Rates of Convergence to Self-Similar Solutions of Burgers' Equation

We study the large-time behavior of solutions to Burgers' equation with localized initial conditions. Previous studies have demonstrated that these solutions converge to a self-similar asymptotic solution  Θ( x, t )  with an error whose   L_p   norm is of order   t ^{−1+1/2 p}   . Noting that the temporal and spatial translational invariance of the underlying equations leads to a two-parameter family of self-similar solutions  Θ( x − x _*, t + t _*)  , we demonstrate that the optimal choice of   x _*  and   t _*  reduces the   L_p   error to the order of   t ^{−2+1/2 p}   .     

On Interfaces and Oscillatory Solutions of Higher-Order Semilinear Parabolic Equations with Non-Lipschitz Nonlinearities

We study local properties of solutions and their asymptotic extinction behavior for the fourth-order semilinear parabolic equation of diffusion–absorption type where p < 1, so that the absorption term is not Lipschitz continuous at u = 0. The Cauchy problem with bounded compactly supported initial data possesses solutions with finite interfaces, and we describe their oscillatory, sign changing properties for     . For p ∈ (0, 1), we also study positive solutions of the free-boundary problem with zero contact angle and zero-flux conditions. Finally, we describe families { f_k } of similarity extinction patterns   u_S ( x , t ) = ( T − t )^{1/(1− p )} f ( y )  , where   y = x /( T − t )^1/4  , that vanish in finite time, as   t → T ⁻∈ (0, ∞)  . Similar local and asymptotic properties are indicated for the sixth-order equation with source      

Shooting Method for Nonlinear Singularly Perturbed Boundary-Value Problems

Asymptotic formulas, as  ɛ→ 0⁺  , are derived for the solutions of the nonlinear differential equation  ɛ u" + Q ( u ) = 0  with boundary conditions   u (-1) = u (1) = 0  or   u '(-1) = u '(1) = 0  . The nonlinear term Q ( u ) behaves like a cubic; it vanishes at   s _-, 0, s ₊  and nowhere else in  [ s _-, s ₊]  , where   s _- < 0 < s ₊  . Furthermore,   Q '( s _±) < 0, Q '(0) > 0  and the integral of Q on the interval [ s _-, s ₊] is zero. Solutions to these boundary-value problems are shown to exhibit internal shock layers, and the error terms in the asymptotic approximations are demonstrated to be exponentially small. Estimates are obtained for the number of internal shocks that a solution can have, and the total numbers of solutions to these problems are also given. All results here are established rigorously in the mathematical sense.     

A Ray Approximation to a PdE that Arises in the Study of Tandem Queues

We use singular perturbation methods to analyze a diffusion equation that arose in studying two tandem queues. Denoting by p ( n ₁,  n ₂) the probability that there are n ₁ customers in the first queue and n ₂ customers in the second queue, we obtain the approximation p ( n ₁,  n ₂)∼ɛ² P ( X ,  Y )=ɛ² P (ɛ n ₁, ɛ n ₂), where ɛ is a small parameter. The diffusion approximation P satisfies an elliptic PDE with a nondiagonal diffusion matrix and boundary conditions that involve both normal and tangential derivatives. We analyze the boundary value problem using the ray method of geometrical optics and other singular perturbation techniques. This yields the asymptotic behavior of P ( X ,  Y ) for X and/or Y large.     

Nonexistence Results for the Korteweg–de Vries and Kadomtsev–Petviashvili Equations

We study characteristic Cauchy problems for the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation u_t = uu_x + u_xxx , and the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equation u_yy =( u_xxx + uu_x + u_t ) _x with holomorphic initial data possessing non-negative Taylor coefficients around the origin. For the KdV equation with initial value u (0,  x )= u ₀( x ), we show that there is no solution holomorphic in any neighborhood of ( t ,  x )=(0, 0) in C² unless u ₀( x )= a ₀+ a ₁ x . This also furnishes a nonexistence result for a class of y -independent solutions of the KP equation. We extend this to y -dependent cases by considering initial values given at y =0, u ( t ,  x , 0)= u ₀( x ,  t ), u_y ( t ,  x , 0)= u ₁( x ,  t ), where the Taylor coefficients of u ₀ and u ₁ around t =0, x =0 are assumed non-negative. We prove that there is no holomorphic solution around the origin in C³, unless u ₀ and u ₁ are polynomials of degree 2 or lower. MSC 2000: 35Q53, 35B30, 35C10.     

