"反常"实验现象--是培养学生创造性思维的好题材

第三次全国教育工作会议对我们教育工作者提出了更高的要求。如何在中学化学教学中对学生实施创新思维、创新精神和能力的教育是摆在中学化学教师面前的重要课题。中学化学教授的内容是化学的基础知识 ,而这些基础知识又都是前人经过探索并已验证过的真理 ,学生在学习时不会有多少的发明和创新。关键在于组织学生认知这些知识的过程中 ,应注意培养学生的创造性思维能力。化学学科的特点之一是以实验为基础 ,而现行中学化学教材中的实验又多为一些验证性实验。分组实验时 ,通过课本知识的学习 ,反应原理和现实已知的 ,犹如照方拿药 ,整个过程…     

化学藏汉双语教学现状调查及建议

对甘肃甘南藏族自治州中学化学藏汉双语教学现状进行调查研究,总结了在双语教学模式推进和功能体现等方面取得的成效,分析了存在的问题。化学教师双语教学能力需要提高;藏族学生的化学学习策略和学习方法制约着化学学习能力的提升;藏族中学所用化学教材对藏族学生而言难度较大,远离学生的成长环境和生活境遇,学习资源缺乏,使藏族学生遭遇语言经验和知识理解的双重难度;藏族中学化学实验条件和教师实验教学技能影响了实验教学的有效开展。由此提出促进化学藏汉双语教学的策略建议,以提升藏族学生的科学素养,培养“民汉兼通”的理科人才。     

化学实验是研究性学习的重要途径

化学研究性学习应以课堂教学为主阵地,在中学化学教学中,充分利用化学学科"以实验为基础"的基本特征,挖掘和开发化学实验在研究性学习中的功能,对于改变学生的学习方法,形成终身学习的能力,培养科学探究能力具有重要的意义。对化学课堂中如何利用实验教学开展研究性学习从几个方面进行了探讨。     

开放课堂利用实验探究学习新知识的探讨——"铁化合物及亚铁化合物的相互转化"的教学案例

化学教学的主旨是通过教学把人类已有的化学科学知识变成学生自己的知识,并进一步转化为学生发现、探究和解决新问题的能力。要十分注重中学化学实验的教育功能,重视化学实验及化学实验教学的设计,以培养学生的化学实践能力和创新精神。新一轮课程改革要求在教学中强化实验的功能,改变以往实验只是起演示和辅助作用的状况;在学生探究实验中,必须注意激发学生的兴趣,注重培养学生的创新意识、实验能力、科学方法和合作精神。     

开设高中环境监测选修课提高中学生化学实验综合能力

高中学生面临着高考升学与提高自身综合素质两大任务。在中学化学教学中,如何使两者有效结合,是我们化学教师始终关心的一个现实问题。化学实验在化学中占有重要地位,对培养学生综合能力有着不可替代的作用。但由于许多原因(如教材的编写体系、教师队伍建设、教学条件以及高考模式等),高中化学实验一直是教学环节中一个薄弱环节,也是学生在考试中失分较严重的部分。部分学生高中毕业之后,在日常生活中不能独立运用化学实验技能解决常见问题,更谈不上自主设计实验、自主研究等较高要求了。笔者在从事高中化学教学的同时,兼任环境监测选修课的教学,在教学过程中,经常思考这个问题：能否通过选修课培养学生对化学实验的强烈兴趣,加强实验技术的掌握和应用,让学生在学习环保知识的同时,能全面提升他们的化学实验综合能力。     

农科基础化学实验研究性教学模式的构建与实践

针对农林高校化学实验教学中存在的问题, 提出以培养学生自主学习和创新能力为教学目标, 通过优化教学内容、改革教学方法, 提高学生学习兴趣, 形成了基础实验、综合设计性实验、研究性实验和创新实验等多层次实验教学体系, 构建了农科基础化学实验研究性教学模式。这对于提高学生的学习效率, 培养学生的自主学习能力与创新能力具有重要意义。     

自制拼块式化学投影片搞好实验教学

中学化学实验是中学化学教学的重点内容,是培养学生学习化学知识、形成实验技能,提高综合应用能力的基本途径。     

“素养为本”的化学课堂教学设计研究的特征与启示*——基于CNKI 253篇文献的知识图谱研究

利用CiteSpace可视化文献计量分析软件,对2016年以来,我国化学教育教学领域最具影响力的3本学术期刊《化学教育》《化学教学》和《中学化学教学参考》中“素养为本”的化学课堂教学设计相关文献进行统计分析,探析其研究热点和发展趋势,以期为后续“素养为本”的化学课堂教学设计提供有益的参考。     

化学假说在中学化学教学中的运用

中学化学教学的主要目标之一是让学生掌握基础化学知识的同时掌握化学知识形成的方法——化学科学研究方法.只有掌握化学科学的一般方法,学生才能自如地、不受限制地进行思维,从而将知识学深学透,形成化学学习的能力,发展学生的创造能力.     

