反相离子对色谱-直接电导检测法分析六氟磷酸根离子液体阴离子

建立了反相离子对色谱-直接电导检测六氟磷酸根(PF6-)离子液体阴离子的分析方法。用DiamonsilC18反相色谱柱为分离柱,以离子对试剂-柠檬酸-乙腈混合水溶液为流动相,考察了离子对试剂、乙腈含量、pH值及色谱柱温度对六氟磷酸根保留的影响,并讨论了相关保留机理。在优化的色谱条件下,即流动相为0.05 mmol/L氢氧化四丁铵-0.038 mmol/L柠檬酸-35%乙腈(pH 5.5),流速1.0 mL/min,色谱柱温度40℃时,PF6-与其它常见阴离子(F-、Cl-、Br-、NO3-、SO24-、BF4-)达到基线分离且保留时间在15 min内。方法检出限(S/N=3)为0.25 mg/L,标准曲线的线性范围为0.5～100.0 mg/L,峰面积和保留时间的相对标准偏差(n=5)分别为0.17%和0.15%。该法用于1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐和1-丙基-2,3-二甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐两种离子液体中PF6-的测定,加标回收率分别为99%和104%。该方法简单、准确、可靠,实用性好。     

离子色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用法测定水中痕量BrO-3及Br-

建立了离子色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术(IC-ICP-MS)用于饮用水中的痕量BrO-3及Br-的测量.使用DIONEX Carbopac PA-100(4 mm×250 mm i.d.)在流速1 mL/min及5 mmol/L NH4NO3(pH 5.7)淋洗液下进行BrO-3和Br-的分离.该方法以100 μL进样量对BrO-3的检出限为0.0027 μmol/L(0.22 μg/L);对Br-的检出限为0.0067 μmol/L (0.54 μg/L).对水样的分析结果表明,所测矿泉水中的BrO-3浓度大大超出了世界卫生组织最新<饮用水水质准则>中所规定的溴酸盐的指导值,而所测量的青岛崂山区生活用水则未检出BrO-3.     

整体柱离子相互作用色谱快速分析无机阴离子

研究了用硅胶整体柱和直接电导检测的离子相互作用色谱快速分析常见无机阴离子的方法。实验采用氢氧化四丁铵和邻苯二甲酸为淋洗液,讨论了包括淋洗液浓度、流速和pH对分离的影响。当以1.5 mmol/L氢氧化四丁铵和1.1 mmol/L邻苯二甲酸为淋洗液(pH 5.5),流速6 mL/min时,可以在1 min内分离Cl-、NO2-、Br-、NO3-、ClO3-、SO42-和I-7种阴离子。方法的检出限为0.3~1.9 mg/L,峰面积、峰高的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)分别为0.4%~2.2%和0.1%~1.5%。将该法用于测定矿泉水和地下水中的阴离子,加标回收率在97.9%~100.3%之间。     

混合模式色谱柱离子色谱法同时测定奶粉中的碘离子和硫氰酸根

碘离子和硫氰酸根的含量是奶粉质量检测的重要项目,但由于奶粉基体复杂,色谱分析中容易产生干扰。本文使用一种带有疏水性烷基链和弱阴离子交换官能团的混合分离模式色谱柱Acclaim Mixed-Mode WAX-1,成功实现了碘离子、硫氰酸根与样品中干扰峰的基线分离,并用紫外检测器进行了检测。实验中将奶粉样品溶于水后,用乙腈沉淀蛋白,并通过OnGuard RP前处理柱除去对色谱柱有污染的有机物质。所用淋洗液为乙腈-100 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 6)-水（体积比为45:5:50）,紫外检测波长为226 nm。该方法对碘离子和硫氰酸根的检出限分别为4.6 μg/L和13.8 μg/L,0.2 mg/L标准溶液峰面积的相对标准偏差分别为1.2%(n=6)和1.7%(n=6)。该分析方法准确可靠,线性范围宽,检出限较低,为乳制品质量检测提供了可行方法。     

