KCl—LiCl共晶熔体中Nd^3＋和Ho^3＋的电化学行为

用循环伏安法和恒电流电解后的电位时间曲线法，研究了ＬｉＣｌＫＣｌ熔体中Ｎｄ３＋和Ｈｏ３＋在Ｍｏ电极上的电化学行为。结果表明，Ｎｄ３＋和Ｈｏ３＋在Ｍｏ电极上的还原都为一步３电子可逆过程。其扩散系数分别为：１１３×１０－６和２１４２×１０－５ｃｍ２·ｓ－１（４５０℃），４５０℃下Ｈｏ３＋／Ｈｏ电极对的标准氧化还原电位为２９８７Ｖ（ｖｓ·Ｃｌ／Ｃｌ－１），并讨论了实验值较理论值偏负的原因。     

尿素－NaBr－KBr熔体中钴及稀土－钴的电沉积

稀土－钴合金具有许多优异性能,可用于制作磁性、磁光…等功能材料。日本学者研究了在有机电解液中电沉积Ｃｏ－Ｇｄ薄膜,未见前人研究低温熔盐体系中电沉积稀土合金的报道。尿素－（７９ｍｏｌ％）－ＮａＢｒ（１９．５ｍｏｌ％）－ＫＢｒ（１．５ｍｏｌ％）的熔点为５１℃,可在１００℃左右下作为电解介质。在尿素熔体中加入ＢａＯＡｃ,能增加Ｃｏ￣（２＋）还原为Ｃｏ的阴极极化。因此选择１００℃的尿素－ＮａＢｒ－ＫＢｒ－ＮａＯＡｃ作为本底熔体,研究Ｃｏ￣（２＋）的电还原,镧、铽、镝、铥各自与钴的电解共沉积。在所研究的熔体中,Ｃｏ￣（２＋）一步不可逆还原为Ｃｏ。测定Ｃｏ￣（２＋）＋２ｅ＝Ｃｏ反应的传递系数α为０．４５,Ｃｏ￣（２＋）在熔体中的扩散系数为２．５×１０￣（－６）ｃｍ￣２·ｓ￣（－１）。稀土离子还原为稀土金属的电位很负,以致在本底熔体分解前未出现阴极波。但在含ＣＯＣｌ＿２熔体中加入ＲＥＣ＿３（ＬａＣｌ＿３、ＴｂＣｌ＿３、ＤｙＣｌ＿３、ＴｍＣｌ＿３）,使钴的析出电位向正方移动,而且阴极电流增大,因而有可能发生ＲＥ（Ｌａ、Ｔｂ、Ｄｙ、Ｔｍ）与Ｃｏ的诱导共沉积。在尿素－ＮａＢｒ－ＫＢｒ－ＮａＯＡｃ－ＣｏＣｌ＿２－ＲＥＣｌ＿３熔体     

尿素熔体中镧钴电解共沉积的研究

采用循环伏安曲线，电子探针，Ｘ射线衍射法，研究了尿素－ＮａＣｌ－ＮａＡｃ－ＣｏＣｌ２－ＬａＣｌ３熔体中镧钴电解共沉积，阴极电位，电流密度，熔体中Ｌａ＾３＋／Ｃｏ＾２＋摩尔比以及电极基体均影响沉积物中的含镧量。沉积物由Ｃｏ和Ｌａ组成，两者并末形成金属间化合物。     

玉米素和激动素的伏安行为

玉米素和激动素在０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的醋酸－醋酸钠底液里能还原，产生很好的极谱峰，检测灵敏度可达２．５×１０＾－＾８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，峰电位分别为－１．１８Ｖ和－１．１７Ｖ（对Ａｇ／ＡｇＣｌ）。测定了电极反应决定步骤的αｎα和电化学反应的标准速率常数ｋｓ，研究了它们对Ｃｕ＾２＾＋，Ｅｕ＾３＾＋，Ｃｄ＾２＾＋，Ｚｎ＾２＾＋的电极不产生的影响。     