中学生化学自学能力现状的调查与分析

自学能力是学生独立地探求新知识与新技能的能力,其直接影响着学生个人的可持续发展。本文从化学阅读、化学课后作业、复习、学习方式、化学课堂实验及家庭小实验等方面对武汉市3所中学部分学生进行了调查,并对中学生化学自学能力现状作了分析,试图为中学化学教育改革及教学工作提供一定的参考信息。     

国内光催化研究进展简述

分1975~1985, 1985~1995和1995~2012三个时期简要介绍了国内光催化研究进展, 主要侧重于光催化材料及其改性、应用和反应机理方面的研究进展, 并指出了当前光催化领域存在的一些重要问题和未来的发展趋势, 涉及到光解水、CO₂还原、环境净化和选择性有机合成等方面.     

青蒿素研究进展

青蒿素是目前治疗疟疾的特效药。本文对自青蒿素发现以来的最新研究进展进行了比较详尽的综述。内容包括: 青蒿素的发现及历史, 青蒿素的来源, 青蒿素的全合成,青蒿素的生物合成, 青蒿素衍生物以及植物组织培养生产青蒿素。     

Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels

Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights.     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.     

Gemini表面活性剂合成进展

系统总结了近百种Gemini表面活性剂的合成路线和方法,并且按照其结构特点分门别类地进行比较和归纳,对今后Gemini表面活性剂的合成发展方向提出了一些看法,这对促进此类新颖表面活性剂的工业化进程将具有指导意义。     

Recent Advances in Analytical Methodology for in vivo Electrochemistry in Mammals

Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain.     

乙基香兰素研究前景

报导了近几十年来国内外关于乙基香兰素的研究进展与动态,并简单介绍了本文作者在该方面所取得的研究成果,参考文献33篇。     

Trends in education in analytical chemistry

Summary At the session of the WPAC of Fechem on education in analytical chemistry it was concluded that it is now essential to include chemometrics and basic knowledge of computers in all courses on analytical chemistry.

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Tendenzen in der analytisch-chemischen Ausbildung

Zusammenfassung Bei einer Tagung der WPAC über die Lehre auf dem Gebiet der analytischen Chemie wurde bei der Betrachtung neuer Aspekte festgestellt, daß vor allem Chemometrie und Grundkenntnisse in Computertechnik in die Ausbildung aufgenommen werden sollten.

     

钙与人体及临床

钙是宏量元素，是人体中含量较高的元素之一，体内99％的钙构成骨骼和牙齿以及维持骨骼结构，1％的钙调节人体重要生理功能。钙的含量过高或过低都与许多疾病有关，只有保持一种平衡状态，才能使机体处于正常环境。     

AGET ATRP in the Presence of Air in Miniemulsion and in Bulk

Summary: The recently developed initiation system, activators generated by electron transfer (AGET), is used in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in the presence of a limited amount of air. Ascorbic acid and tin(II ) 2‐ethylhexanoate are used as reducing agents in miniemulsion and bulk, respectively. An excess of reducing agent consumes the oxygen present in the system and, therefore, provides a deoxygenated environment for ATRP. ATRP of butyl acrylate is successfully carried out in miniemulsion and in the presence of air. During polymerization the radical concentration remains constant. The polymerization reaches over 60% monomer conversion after 6 h, which results in polymers with a predetermined molecular weight = 14 000 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity ( = 1.23). AGET ATRP of styrene is also successful in bulk in the presence of air, as evidenced by linear semi‐logarithmic kinetics, which leads to polystyrene with an of 13 400 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity index ( = 1.14).

Appearance of miniemulsion before and after the reducing agent ascorbic acid was added (left); and GPC traces representing molecular weights during the AGET ATRP of BA in miniemulsion in the presence of air (right).