离子液体的阴离子三氟乙酸根、硫氰酸根、四氟硼酸根和三氟甲磺酸根的离子对色谱-直接电导检测法分析

建立了同时测定离子液体的阴离子三氟乙酸根、硫氰酸根、四氟硼酸根和三氟甲磺酸根的反相离子对色谱-直接电导检测方法。采用Diamonsil C18分离柱,以离子对试剂-苹果酸-乙腈水溶液为流动相,从流动相组成和色谱柱温度两方面讨论并确定了优化的色谱条件,即以0.15 mmol/L氢氧化四丁铵-0.099 mmol/L苹果酸-20%(v/v)乙腈混合水溶液(pH 6.5)为流动相,柱温25 ℃。在此条件下,三氟乙酸根、硫氰酸根、四氟硼酸根和三氟甲磺酸根离子均达到基线分离,且不受其他常见阴离子氟离子、氯离子、溴离子、硝酸根、硫酸根的干扰。三氟乙酸根、硫氰酸根、四氟硼酸根和三氟甲磺酸根离子的检出限(信噪比为3)分别为0.21、0.07、0.36、0.12 mg/L。将方法应用于测定离子液体中三氟乙酸根、硫氰酸根、四氟硼酸根和三氟甲磺酸根离子,加标回收率为95.0%～104.6%。该法简便、快速、灵敏度较高,可满足离子液体样品的检测要求。     

离子色谱法同时测定离子液体中六氟磷酸根及痕量杂阴离子

建立了一种同时测定离子液体中六氟磷酸根(PF~6)和痕量杂阴离子氟、氯、溴(F~,Cl~,Br~)的离子色谱方法(IC)。样品经溶解、稀释、过滤后用Dionex IonPac AS22分离柱(250 mm×4 mm)分离,淋洗液为碳酸盐-乙腈体系(体积比为70:30),流速1.0 mL/min,采用Dionex DS6电导检测器检测,外标法定量。F~,Cl~,Br~和PF~6的线性范围分别为0.5～50 μg/L、10～200 μg/L、10～200 μg/L和0.9～45 mg/L,线性相关系数分别为0.9999,0.9998,0.9999和0.9998,加标回收率为94.5%～100.5%,相对标准偏差为0.63%～1.03%,检出限(以信噪比为3计)分别为0.5 μg/L、2.0 μg/L、5.0 μg/L和0.9 mg/L。该方法用于离子液体中六氟磷酸根和痕量杂阴离子的同时测定,结果令人满意。     

直接电导检测-离子色谱法分离测定氟硼酸根及常见无机阴离子

研究了直接电导检测-离子色谱法分离测定BF4-及常见无机阴离子(F-、Cl-、Br-、NO3-、SO24-)。实验采用Shim-pack IC-A3阴离子交换色谱柱,分别选用邻苯二甲酸氢钾、对羟基苯甲酸 三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷 硼酸、邻苯二甲酸 三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷为淋洗液,考察了淋洗液种类、浓度、色谱柱温度、流速对分离测定BF4-及常见无机阴离子的影响。确定最佳色谱条件为:以1.25 mmol/L邻苯二甲酸氢钾为淋洗液,流速1.5 mL/min,柱温45℃。在此条件下可同时基线分离6种阴离子,且色谱峰形对称。所测阴离子的检出限为0.02~0.58 mg/L;峰面积的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)小于0.8%。将方法应用于测定离子液体中的BF4-及其它无机阴离子,加标回收率在98.2%~102.7%之间。     