The Existence and Stability of Asymmetric Spike Patterns for the Schnakenberg Model

Asymmetric spike patterns are constructed for the two-component Schnakenburg reaction–diffusion system in the singularly perturbed limit of a small diffusivity of one of the components. For a pattern with k spikes, the construction yields   k ₁  spikes that have a common small amplitude and   k ₂= k − k ₁  spikes that have a common large amplitude. A k -spike asymmetric equilibrium solution is obtained from an arbitrary ordering of the small and large spikes on the domain. Explicit conditions for the existence and linear stability of these asymmetric spike patterns are determined using a combination of asymptotic techniques and spectral properties associated with a certain nonlocal eigenvalue problem. These asymmetric solutions are found to bifurcate from symmetric spike patterns at certain critical values of the parameters. Two interesting conclusions are that asymmetric patterns can exist for a reaction–diffusion system with spatially homogeneous coefficients under Neumann boundary conditions and that these solutions can be linearly stable on an O (1) time scale.     

On the Number of Solutions to Carrier's Problem

Let N _ɛ denote the maximum number of spikes that a solution to Carrier's problem can have, where ɛ is a small positive parameter. We show that N _ɛ is asymptotically equal to [ K /ɛ], where   K = 0.4725⋯  , and the square brackets represent the greatest integer less than or equal to the quantity inside. If n (ɛ) stands for the number of solutions to this problem, then it is also shown that 4 N _ɛ− 3 ≤ n (ɛ) ≤ 4 N _ɛ. Our approach is based on the shooting method used by Ou and Wong ( Stud. Appl. Math. 111 (2003)) and on the construction of an envelope function for the minimum values of the solutions as ɛ approaches zero.     

Large Time Asymptotic Behaviors for Periodic Solutions of Generalized Burgers Equations With Spherical Symmetry or Linear Damping

Using the method of balancing arguments, large time asymptotic behaviors for the periodic solutions of generalized Burgers equations   u_t  +  u ³ u_x  +  ju /2 t  =δ/2 u_xx   and   u_t  +  u ³ u_x  +λ u  =δ/2 u_xx   subject to the periodic initial condition     and the vanishing boundary conditions   u (0,  t ) =  u ( l ,  t ) = 0,   t  ≥ 0   or    t ₀,  where   A ,  A ₁, δ, λ,  l ,  t ₀, ∈ R ⁺  and   j  = 1, 2  , are obtained.     

非线性向量边值问题的奇异摄动

本文研究摄动边值问题dx/dt=f(x,y,t;ε),εdy/dt=g(x,y,t;ε),a₁(ε)x(0,ε)+a₂(ε)y(0,ε)=a(ε)b₁(ε)x(1,ε)+εb₂(ε)y(1,ε)=β(ε)这里x,f,β∈Em,y,g,a∈En,0<ε《1,a₁(ε),a₂(ε),b₁(ε),b₂(ε)为适当阶数的矩阵.在g_y(t)是非奇异矩阵及其它的适当限制下,证明了解的存在唯一性,作出了解的n阶渐近近似式,并得出余项估计.     

Weak Nonlinear Long Waves in Channel Flow with Internal Dissipation

This article concerns the evolution of long waves ( O (ε^−1/2) wavelength) of small [ O (ε)] amplitude in channel flow with internal dissipation. We use multiple scale expansions to derive a generalized Kuramoto–Sivashinsky (GKS) equation that governs the dominant asymptotic solution in the limit of small disturbances and marginal linear instability. We compare this solution with numerical integrations of the full quasilinear system, and show that the error is consistent with an asymptotic solution to ε^3/2 over a time interval of order ε^−3/2.     

