Suppression of Multiple-Beam Interference Noise in Testing an Optical-Parallel Plate by Wavelength-Scanning Interferometry

Measurements of optical parallel plates in a Fizeau interferometer lead to problems from multiple-beam interference noise unless the back surface of the plate has an additional treatment to prevent its reflection from reaching the detector. Such internal-reflection noise can be separated from the fundamental interference signal by its modulation frequency in a wavelength-scanning interferometer. However, to completely eliminate the noise, the air-gap distance between the testing and reference surfaces of the interferometer must be adjusted to a specific value, depending on the thickness and refractive index of the plate. This adjustment requires an undesirable change in the air gap, which is related to the phase modulation rate of the interferometer, and also requires additional information regarding the testing plate, which makes the measurement laborious. We show that if we add new symmetries to the sampling functions of the phase measuring algorithm, we can obtain significantly greater tolerance for the air-gap error. A new 19-sample algorithm allows a tolerance of ±23% while keeping the systematic errors at less than λ/200. The periodicity of the new algorithm and an integrating bucket technique also provide more options for the thickness of the testing plate, which guarantees an air-gap distance more independent of this thickness.     

Multiple-surface testing by a wavelength-scanning interferometer for refractive index inhomogeneity measurement

Wavelength-scanning interferometers can separate the multiple interference signals generated by several reflecting surfaces in the frequency space. Optical thickness variations of a three-layer object and its top surface shape were measured simultaneously by a wavelength-scanning Fizeau interferometer. An efficient sampling window for the phase detection has been derived that can compensate for the frequency detuning of the interference signal and suppress the cross talk from noise components in other frequencies. From the experimental results, the refractive index variation of a glass plate was calculated with an accuracy of ∼1 ppm, which is equivalent to several tens of nanometers in optical thickness variations. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Simultaneous measurement of several near-parallel surfaces with wavelength-shifting interferometry and a tunable phase-shifting method

Wavelength-shifting interferometry can distinguish in frequency space interference signals from different surfaces, and therefore allows the measurement of optical thickness variation between several quasi-parallel surfaces of a composite transparent object. Frequency analysis of the signal spectrum with a tunable phase-shifting formula can then detect the phase of the individual signals. We have devised a tunable phase-shifting method which uses a freely adjustable number of intensity samples and can be adapted to any frequency spectrum. To extract the signal reliably, two properties of the phase-shifting method are particularly important: it should suppress cross-talk from unwanted frequencies, and it should allow for some variation in the signal frequency. We show that a carefully designed sampling function envelope will combine these benefits, and demonstrate the technique in measurements of three different composite objects each consisting of three reflecting surfaces. The importance of phase-shift linearisation is discussed, and methods for selecting optimal set-up parameters are given.     

Error-Compensating Phase Measuring Algorithms in a Fizeau Inter ferometer

In phase-shifting Fizeau interferometers, nonlinear motion of the phase shifter and multiple-beam interference are the most common sources of systematic errors affecting high-precision phase measurement. A new class of algorithms with extended compensating capability for these errors is proposed. Measurement errors for the new algorithms and two groups of conventional algorithms: discrete Fourier algorithms and the Schwider-Larkin-Hibino algorithms are estimated as a function of the number of sampled images when these systematic error sources are equally dominant. It is shown that the conventional phase-measuring algorithms produce significant errors when the reflectivity of the testing surface exceeds ten percent. Also, these algorithms have an optimum number of samples at around seven with which the residual errors become minimum. The new class of algorithms shows a substantial reduction of the residual errors when the number of samples exceeds ten. There is no optimum number of samples for the new algorithms. For fewer than six samples, discrete Fourier algorithms which have no error-compensating capability for the nonlinearity of phase modulation give a minimum error.     

精密干涉测量中余弦依赖算法的误差研究

针对相移算法中以双光束干涉为基础的余弦依赖算法的算法误差,以菲佐干涉仪精密测长为应用背景进行了研究。利用干涉光学的基本原理导出了在多束光干涉（经光学面多次反射、透射）的情况下干涉光强随相位分布的精确公式;通过数值分析得出了在给定参量条件下忽略次级反射光所引入的光强误差达到14．4％;对余弦依赖算法所引起的光强误差分别就四步算法、五步算法得出了不同的依赖关系：由于四步算法比五步算法对光强误差更为敏感,因而五步算法具有更高的准确度;对于两个反射面均具有较高反射率的情况,必须考虑算法误差;当测长准确度要求不太高时,在两个或至少其中一个反射面反射率较低的情况下可以忽略算法误差的影响。     

半导体激光微小振动实时干涉测量仪

设计了一种半导体激光干涉测量仪,可以实时测量物体的微小振动。通过信号处理电路对干涉信号进行分析,得到实际振动的振幅和频率。给出了具体的理论分析,实验结果验证了该干涉仪的实用性。     

一种改进的微弱NQR信号检测算法

核四极矩共振（NQR）是一种固态射频谱分析技术,可用于检测高危险爆炸物. 然而NQR信号本身非常弱,并且易受线圈的热噪声和外部射频干扰的影响,低信噪比限制了NQR的实际应用. 该文提出一种改进的微弱NQR信号检测算法. 首先利用Hankel矩阵方式下奇异值分解的方法,有效地抑制射频干扰和噪声,并将NQR信号分离出来. 然后提出了一种基于MUSIC谱估计的非线性最小二乘检测器,它既保证了高的频率分辨率,又大大降低了运算量. 仿真数据和实测数据结果表明该算法的有效性.     