根际土壤溶液中磷的毛细管电泳分析

应用毛细管区带电泳间接紫外吸收法,对测定根际土壤溶液中PO43-的检测波长、电泳温度、分离电压和电解液组成等参数进行了选择,发展了根际土壤溶液中PO34-浓度的毛细管电泳分析法。选择后的电泳条件为:电解液为32mmol/L三羟甲基氨基甲烷+4mmol/L1,2,4-苯三酸+0.3mmol/L十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(pH=8.5);检测波长为205nm,分离电压为-20kV,温度为25℃。本方法有效地屏蔽了土壤溶液中Cl-,SO42-和NO3-等离子对PO43-测定的影响,对根际土壤溶液中PO43-的检出限为0.68mg/L(S/N=3);回收率为87.2%～99.4%,适于测定微量根际土壤溶液样品中PO34-的浓度。     

聚合离子液体为添加剂的毛细管电泳法用于快速高效分离饮料中7种有机酸

用一种聚合离子液体(聚1-乙烯基-3-丁基咪唑溴盐)为添加剂,以毛细管电泳法(CE)快速直接分离饮料中7种有机酸(丙二酸、酒石酸、抗坏血酸、反丁烯二酸、苯甲酸、山梨酸和柠檬酸)。详细考察了几种影响分离效果的条件,最佳背景电解质条件是125 mmol/L磷酸二氢钠缓冲液(pH 6.5)添加0.01 g/L聚合离子液体。7种分析物在4 min内能够快速高效分离(105000~636000 塔板/m),迁移时间的标准偏差(n=3)都不大于0.0213 min。7种分析物的检出限（以信噪比为3计）在0.001与0.05 g/L之间。这种方法被应用于一种美年达葡萄汁饮料中的有机酸检测。柠檬酸钠、苯甲酸和山梨酸被检测出,含量分别是2.64、0.10和0.08 g/L,其加标回收率分别为100.3%、100.7%和131.7%。该方法简单、快速、低廉,可以用作食品中有机酸添加剂的检测。     

离子交换色谱法检测离子液体中阴离子

建立了用阴离子交换分离柱、化学抑制模式、电导检测测定系列离子液体中BF-4阴离子及其他杂阴离子(F-、Cl-、Br-)含量的方法,并用于在线监控离子液体合成工艺中阴离子杂质含量.确定淋洗液组成为1.6 mmol/L Na2CO3+3.9 mmol/L NaHCO3,流速为0.6 mL/min.本方法对所测阴离子检出限分别为50 μg/L(F-、Br-)和80 μg/L(BF-4);线性范围在3个数量级以上;r＞0.999;回收率在98%～102%之间.方法用于对离子液体小试工艺样品分析及过程监控时,结果满意,样品的RSD小于2.6%(n＝6).     

An automatic gas-phase molecular absorption spectrometric system using a UV-LED photodiode based detector for determination of nitrite and total nitrate

An automatic gas-phase molecular absorption spectrometric (GPMAS) system was developed and applied to determine nitrite and total nitrate in water samples. The GPMAS system was coupled with a UV-light emitting diode photodiode (UV-LED-PD) based photometric detector, including a 255 nm UV-LED as the light source, a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube of 14 cm as the gas flow cell, and an integrated photodiode amplifier to measure the transmitted light intensity. The UV-LED-PD detector was compact, robust, simple and of low heat production, comparing with detectors used in other GPMAS works. For nitrite measurement, citric acid was used to acidify the sample, and ethanol to catalyze the quantitative formation of NO₂. The produced NO₂ was purged with air flow into the UV-LED-PD detector, and the gaseous absorbance value was measured. The total nitrate could be determined after being reduced to nitrite with a cadmium column. Limits of detection for nitrite and nitrate were 7 μmol/L and 12 μmol/L, respectively; and linear ranges of 0.021-5 mmol/L for nitrite and 0.036-4 mmol/L for nitrate were obtained. Related standard deviations were 1.81% and 1.08% for nitrite and nitrate, respectively, both at 2 mmol/L. The proposed method has been applied to determine nitrite and total nitrate in some environmental water samples.     

