Pbond;P=3), [(Pbond;P)Rh(CO)Cl](2) (9: Pbond;P=5), [(P-P)Ir(cod)Cl] (10: Pbond;P=1; 11: Pbond;P=2; 12: Pbond;P=3), [(Pbond;P)Ir(CO)Cl] (13: Pbond;P=1; 14: Pbond;P=2; 15: Pbond;P=3), and [(Pbond;P)PtI(2)] (18: Pbond;P=2). In all complexes, the diphosphine ligands are trans coordinated to the metal center, thanks to the large spacer groups, which allow the two phosphorus atoms to occupy opposite positions in the square-planar coordination geometry. The trans coordination is demonstrated unambiguously by the single-crystal X-ray structure analysis of complex 18. In the case of the diphosphine ligand 5, the spacer group is so large that dinuclear complexes with ligand 5 in bridging positions are formed, maintaining the trans coordination of the P atoms on each metal center, as shown by the crystal structure analysis of 9. The monophosphine ligand 4 reacts with [[Ir(cod)Cl](2)] (cod=cyclooctadiene) to give the simple derivative [(4)Ir(cod)Cl] (16) which is converted into the carbonyl complex [(4)Ir(CO)(2)Cl] (17) with carbon monoxide. The crystal structure analysis of 16 also reveals a square-planar coordination geometry in which the phosphine ligand occupies a position cis with respect to the chloro ligand. The diphosphine ligands 1, 2, 3, and 5 have been tested as cocatalysts in combination with the catalyst precursors [[Rh(CO)(2)Cl](2)] and [[Ir(cod)Cl](2)] or [H(2)IrCl(6)] for the carbonylation of methanol at 170 degrees C and 22 bar CO. The best results (TON 800 after 15 min) are obtained for the combination 2/[[Rh(CO)(2)Cl](2)]. After the catalytic reaction, complex 7 is identified in the reaction mixture and can be isolated; it is active for further runs without loss of catalytic activity.     

长链烷基二苯基膦—铑配合物催化烯烃氢甲酰化反应研究

研究了烷基二苯基膦-铑配合物RhCl(CO0(n-C8H17PPh2)2(1)和RhCl(Co)(n-C12H25PPh2)2（2）对1-辛烯氢甲酰化反应的催化性能。结果表明,配合物1比2具有更高的催化活性,而配合物2对生成正构醛的选择性更好;当催化剂浓度或膦/铑比增加时,配合物2催化成正构醛的选择性呈下降趋势,显示出与以PPh3为配体时的不同的性能。     

Synthesis,characterization and hydroformylation activity of 7‐azaindolate‐bridged dinuclear rhodium(I)phosphines with pendant polar‐groups

New dinuclear Rh(I)–Phosphines of the types [Rh(µ‐azi)(CO)(L)]₂ ( 1,3 – 7 ) and [Rh(µ‐azi)(L)]₂ ( 8 ) with pendant polar groups, and a chealated mononuclear compound [Rh(azi‐H)(CO)(L)] ( 2 ) (where azi = 7‐azaindolate, L = polar phosphine) were isolated from the reaction of [Rh(µ‐Cl)(CO)₂]₂ with 7‐azaindolate followed by some polar mono‐ and bis‐phosphines ( L ₁ – L ₈ ). A relationship between Δδ³¹P‐NMR and ν(CO) values was considered to define the impact of polar‐groups on σ‐donor properties of the phosphines. These compounds were evaluated as catalyst precursors in the hydroformylation of 1‐hexene and 1‐dodecene both in mono‐ and biphasic aqueous organic systems. While the biphasic hydroformylations (water + toluene) gave exclusively the aldehydes, the monophasic one (aqueous ethanol) showed propensity to form both aldehydes and alcohols. The influence of bimetallic cooperative effects, and σ‐donor and hydrophilic properties of the phosphines with pendant polar‐groups in enhancing the yields and selectivity of hydroformylation products was emphasized. In addition, when strong σ‐donor phosphine was used, the π‐acceptor nature of pyridine ring of 7‐azaindolate spacer was found to be a considerable factor in facilitating the facile cleavage of CO group during hydroformylation and in supplementing the cooperative effects. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Core–Shell Nanoreactors for Efficient Aqueous Biphasic Catalysis

Water‐borne phosphine‐functionalized core‐cross‐linked micelles ( CCM ) consisting of a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic shell were obtained as stable latexes by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) in water in a one‐pot, three‐step process. Initial homogeneous aqueous‐phase copolymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) and poly(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate (PEOMA) is followed by copolymerization of styrene (S) and 4‐diphenylphosphinostyrene (DPPS), yielding P(MAA‐co‐PEOMA)‐b‐P(S‐co‐DPPS) amphiphilic block copolymer micelles ( M ) by polymerization‐induced self‐assembly (PISA), and final micellar cross‐linking with a mixture of S and diethylene glycol dimethacrylate. The CCM were characterized by dynamic light scattering and NMR spectroscopy to evaluate size, dispersity, stability, and the swelling ability of various organic substrates. Coordination of [Rh(acac)(CO)₂] (acac=acetylacetonate) to the core‐confined phosphine groups was rapid and quantitative. The CCM and M latexes were then used, in combination with [Rh(acac)(CO)₂], to catalyze the aqueous biphasic hydroformylation of 1‐octene, in which they showed high activity, recyclability, protection of the activated Rh center by the polymer scaffold, and low Rh leaching. The CCM latex gave slightly lower catalytic activity but significantly less Rh leaching than the M latex. A control experiment conducted in the presence of the sulfoxantphos ligand pointed to the action of the CCM as catalytic nanoreactors with substrate and product transport into and out of the polymer core, rather than as a surfactant in interfacial catalysis.