一类向量四阶非线性微分方程边值问题的奇摄动

我们研究伴有边界摄动的向量边值问题:
ε2y(4)=f(x,y,y″,ε,μ)(μy(x,ε,μ)|_x=μ=A₁(ε,μ),y(x,ε,μ)|_x=1-μ=B₁(ε,μ)
y″(x,ε,μ)|_x=μ=A₂(ε,μ),y″(x,ε,μ)|_x=1-μ=B₂(ε,μ)
其中y,f,A_j和B_j(j=1,2)是n维向量函数和ε,μ是两个正的小参数.虽然纯量边值问题曾有人研究过,但这样的向量边值问题尚未被研究.在适当的假设下,利用微分不等式方法,我们找到向量边值问题的一个解和获得一致有效的渐近展开式.     

Conditional Lie Bäcklund Symmetries and Sign-Invariants to Quasi-Linear Diffusion Equations

Consider the 1+1-dimensional quasi-linear diffusion equations with convection and source term u _t =[ u ^m ( u _x ) ⁿ ] _x + P ( u ) u _x + Q ( u ) , where P and Q are both smooth functions. We obtain conditions under which the equations admit the Lie Bäcklund conditional symmetry with characteristic η= u _xx + H ( u ) u ² _x + G ( u )( u _x )^{2− n} + F ( u ) u ^{1− n} _x and the Hamilton–Jacobi sign-invariant J = u _t + A ( u ) u ^{n +1} _x + B ( u ) u _x + C ( u ) which preserves both signs, ≥0 and ≤0, on the solution manifold. As a result, the corresponding solutions associated with the symmetries are obtained explicitly, or they are reduced to solve two-dimensional dynamical systems.     

On a Boundary Layer Problem

This is a continuation of our earlier article concerning the boundary-value problem     where A , B are prescribed constants, and 0 < ε ≪ 1 is a small positive parameter. In that article, we assumed the coefficients a ( x ) and b ( x ) are sufficiently smooth functions with the behavior given by a ( x ) ∼ αx and b ( x ) ∼ β as x → 0, where α > 0 and β / α ≠ 1, 2, 3,…. In the present article, we are concerned with the case α < 0 and β / α ≠ 0, −1, −2,…. An asymptotic solution is obtained for the problem, which holds uniformly for all x in [ x ₋, x ₊]. Our result is proved rigorously, and shows that a previous result in the literature is incorrect.     

The Stokes and Krasovskii Conjectures for the Wave of Greatest Height

The integral equation:
φ_μ(s) = (1/3 π)∫^π ₀((sin φ_μ(t))/(μ ⁻¹+ ∫^t ₀sin φ_μ(u) d u )) (log((sin½( s + t ))/ (sin½( s − t )))d t
was derived by Nekrasov to describe waves of permanent form on the surface of a nonviscous, irrotational, infinitely deep flow, the function φ_μ giving the angle that the wave surface makes with the horizontal. The wave of greatest height is the singular case μ=∞, and it is shown that there exists a solution φ_∞ to the equation in this case and that it can be obtained as the limit (in a specified sense) as μ→∞ of solutions for finite μ. Stokes conjectured that φ_∞( s )→⅙π as s ↓0, so that the wave is sharply crested in the limit case; and Krasovskii conjectured that sup _{s ∈[0,π]}φ_μ( s )≤⅙π for all finite μ. Stokes' conjecture was finally proved by Amick, Fraenkel, and Toland, and the present article shows Krasovskii's conjecture to be false for sufficiently large μ, the angle exceeding ⅙π in what is a boundary layer.     

