激光等离子体中高能电子各向异性压强的粒子模拟

直接驱动惯性约束聚变(ICF)的实现需要对靶丸进行严格的对称压缩,以达到自持热核反应(点火)所需的条件.快点火方案的应用降低了对靶丸压缩对称性以及驱动能量的要求,但压缩及核反应过程中良好的靶丸对称性无疑有助于核反应增益的提高.本文研究了快点火方案中高能电子注入高密等离子体后导致的各向异性电子的压强张量.这一现象存在于ICF快点火方案中的高能电子束"点火"及核反应阶段.鉴于高能电子加热离子过程以及靶丸核反应自持燃烧过程的时间较长,高密靶核会由于超高的各向异性压强的作用破坏高密靶丸的对称性,降低核燃料密度,进而降低了核燃料燃烧效率以及核反应增益.     

碰撞效应对超强激光与高密度碳薄膜靶相互作用中快电子输运的影响

 在激光驱动粒子加速和快点火背景下,用带碰撞模块的1维粒子模拟程序,研究了高功率亚ps激光与高密度（近固体密度）碳薄膜靶相互作用中的碰撞效应。研究表明,通过和无碰撞粒子模拟结果的比对,在早期瞬态时段,碰撞效应通过慢化提供电阻加热的回流对快电子产生和输运起重要作用。定性上,碰撞效应还减少快电子的产额和最大能,抑制能量输运。然而,在加热后期当往返运动成为主要输运机制时,有碰撞和无碰撞两种情况的差别减小。     

有限尺寸光栅压缩器设计

千焦耳高能拍瓦激光装置是实现激光惯性约束聚变“快点火”的基本技术手段。“快点火”前期基础物理实验要求：激光驱动装置输出激光脉冲的能量大于1kJ，脉冲宽度在1～10ps。而实现完全意义上的点火则需要万焦耳级的脉冲能量。激光技术上，啁啾脉冲放大（CPA）技术为实现高能、高峰值功率的激光输出提供了技术手段。然而，压缩器光栅较低的损伤阈值和较小的物理尺寸限制了快点火驱动装置的输出能量。目前，商品化介质膜光栅的损伤阈值仅约为1．2J／cm^2（ 1ps），     

神光Ⅱ升级装置锥壳靶间接驱动快点火集成实验

在神光Ⅱ升级装置上完成了国际上首次间接驱动快点火集成实验。实验采用双台阶脉冲整形激光注入黑腔产生X射线准等熵压缩锥壳靶,实现了高密度压缩,然后采用皮秒超短脉冲激光注入加热燃料。实验中观测到中子产额由皮秒激光注入前的5×103增加到2.2×105,中子产额增益达到44倍,实验证实了皮秒激光具有明显燃料加热效果。该实验为进一步开展快点火热斑形成效率和相关物理研究奠定了基础。     

间接驱动快点火锥壳靶锥体材料燃料混合问题研究

与中心点火相比,快点火将压缩和点火过程分开,大大放宽了对压缩对称性和驱动能量的要求。通过在神光Ⅱ激光装置上开展了快点火锥壳靶预压缩实验研究,利用X射线背光分幅照相方法观察到了清晰完整的快点火锥壳靶内爆压缩过程,并利用阿贝反演结合剩余烧蚀质量的方法得到了不同时刻燃料密度、面密度分布数据,当前实验条件下获得的最大压缩密度和面密度分别为30g/cm3和50mg/cm2;为解决金柱腔M带对导引锥的预热以及由此导致的燃料-锥体材料混合问题,提出了一种在锥体表面镀低Z材料的方法,实验和辐射流体数值模拟结果验证了该方法的有效性,该方法的成功解决了间接驱动快点火激光聚变的重要关键技术问题。     

激光脉冲波形优化与材料压缩特性

 结合快点火靶丸预压缩涉及的基本物理问题,分析了驱动激光脉冲波形对材料压缩过程的影响,并利用辐射流体力学程序MULTI模拟了不同激光波形下的材料压缩情况。结果表明:通过调节激光脉冲波形,优化激光初始强度、激光强度开始上升时间和上升速度,控制压缩过程中的熵增,可以获得更高的材料压缩度。     

1.06μm 激光直接驱动烧蚀靶内爆压缩特性

介绍了直接驱动内爆压缩特性实验研究的实验靶型和测量方法.在神光Ⅱ激光装置上采用多种高时空分辨和高能谱分辨的组合型诊断设备获取了内爆压缩相关信息，得到了靶丸辐照均匀性、内爆压缩对称性、径向会聚比、内爆速度以及靶丸球壳平均电子温度，获得的 结果可作为优化靶结构与参数及激光辐照条件的依据.给出了实验中获得的典型结果，并对结果进行了简要的分析讨论. 关键词： 激光烧蚀 直接驱动 诊断技术     