Rydberg原子的电磁诱导透明光谱的噪声转移特性

基于马赫-曾德尔干涉仪和平衡零拍探测技术研究了Cs原子6S_1/2↔6P_3/2↔62D_5/2Rydberg态阶梯型三能级系统电磁诱导透明效应中耦合光场的噪声向探测光场相位噪声的转移特性.实验中探测光频率锁定在Cs原子6S_1/2↔6P_3/2态共振跃迁线上,通过扫描6P_3/2到62D_5/2态跃迁的耦合光频率,测量了Rydberg态电磁诱导透明光谱.利用探测光经过声光调制器后的一级衍射光实现了马赫-曾德尔干涉仪的相位锁定,测量了不同锁定相位情况下的电磁诱导透明光谱,实验结果与阶梯型三能级系统的理论计算结果符合得很好.在此基础上详细研究了耦合光频率共振在6P_3/2到62D_5/2态跃迁线上时,耦合光频率噪声向探测光相位噪声的转移特性,发现耦合光频率噪声转移效率在高频处显示出较明显的抑制.同时观察到耦合光在不同失谐情况时,随着耦合光功率的改变,探测光相位噪声的变化特征表现出明显差异.     

基于小波变换的蓝宝石荧光光纤温度计

采用激光加热小基座法生长出掺Cr3+的蓝宝石光纤荧光温度传感头，它具有结构紧凑，耐高温等特点，测温范围从室温到450℃。使用基于小波变换的数据处理方法，有效去除信号中的噪声，提高了信噪比。在对荧光测温机理和有关光纤技术进行分析的基础上，采用与调制荧光信号相关的双参考源相位锁定测量方案，可在无激励光干扰的情况下对荧光寿命进行实时测量。根据噪音和信号在小波变换下表现出的不同性质，提出以小波变换为基础的温度信号特征提取及消噪方法。与其它处理方法相比，小波变换方法可以克服傅里叶变换对突变信号不起作用的缺点，同时又比Gabor变换具有可变窗口的优点。该方法可以缩短测量时间，提高测量分辨率。     

A subfringe integration method for multiple-beam Fizeau fringe analysis

Some aspects concerning the subfringe integration method in interferogram analysis have been investigated and modified. The modified algorithm, introduced in this paper, is capable of reconstructing the phase in the presence of noise or errors in carrier frequency. The subfringe integration method was applied to analyze two computer simulated patterns of equispaced Fizeau fringes using N bucket integration. Also, it is used to analyze the multiple-beam Fizeau fringe. The refractive index profile of polyethylene fiber is obtained by using two methods, subfringe integration method, and Fourier transform method. A comparison between the obtained results using the maintained methods is presented.     

外光注入半导体激光器实现重复速率可调全光时钟分频

采用Fabry-Perot半导体激光器作为全光时钟分频器件,利用光注入半导体激光器产生的非线性动力学特性,实现了光脉冲的重复速率在9.0 GHz到19.8 GHz范围内连续可调的全光时钟分频. 同时利用半导体激光器速率方程,对脉冲光注入半导体激光器产生时钟分频进行了数值模拟. 实验和模拟结果表明半导体激光器在光注入的驱动下处于一周期振荡状态,当一周期振荡的二次谐波频率接近脉冲光的重复速率时,其二次谐波和基频被脉冲光同时锁定,此时将输出频率为脉冲光重复速率一半的时钟信号. 同时研究了波长失谐量和注入光功率对 关键词： 周期振荡 时钟分频 光注入 非线性动力学     

Noise source localization in shallow water

The possibilities of the method for detecting a noise source, estimating its radial velocity and its distance from the receiver, based on the double Fourier transform of the interference pattern formed during motion, have been considered for a single-receiver configuration. It is shown that, as compared to a signal with a uniform spectrum, the limiting values of the input signal-to-noise ratio, at which the noise source can be localized, increase by about half. The results of a computational experiment are presented. A comparative analysis of the noise immunity of the algorithm applied to signals with uniform and noise spectra is performed.     