Na_3AlF_6-Al_2O_3熔盐体系中ZnFe_2O_4基阳极的电化学行为

研究了ＺｎＦｅ２Ｏ４基阳极在Ｎａ３ＡｌＦ６－Ａｌ２Ｏ３（ｓａｔｕｒａｔｅｄ）熔盐体系中的电化学稳定性,讨论了电极的析氧历程并得到了析氧过电位与阳极表观电流密度之间的Ｔａｆｅｌ关系式,η＝０．１２＋０．０５２ｌｏｇｉ（ｉ＝０．０１５－０．４４Ａ／ｃｍ２）。用三角波电位扫描法测定了电极析氧过程的伏安曲线     

氯化物熔体中钇的电还原和合金化

用循环伏安法研究ＮａＣｌ－ＫＣｌ－ＹＣｌ３熔体中Ｙ＾３＋在钨电极的电还原。Ｙ＾３＋一步可逆电沉积为钇。用循环伏安法、卷积伏安法、恒电位电解断的电位－时间曲线及Ｘ射线衍射法研究了Ｙ＾３＋在铁电极上的还原过程。在金属钇析出前，电极形成多种钇与铁的金属间化合物。用电位阶跃的电流－时间曲线测定了钇在Ｙ６Ｆｅ２３相中的扩散系数及扩散活化能，结果表明钇在其合金相中的扩散相当缓慢，该步骤对电极过程可以起控制作用     

氯化物熔体中镝铁合金形成的电化学研究

用循环伏安法，恒电位电解断电后的电极电位－时间曲线，电位阶，跃法和Ｘ射线衍射法研究了铁电极在ＮａＣｌ－Ｋｃｌ－ＤｙＣｌ２熔体中的电化学行为，获知Ｄｙ＾３＋在Ｆｅ合金，然后才析出纯金属Ｄｙ；验证了Ｄｙ－Ｆｅ合金体系中化学计量化合物的数目。     

Na3AlF6-Al2O3熔盐体系中ZnFe2O4基阳极的电化学行为

研究了ＺｎＦｅ２Ｏ４基阳极在Ｎａ３ＡｌＦ６－Ａｌ２Ｏ３熔盐体系中的电化学稳定性，讨论了电极的析氧历程并得到了析氧过电位与阳极表观电流密度之间的Ｔａｆｅｌ关系式，η＝０．１２＋０．０５２ｌｏｇｉ（ｉ＝０．０１５－０．４４Ａ／ｃｍ＾２）用三角波电位扫描法测定了电极析氧过程的伏安曲线。     

乙醇在Ni-Mo合金电极上氧化的动力学模型

利用循环伏安以及稳态极化曲线等方法研究了在１ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１ＫＯＨ溶液中,乙醇在电沉积Ｎｉ－Ｍｏ合金电极上氧化的电化学特性,提出了一个数学模型来预计乙醇在电沉积Ｎｉ－Ｍｏ合金电极上的电化学行为,在碱性溶液中,Ｎｉ（ＯＨ）２／ＮｉＯＯＨ电对的氧化还原过程是乙醇氧化的前期步骤,Ｎｉ（ＯＨ）２／ＮｉＯＯＨ）电对相应的速度常数（即ｋ１和ｋ－１）是电极电位的函数,乙醇氧化是通过一个速度常数为ｋｃ１的化学反应来完成,推导出了各个动力学方程并将实验数据与方程进行比较而获得各个动力学参数,电化学速度常数ｋ１（Ｅ）＝１．４１＊１０＾７ｅｘｐ（０．５ＦＥ／ＲＴ）ｍｍｏｌ．ｃｍ＾－２．ｓ＾－１以及ｋ－１（Ｅ）＝０．７１１ｅｘｐ（０．５ＦＥ／ＲＴ）ｍｍｏｌ．ｃｍ＾－２．ｓ＾－１,Ｅ是相对饱和甘汞电极（ＳＣＥ）的电极电位,而化学反应的速     