Uniform Asymptotics for Orthogonal Polynomials with Exponential Weights—the Riemann–Hilbert Approach

Let   Q ( x ) = q _{2 m} x ^{2 m} + q _{2 m −1} x ^{2 m −1}+⋯  be a polynomial of degree 2 m with   q _{2 m} > 0  , and let  {π _n ( x )} _{n ≥1}  be the sequence of monic polynomials orthogonal with respect to the weight   w ( x ) = e ^{− Q ( x )}  on     . Furthermore, let  α _n   and  β _n   denote the Mhaskar–Rakhmanov–Saff (MRS) numbers associated with Q ( x ). By using the Riemann–Hilbert approach, an asymptotic expansion is constructed for  π _n ( c_nz + d_n )  , which holds uniformly for all z bounded away from  (−∞, −1)  , where     and     .     

A Hybrid Method for Low Reynolds Number Flow Past an Asymmetric Cylindrical Body

Low Reynolds number fluid flow past a cylindrical body of arbitrary shape in an unbounded, two-dimensional domain is a singular perturbation problem involving an infinite logarithmic expansion in the small parameter ε, representing the Reynolds number. We apply a hybrid asymptotic–numerical method to compute the drag coefficient, C _D and lift coefficient C _L to within all logarithmic terms. The hybrid method solution involves a matrix M , depending only on the shape of the body, which we compute using a boundary integral method. We illustrate the hybrid method results on an elliptic object and on a more complicated profile.     

Viscous Critical-Layer Analysis of Vortex Normal Modes

The linear stability properties of an incompressible axisymmetrical vortex of axial velocity   W ₀( r )  and angular velocity  Ω₀( r )  are considered in the limit of large Reynolds number. Inviscid approximations and viscous WKBJ approximations for three-dimensional linear normal modes are first constructed. They are then shown to be singular at the critical points r_c satisfying  ω= m Ω₀( r_c ) + kW ₀( r_c )  , where ω is the frequency, k and m the axial and azimuthal wavenumbers. The goal of this paper is to resolve these singularities. We show that a viscous critical-layer analysis is analytically tractable. It leads to a single sixth-order equation for the perturbation pressure. This equation is identical to the one obtained in stratified shear flows for a Prandtl number equal to 1. Integral expressions for typical solutions of this equation are provided and matched to the outer inviscid and viscous approximations in the complex plane around r_c . As for planar flows, it is proved that the critical layer solution with a balanced behavior matches a non-viscous approximation in a  4π/3  sector of the complex-plane. As a consequence, the Frobenius expansions of a non-viscous mode on each side of a critical point r_c differ by a π phase jump.     

奇异摄动边值问题的渐近展开

本文研究了奇异摄动边值问题:εy"=f(t,y,ε),y(0)=ξ(ε),y(1)=η(ε),其中ε是一个正小参数.在条件f_y(0,y,0)≥m₀(>0),f_y(1,y,0)≥m₀和f_y(t,y,ε)≥0之下.我们证明了解的存在唯一性,并给出了解的一致有效渐近展开式,从而改进了已有的结果.     

非负约束稀疏优化问题的一个等价性条件

加权l₁最小化是稀疏优化的主流方法之一。本文对带非负约束的l₀最小化问题与加权l₁最小化问题的解之间的关系进行了研究,给出了加权l₁最小化问题的约束矩阵和目标函数的系数是"s-权优"的定义,并通过该定义给出了加权l₁最小化问题的解是带非负约束的l₀最小化问题的解的条件。进一步,本文给出了"s-权优"的充分条件及其具体表示形式,并对其上下界进行了可计算的有效估计。     

非负约束稀疏优化问题的一个等价性条件

加权l₁最小化是稀疏优化的主流方法之一。本文对带非负约束的l₀最小化问题与加权l₁最小化问题的解之间的关系进行了研究,给出了加权l₁最小化问题的约束矩阵和目标函数的系数是"s-权优"的定义,并通过该定义给出了加权l₁最小化问题的解是带非负约束的l₀最小化问题的解的条件。进一步,本文给出了"s-权优"的充分条件及其具体表示形式,并对其上下界进行了可计算的有效估计。