Optimum conditions for effective use of the terminating ion in transient isotachophoresis for capillary zone electrophoretic determination of nitrite and nitrate in seawater,with artificial seawater as background electrolyte

We have examined transient isotachophoresis (ITP) conditions, e.g. the nature of the terminating ion, its concentration, and the injection procedure, to improve the limit of detection (LOD) for determination of nitrite and nitrate in seawater by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). Artificial seawater containing 3.0 mmol L(-1) cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) was used as background electrolyte (BGE). After sample injection 600 mmol L(-1) acetate was separately injected into the capillary as the terminating ion for transient ITP. The LOD for nitrite and nitrate, obtained at a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3, were 15 and 7.0 microg L(-1) (as nitrogen), respectively. Relative standard deviations (RSD) of peak area for nitrite and nitrate were 7.3 and 0.8%, respectively, and the RSD of peak height were 5.7 and 1.2%, respectively, when the concentrations of nitrite and nitrate were 0.05 and 0.25 mg L(-1). The RSD of migration time for these ions was 0.2%. The proposed method was applied to the determination of nitrite and nitrate in seawater samples. The results for nitrite were nearly in agreement with those obtained by naphthylethylenediamine spectrophotometric analysis (SPA; correlation coefficient 0.9041).     

Reversed-phase liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry with isotope dilution for the analysis of nitrate and nitrite in water

A new method was developed for the analysis of nitrate and nitrite in a variety of water matrices by using reversed-phase liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry in the negative ion mode. For this direct analysis method, nitrate and nitrite anions were well separated under the optimized LC conditions, detected by monitoring m/z 62 and m/z 46 ions, and quantitated by using an isotope dilution technique that utilized the isotopically labeled analogs. The method sensitivity, accuracy, and precision were investigated, along with matrix effects resulting from common inorganic matrix anions. The isotope dilution technique, along with sample pretreatment using barium, silver, and hydrogen cartridges, effectively compensated for the ionization suppression caused by the major water matrix anions, including chloride, sulfate, phosphate, and carbonate. The method detection limits, based on seven reagent water replicates fortified at 0.01 mg N/L nitrate and 0.1 mg N/L nitrite, were 0.001 mg N/L for nitrate and 0.012-0.014 mg N/L for nitrite. The mean recoveries from the replicate fortified reagent water and lab water samples containing the major water matrix anions, were 92-103% for nitrate with an imprecision (relative standard deviation, RSD) of 0.4-2.1% and 92-110% for nitrite with an RSD of 1.1-4.4%. For the analysis of nitrate and nitrite in drinking water, surface water, and groundwater samples, the obtained results were generally consistent with those obtained from the reference methods. The mean recoveries from the replicate matrix spikes were 92-123% for nitrate with an RSD of 0.6-7.7% and 105-113% for nitrite with an RSD of 0.3-1.8%.     

Development of a simple method for the determination of nitrite and nitrate in groundwater by high-resolution continuum source electrothermal molecular absorption spectrometry

In this work, it was developed a method for the determination of nitrite and nitrate in groundwater by high-resolution continuum source electrothermal molecular absorption spectrometry of NO produced by thermal decomposition of nitrate in a graphite furnace. The NO line at 215.360 nm was used for all analytical measurements and the signal obtained by integrated absorbance of three pixels. A volume of 20 μL of standard solution or groundwater sample was injected into graphite furnace and 5 μL of a 1% (m/v) Ca solution was co-injected as chemical modifier. The pyrolisis and vaporization temperatures established were of 150 and 1300 °C, respectively. Under these conditions, it was observed a difference of thermal stability among the two nitrogen species in the presence of hydrochloric acid co-injected. While that the nitrite signal was totally suppressed, nitrate signal remained nearly stable. This way, nitrogen can be quantified only as nitrate. The addition of hydrogen peroxide provided the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate, which allowed the total quantification of the species and nitrite obtained by difference. A volume of 5 μL of 0.3% (v/v) hydrochloric acid was co-injected for the elimination of nitrite, whereas that hydrogen peroxide in the concentration of 0.75% (v/v) was added to samples or standards for the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. Analytical curve was established using standard solution of nitrate. The method described has limits of detection and quantification of 0.10 and 0.33 μg mL⁻¹ of nitrogen, respectively. The precision, estimated as relative standard deviation (RSD), was of 7.5 and 3.8% (n = 10) for groundwater samples containing nitrate–N concentrations of 1.9 and 15.2 μg mL⁻¹, respectively. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of 10 groundwater samples and the results were compared with those obtained by ion chromatography method. In all samples analyzed, the concentration of nitrite–N was always below of the limit of quantification of both the methods. The concentrations of nitrate–N varied from 0.58 to 15.5 μg mL⁻¹. No significant difference it was observed between the results obtained by both methods for nitrate–N, at the 95% confidence level.     

Simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate in potato and water samples using negative electrospray ionization ion mobility spectrometry

Nowadays, nitrite and nitrate ions are analyzed in biological samples using laborious and expensive methods; such as HPLC, CE, MS-MS. In this work, the simultaneous analysis of nitrite and nitrate ions was conducted by electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry (ESI-IMS), without using any complicated or laborious derivitization step. Ion mobility spectrometry with low cost, inexpensive maintenance and very fast analysis makes an attractive technique for the simultaneous determination of these ions in foodstuff and drinking water samples. The analyte interference was systematically investigated for binary mixture analysis. The obtained results provided detection limits of 3.8 and 4.7 μg/L for nitrite and nitrate, respectively. A linear dynamic range of about 2 orders of magnitude, and relative standard deviations below 5% were obtained by the proposed method for the analysis of both ions. Also, the proposed method was used to analyze various real samples of potato and drinking water samples, and the obtained results confirmed the capability of negative ESI-IMS for the simultaneous detection of nitrite and nitrate.     

Simultaneous determination of bromide, nitrite and nitrate ions in seawater by capillary zone electrophoresis using artificial seawater as the carrier solution

We describe capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) for the simultaneous determination of bromide, nitrite and nitrate ions in seawater. Artificial seawater was adopted as the carrier solution to eliminate the interference of high concentrations of salts in seawater. The artificial seawater was free from bromide ion to enable the determination of bromide ion in a sample solution. For the purpose of reversing the electroosmotic flow (EOF), 3 mM cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) was added to the carrier solution. A 100 microm ID (inside diameter) capillary was used to extend the optical path length. The limits of detection (LODs) for bromide, nitrite, and nitrate ions were 0.46, 0.072, and 0.042 mg/L (as nitrogen), respectively. The LODs were obtained at a signal to noise ratio (S/N) of 3. The values of the relative standard deviation (RSD) of peak area for these ions were 1.1, 1.5, and 0.97%. The RSDs of migration time for these ions were 0.61, 0.69, and 0.66%. Artificial seawater samples containing various concentrations of bromide, nitrite, and nitrate ions were analyzed by the method. The error was less than +/-12% even if the concentration ratio of bromide ion to nitrite or nitrate ion was 20-240. The proposed method was applied to the determination of bromide, nitrite, and nitrate ions in seawater samples taken from the surface and the seabed. These ions in other environmental waters such as river water and rainwater samples were also determined by ion chromatography (IC) as well as this method.     

Determination of low level nitrite and nitrate in biological, food and environmental samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FL) methods have been proposed for the determination of low level nitrite and nitrate in biological, food and environmental samples. The methods include derivatization of aqueous nitrite with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN), enzymatic reduction of nitrate to nitrite, extraction with toluene and chromatographic analyses of highly fluorescent 2,3-naphthotriazole (NAT) derivative of nitrite by using GC-MS in selected-ion-monitoring (SIM) mode and LC-FL. Nitrite and nitrate ions in solid samples were extracted with 0.5 M aqueous NaOH by sonication. The recoveries of nitrite and nitrate ions based on GC-MS and LC-FL results were 98.40% and 98.10% and the precision of these methods, as indicated by the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 1.00% for nitrite and 1.20% for nitrate, respectively. The limits of detection of the GC-MS in SIM mode and LC-FL methods based on S/N = 3 were 0.02 and 0.29 pg/ml for nitrite and 0.03 and 0.30 pg/ml for nitrate, respectively.     