钇在二甲基亚砜溶剂中的电化学行为

研究了ＹＣｌ３－ＬｉＣｌＯ４－ＤＭＳＯ（二甲基亚砜）体系电导率与温度的关系,及钇在Ｐｔ和Ｃｕ电极上的电化学行为。结果表明,Ｙ＾３＋在Ｐｔ和Ｃｕ电极上可一步不可逆还原为Ｙ,在铜电极上于－２．５００Ｖ（ｖｓ ＳＣＥ下恒电位电解,可获得粘附性好、Ｙ含量达９７．９％（质量分数）的均匀沉积膜。利用循环伏安法、计时电流法、计时电位法测定了Ｙ＾３＋离子在２９８Ｋ下,ＹＣｌ３－ＬｉＣｌＯ４－ＤＭＳＯ溶液中的扩散系     

LiCl-(2ZnCl2•KCl)-(ZnCl2•2KCl)系中的三个赝二元系

用目测变温、DTA和XRD法研究了LiCl-(2ZnCl2•KCl)-(ZnCl2•2KCl)赝三元系中的三个侧边赝二元系. 结果表明, 在LiCl-(2ZnCl2•KCl)系中有一个组成为3LiCl•2KCl•4ZnCl2或Li3K2Zn4Cl13的三元固液同组成化合物生成, 熔点245 ℃; 在LiCl-(ZnCl2•2KCl)系中有一个组成为12LiCl•2KCl•ZnCl2或Li12K2ZnCl16的三元固液异组成化合物生成, 转熔(包晶)温度432 ℃, 而在另一个赝二元系(2ZnCl2•KCl)-(ZnCl2•2KCl)中有一个固液异组成的二元化合物4ZnCl2•5KCl或K5Zn4Cl13生成, 转熔温度249 ℃.     

在乙酰胺-尿素-NaBr-KBr熔体中电沉积纳米Zn-Sb合金

应用循环伏安法研究Zn(II)和Sb(III)在乙酰胺-尿素-NaB r-KB r熔体(343 K)中的电还原.实验表明,Zn(II)和Sb(III)各自还原为金属都是不可逆过程.Zn(II)+2 e→Zn和Sb(III)+3 e→Sb的传递系数分别为0.231和0.319,Zn(II)和Sb(III)在熔体中的扩散系数分别为1.70×10-6和3.21×10-6cm2.s-1.在乙酰胺-尿素-NaB r-KB r熔体中,调节沉积电位和ZnC l2∶SbC l3(摩尔浓度比),得到Zn含量从29.67%变化到97.34%(by at.ratio)的纳米Zn-Sb合金膜.扫描电镜观测Zn-Sb膜的形态,Zn-Sb沉积膜颗粒大小均匀,粒径在50 nm左右.     

Structural characterization of zinc(II) chloride in aqueous solution and in the protic ionic liquid ethyl ammonium nitrate by x-ray absorption spectroscopy

Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy has been used to investigate the species and structures existing in a series of ZnCl(2)-H(2)O-NaCl solutions with different chloride/zinc ratios and in a solution of ZnCl(2) in the protic ionic liquid ethyl ammonium nitrate (EAN). The average coordination numbers and distances of zinc species were determined from the analysis of the EXAFS data. In aqueous solution the number of chloride ions tightly bounded to Zn(2+) is significantly related to the chloride/zinc ratio, and no inner complex formation between Zn(2+) and Cl(-) ions has been detected for low ZnCl(2) concentration (0.1 and 0.2 M). Conversely, in the same concentration range (0.13 M) the ZnCl(2) species do not dissociate in EAN and the Zn(2+) first coordination shell has two chloride ions and is completed by two oxygen atoms of the nitrate anion. The results of this investigation show that notwithstanding the existence of similar characteristics between EAN and water, the solvation properties of the two solvents are markedly different.     