混沌干扰中基于同步挤压小波变换的谐波信号提取方法

针对混沌干扰背景下多个谐波信号的提取问题, 提出了一种基于同步挤压小波变换(SST)的谐波信号抽取方法. 首先利用SST将混沌信号和谐波信号组成的混合信号分解为不同的内蕴模态类函数, 然后利用Hilbert变换对分离出的内蕴模态类函数进行频率识别, 从中分离出各谐波信号. 以Duffing混沌背景为例, 对混沌干扰下多谐波信号的提取进行了实验分析. 实验结果表明: 对于不同频率间隔的多个谐波分量, 本文方法的提取结果都具有较高的精度, 而且所提方法对高斯白噪声的干扰具有较好的鲁棒性, 综合提取效果优于经典的经验模态分解方法.     

Profilometry of Sloped Plane Surfaces by Wavelength Scanning Interferometry

The feasibility of surface shape measurement by wavelength scanning interferometry was investigated by applying it to plane surfaces with various slope angles. We derived the surface height from the peak position of the Fourier transform of the interference signals arising from wavelength scanning of a dye laser at each pixel of a CCD camera, and succeeded in measuring both diffusely reflecting surfaces and machine-milled ones having slope angles up to 45°. Study of the influence of the slope angle on the standard deviations of the measured height showed that the standard deviation increases with increase of the angle of both surfaces. The increase in diffusely reflecting surfaces could be explained in terms of speckle decorrelation caused by wavelength change.     

用于绝对距离测量的波长扫描干涉仪信号分析

提出了一种可用于绝对距离测量的波长扫描光纤干涉仪。在时域和频域上，对其输出信号进行了研究。理论分析了法布里－珀罗腔多光束干涉所产生的干扰以及扫描过程中波长的随机漂移对输出信噪比的影响。由此提出了外腔光源结构和加工精度的要求，并设计了相应的信号处理算法，达到了距离测量所要求的０．０５μｍ的精度和０．０１μｍ的分辨率     

基于最优滤波器的强混沌背景中谐波信号检测方法研究

强混沌背景中的微弱谐波信号检测有重要的工程研究意义. 目前的检测方法主要是基于Takens理论的混沌相空间重构方法, 然而这些方法往往对信干噪比要求高, 且对高斯白噪声敏感等. 本文注意到混沌信号的二阶统计特性是不变的, 根据这个特点提出了一种基于最优滤波器的强混沌背景中的微弱谐波信号检测方法. 该方法首先构建一个数据矩阵, 在频域上对每个频率通道分别检测谐波信号, 从而将信号检测问题转化为最优化问题, 然后利用最优化理论设计滤波器, 使待检测频率通道的信号增益保持不变, 而尽量抑制其他频率通道的信号, 最后通过判断每一频率通道的输出信干噪比来检测谐波信号. 与传统方法相比, 本文方法有如下优点: 1)可以检测更低信干噪比下的微弱谐波信号; 2)可检测的信号幅度范围更大; 3)抗白噪声性能更强. 仿真结果证明了本文方法的有效性.     

Thickness and Surface Profile Measurement by a Sinusoidal Wavelength-Scanning Interferometer

We propose a sinusoidal wavelength-scanning interferometer for measuring thickness and surface profile of a thin film. The interference signal contains phase modulation amplitude Z and phase $aL which are related to the positions and profiles of the reflecting surfaces, respectively. By reducing the difference between the detected signal and the estimated signal using the multidimensional nonlinear least-squares algorithm, we estimate values of Z and $aL. Experimental results show that the front and rear surfaces of a silica glass plate of 20 $mUm-thickness could be measured with an error less than 10 nm.     

基于独立成分分析的全波核磁共振信号噪声滤除方法研究

核磁共振测深(MRS)探水仪探测到的纳伏级微弱信号极易受到各种环境噪声的干扰, 严重影响信号特征参数的准确提取, 导致后续反演解释错误率增高. 针对这一难题, 提出了基于独立成分分析的快速固定点算法进行信噪分离. 首先分析了该算法用于全波MRS信号消噪的适用性; 其次, 采用数字正交法解决欠定盲源分离问题, 提出了频谱校正法实现分离信号幅值的有效恢复. 仿真结果表明, 该算法能够有效地实现全波MRS信号的信噪分离, 且数据拟合后初始振幅和弛豫时间的相对误差小于± 5.00%; 通过与其他经典算法的对比分析, 进一步证明了该算法消噪性能的优越性. 将该算法应用到野外实测信号处理, 结果证明其能有效滤除环境噪声.     

锁定放大器在检测微弱信号中的应用

对锁定放大器的功能原理进行了介绍,并用锁定放大器对微弱信号及加了不同噪声的微弱信号分别进行了测试,实验证明锁定放大器具有良好的检测微弱信号的功能.     

Detection of weak signals using fast projection algorithms

The problem of detecting weak signals in complex noise situations using projection adaptive algorithms is considered. The existing algorithms are analyzed, and a novel algorithm oriented at detecting weak signals is proposed. Results of the algorithm’s operation are demonstrated in a simulated noise situation consisting of interference signals with different intensities under the assumption of their multipath propagation and scattering. The proposed algorithm is compared with the well-known classical Capon algorithm, and a significant reduction in the contact loss time as applied to a low-noise target near strong interference sources is demonstrated.