Chemometric approach to the optimisation of LC-FL and GC-MS methods for the determination of nitrite and nitrate in some biological,food and environmental samples

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method and a liquid chromatography–fluorescence (LC-FL) detection method using experimental design and optimisation approach were improved for the quantitative determination of nitrite and nitrate in biological, food and environmental samples. The obtained recoveries of nitrite and nitrate ions from samples based on both GC-MS and LC-FL results ranged from 98.5% to 98.9% for nitrite and 97.9% to 98.4% for nitrate. The precision of these methods, as indicated by the relative standard deviations (RSDs), was within the range from 2.4% to 3.6% for nitrite and 2.5% to 3.8% for nitrate, respectively. The limits of detection of nitrite and nitrate ions from samples based on GC-MS and LC-FL results ranged from 0.01 to 0.14 ng L^?1 for nitrite and 0.02 to 0.71 ng L^?1 for nitrate, respectively. The optimised isolation procedure by central composite design was successfully applied to real samples. The results revealed that the proposed procedure combined with GC-MS and LC-FL techniques is more sensitive, reliable and selective compared to the other methods available for the precise determination of trace levels of nitrite and nitrate in biological, food and environmental samples.     

Quantification of residual nitrite and nitrate in ham by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector

Nitrite and nitrate are used as additives in ham industry to provide colour, taste and protect against clostridia. The classical colorimetric methods widely used to determine nitrite and nitrate are laborious, suffer from matrix interferences and involve the use of toxic cadmium. The use of chromatography is potentially attractive since it is more rapid, sensitive, selective and provides reliable and accurate results. A rapid and cost-effective RP-HPLC method with diode array detector was optimized and validated for quantification of nitrites and nitrates in ham. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a HyPurity C18, 5 μm chromatographic column and gradient elution with 0.01 M n-octylamine and 5 mM tetrabutylammonium hydrogenosulphate to pH 6.5. The determinations were performed in the linear range of 0.0125–10.0 mg/L for nitrite and 0.0300–12.5 g/L for nitrate. The detection limits were 0.019 and 0.050 mg/kg, respectively. The reliability of the method in terms of precision and accuracy was evaluated. Coefficients of variation lower than 2.89% and 5.47% were obtained for nitrite and nitrate, respectively (n = 6). Recoveries of residual nitrite/nitrate ranged between 93.6% and 104.3%. Analysis of cooked and dried ham samples was performed, and the results obtained were in agreement with reference procedures.     

改进的离子色谱法测定乳制品中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐

改进了国家标准方法GB 5009.33-2010《食品安全国家标准 食品中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的测定》中离子色谱法用于乳制品中亚硝酸盐(以亚硝酸根计)和硝酸盐(以硝酸根计)的测定方法。乳制品经水提取后,加入3%乙酸溶液沉淀蛋白,离心后上清液用反相固相萃取柱净化,以NaOH为淋洗液,加入乙腈作为有机改进剂分离亚硝酸根和硝酸根,外加水模式抑制,离子色谱分析柱为AS 19,柱温30 ℃,池温35 ℃,检测波长设定为225 nm,进样量200 μL。在上述条件下,亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的质量浓度分别在0.005～0.50和0.05～1.50 mg/L时与色谱峰面积之间的线性关系良好。在电导检测模式下,亚硝酸盐的检出限为0.2 mg/kg,硝酸盐的检出限为0.04 mg/kg;在紫外检测模式下,两者检出限分别为0.02 mg/kg和0.01 mg/kg。将该方法用于乳制品的检测,加标回收率为84.0%～104.1%。该法简便、快速、准确,适用于乳制品中低含量亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的检测。