针对神光II升级装置的直接驱动快点火集成实验靶的初步设计

神光II激光装置升级完成后,激光能量将大幅提高,同时配备皮秒拍瓦激光束,能够满足快点火研究在万焦耳级平台开展集成实验的需求.神光II升级装置设计原则是以间接驱动为主,兼顾直接驱动.尽管直接驱动只是替代方案,然而由于直接驱动在快点火预压缩中具备一定优势,如能量利用率较高、对快点火导引锥预热较少、便于诊断等,因此需要探索基于神光II升级装置的直接驱动快点火靶设计.本文针对神光II升级装置的激光条件,利用辐射流体程序Multi1D对集成实验用快点火直接驱动靶的尺寸进行了初步内爆压缩设计和优化.在激光条件固定的情况下,优化无充气单层靶球的半径、厚度,尽可能实现高的密度、面密度.得到最优靶参数为外半径420μm,壳层厚度35μm,与靶球定标关系验证一致.根据超热电子定标关系,计算表明压缩过程实现的最高面密度与皮秒拍瓦激光产生的超热电子射程基本匹配.     

快点火锥壳靶压缩对称性及燃料分布测量实验研究北大核心CSCD

快点火激光惯性约束聚变将压缩与点火过程分开,与中心点火方式相比,大大放宽了对压缩对称性和能量的要求,是国际惯性约束聚变研究的热点方向。在神光Ⅱ装置上开展的快点火锥壳靶预压缩实验中,背光分幅图像显示导引锥及输运丝对靶丸预压缩过程无明显影响,实验结果与一维数值模拟结果吻合也证明了该结论;实验中通过调节导引锥尺寸和相对靶丸的位置,可保证最大压缩时刻导引锥保存完好,这对超热电子的输运以及能量沉积是至关重要的。     

神光Ⅱ装置直接驱动柱形靶压缩

在神光Ⅱ激光装置上,针对外径260 m的柱形靶,采用大焦斑拼接的办法（焦斑直径约200 m）,开展了八路激光直接驱动压缩实验。利用第九路激光驱动钼X射线背光,使用Kirkpatrick-Baez显微镜成像以及条纹相机记录的方法,获得了柱形靶内爆流线图,据此给出的压缩后密度约为初始密度的120倍。该密度处于快点火电子产生区和能量沉积区密度之间,正是电子束需要传输的密度区域。神光Ⅱ皮秒激光运行后,可以利用这种压缩的柱形靶开展电子束在稠密等离子体中传输的实验研究。     

第四讲 超强激光脉冲与等离子体相互作用中高能离子的产生

近几年来，由于高功率激光技术的不断发展，利用超强激光脉冲与等离子体相互作用产生高能离子束的研究得到了极大推动．实验和理论模拟均发现，在超强激光脉冲与等离子体相互作用过程中，可以产生高亮度、小尺寸、方向性好的高能质子束和高能重离子束．这种基于超强激光的高能离子源在先进离子束成像技术、惯性约束聚变混合“快点火”、新型台面离子加速器以及医疗等方面都有很诱人的应用前景．文章主要介绍了超强激光与固体靶相互作用中高能离子束（尤其是质子束）的加速机制、高能离子束特性、常用测量方法及其潜在应用，并对最新的研究进展进行了简单介绍．     

Enhanced propagation for relativistic laser pulses in inhomogeneous plasmas using hollow channels

The influence of long (several millimeters) and hollow channels, bored in inhomogeneous ionized plasma by using a long pulse laser beam, on the propagation of short, ultraintense laser pulses has been studied. Compared to the case without a channel, propagation in channels significantly improves beam transmission and maintains a beam quality close to propagation in vacuum. In addition, the growth of the forward-Raman instability is strongly reduced. These results are beneficial for the direct scheme of the fast ignitor concept of inertial confinement fusion as we demonstrate, in fast-ignition-relevant conditions, that with such channels laser energy can be carried through increasingly dense plasmas close to the fuel core with minimal losses.     

Fast ignition without hole boring

A fast-ignitor scheme for inertial confinement fusion is proposed which works without hole boring. It is shown that a thermonuclear burn wave starts from the pellet corona when an adequate amount of energy (typically 10 kJ) is deposited in the critical layer by a petawatt laser ("coronal ignition"). Burn efficiencies as high as predicted for standard central spark ignition are achieved. In addition, the scheme is surprisingly insensitive to large deviations from spherical precompression symmetry. It may open a new prospect for direct drive.     

鞘场加速机理中质子束的特性与其初始尺寸的关系

为了研究激光鞘场中质子层的尺寸对质子束特性的影响,本文应用中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心的二维Particle-In-Cell (2D-PIC)数值模拟程序Flips2D进行了相关数值模拟研究. 研究了质子束总能量随时间的变化,得出了加速持续过程与激光脉冲持续时间的关系; 研究了质子层的宽度对加速后质子束发散角和能谱的影响;研究了质子层的厚与加速后质子束 发散角和能谱的关系;得出了质子层的初始尺寸对加速后质子特性的影响规律.     

激光驱动强流电子束产生和控制

在惯性约束聚变(ICF)电子束快点火物理方案中,需要超强拍瓦激光脉冲驱动MeV能量的强流电子束,并沉积数十kJ能量到压缩氘氚芯区。强流电子束的束流品质是影响点火成功的关键因素之一,为深入了解强流电子束产生物理过程,研制成了三维高性能、适应上万CPU核规模的并行粒子模拟程序,并开展了大规模数值模拟研究,探索了强流电子束的产生机制和输运规律。回顾了近几年来快点火研究团队围绕强流电子束产生和控制开展的研究,介绍了导致束流品质差的两大物理原因:预等离子体效应和束流不稳定性磁场的随机散射。针对这两个物理原因,提出了四种提高强流电子束品质的方法:(1)双层金锥靶减弱预等离子体的负面效应;(2)输运丝产生环向磁场准直强流电子束;(3)外加磁场导引强流电子束提高耦合效率;(4)抑制束流不稳定性以降低随机磁场对电子束流的散射。     

Dynamic control over mega-ampere electron currents in metals using ionization-driven resistive magnetic fields

The possibility of dynamically shaping mega-ampere electron currents generated in solids by ultraintense laser pulses in various conductor materials has been investigated. By tuning the target ionization dynamics, which depends both on the target material properties and on the input electron beam characteristics, we can control the growth of resistive magnetic fields that feedback on the current transport. As a result, collimation, hollowing, or filamentation of the electron beam can all be obtained. These results are beneficial for applications such as the production of secondary particles and radiation sources and fast ignition of inertial confinement fusion.     

Numerical Simulation of Shock Wave Generation for Ignition of Precompressed Laser Fusion Target

In this work, we investigate the formation of a converging shock wave in a homogeneous spherical target, whose outer layer was heated by a flux of monoenergetic fast electrons of a given particle energy. Ablation pressure generating the wave forms at spherical expansion of a layer of a heated substance, whose areal density remains constant throughout the entire heating process and equal to the product of the initial heating depth and density of the target. The studies are carried out based on numerical calculations using a one-dimensional hydrodynamic code as applied to ignition of a precompressed target by a shock wave (shock ignition), one of the most promising techniques of laser fusion ignition.     

超强激光与固体气体复合靶作用产生高能氦离子

激光氦离子源产生的MeV能量的氦离子因有望用于聚变反应堆材料辐照损伤的模拟研究而得到关注.目前激光驱动氦离子源的主要方案是采用相对论激光与氦气射流作用加速高能氦离子,但这种方案在实验上难以产生具有前向性和准单能性、数MeV能量、高产额的氦离子束,而这些氦离子束特性是材料辐照损伤研究中十分关注的.不同于上述激光氦离子产生方法,我们提出了一种利用超强激光与固体-气体复合靶作用产生氦离子的新方法.利用这种方法,在实验上,采用功率密度5×10~(18)W/cm~2的皮秒脉宽的激光脉冲与铜-氦气复合靶作用,产生了前向发射的2.7 MeV的准单能氦离子束,能量超过0.5 MeV的氦离子产额约为10~(13)/sr.二维粒子模拟显示,氦离子在靶背鞘场加速和类无碰撞冲击波加速两种加速机理共同作用下得到加速.同时粒子模拟还显示氦离子截止能量与超热电子温度成正比.     

Fast ignition of asymmetrically compressed targets for inertial confinement fusion

It is shown that fast ignition can ensure the combustion of asymmetrically compressed targets for inertial confinement fusion with an efficiency close to the combustion of one-dimensionally compressed targets. This statement is valid not only for targets specially designed for fast ignition. Fast heating by an external energy source can ensure the ignition of a target designed for spark ignition, but where this ignition does not occur because inhomogeneities are formed in the temperature and density distributions owing to the development of hydrodynamic instabilities. The condition for ignition is the fast heating of the plasma in the combustion initiation region whose size is comparable with the sizes of compression inhomogeneities. Thus, fast ignition not only significantly reduces the ignition energy, but also is possibly a necessary stage in the inertial confinement fusion scheme when the spherically symmetric compression of a target requires very high engineering and financial expenses. The studies are based on the numerical simulation of the compression and combustion of inertial confinement fusion targets with one- and two-dimensional hydrodynamic codes.     

Fusion Energy and Stopping Power in a Degenerate DT Pellet Driven by a Laser-Accelerated Proton Beam

In this paper, we have improved the fast ignition scheme in order to have more authority needed for high-energy-gain. Due to the more penetrability and energy deposition of the particle beams in fusion targets, we employ a laser-to-ion converter foil as a scheme for generating energetic ion beams to ignite the fusion fuel. We find the favorable intensity and wavelength of incident laser by evaluating the laser-proton conversion gain. By calculating the source-target distance, proton beam power and energy are estimated. Our analysis is generalized to the plasma degeneracy effects which can increase the fusion gain several orders of magnitude by decreasing the ion-electron collisions in the plasma. It is found that the wavelength of 0.53 μm and the intensity of about 10²⁰ W/cm², by saving about 10% conversion coefficient, are the suitable measured values for converting a laser into protons. Besides, stopping power and fusion burn calculations have been done in degenerate and non-degenerate plasma mediums. The results indicate that in the presence of degeneracy, the rate of fusion enhances.