乙酰胺-尿素-NaBr熔体中Gd-Ni合金的电化学制备

熔盐电解法制取稀土合金功能材料具有低成本等优点.本文选取353 K的乙酰胺-尿素-NaB r熔体,应用循环伏安法研究镍于该熔体(含0.063 mol.L-3N iC l2)、Pt、Cu电极上的还原.实验表明,N i(Ⅱ)+2 eN i(0)是一步完全不可逆反应,测得在Pt上N i(Ⅱ)的传递系数α=0.28,扩散系数D0=4.63×10-5cm2.s-1,Cu上α=0.22,D0=6.05×10-7cm2.s-1.以Cu作基体,Gd(Ⅲ)于该熔体不能单独还原为Gd(0),但可以被N i(Ⅱ)诱导共沉积.由恒电位法电解得到的Gd-N i合金,Gd(0)的含量随电解电位、Gd(Ⅲ)/N i(Ⅱ)摩尔比及电解时间的变化而变化.控制电解电位为-0.75 V,Gd(Ⅲ)/N i(Ⅱ)摩尔比为1∶1,电解20 m in.所得合金膜是非晶态的.     

Chemical formation of mononuclear univalent zinc in a microporous crystalline silicoaluminophosphate

A host-guest compound containing mononuclear univalent Zn+ ions has been prepared through vapor reaction of metallic zinc with protons in the cages of SAPO-CHA, a silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve. Unlike in fused ZnCl2 salt, the formed Zn+ species are associated with the molecular sieve walls, and this prevents the cations from getting paired to form diamagnetic (Zn-Zn)2+. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy reveals the paramagnetic nature of the Zn+ species which display anisotropic g factors, and the two crystallographically independent Zn+ sites are distinguishable from the ESR signals. The magnetic moments of the univalent zinc in SAPO-CHA interact antiferromagnetically at low temperatures with a Néel point of about 4 K as observed from the temperature dependence plot of the magnetic susceptibility of the host-guest compound.     

Anion separation by selective crystallization of metal-organic frameworks

A novel approach for the separation of anions from aqueous mixtures was demonstrated, which involves their selective crystallization with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) containing urea functional groups. Self-assembly of Zn2+ with the N,N'-bis(m-pyridyl)urea (BPU) linker results in the formation of one-dimensional MOFs including various anions for charge balance, which interact to different extents with the zinc nodes and the urea hydrogen-bonding groups, depending on their coordinating abilities. Thus, Cl-, Br-, I-, and SO4(2-), in the presence of BPU and Zn2+, form MOFs from water, in which the anions coordinate the zinc and are hydrogen-bonded to the urea groups, whereas NO3- and ClO4- anions either do not form MOFs or form water-soluble discrete coordination complexes under the same conditions. X-ray diffraction, FTIR, and elemental analysis of the coordination polymers precipitated from aqueous mixtures containing equivalent amounts of these anions indicated total exclusion of the oxoanions and selective crystallization of the halides in the form of solid solutions with the general composition ZnCl(x)Br(y)I(z).BPU (x + y + z = 2), with an anti-Hofmeister selectivity. The concomitant inclusion of the halides in the same structural frameworks facilitates the rationalization of the observed selectivity on the basis of the diminishing interactions with the zinc and urea acidic centers in the MOFs when going from Cl- to I-, which correlates with decreasing anionic charge density in the same order. The overall crystal packing efficiency of the coordination frameworks, which ultimately determines their solubility, also plays an important role in the anion crystallization selectivity under thermodynamic equilibration.     

电合成系列锌配合物及纳米ZnO的制备

采用锌金属为“牺牲”阳极,首次在无隔膜电解槽中,电化学一步法制备了纳 米ZnO前驱体锌配合物Zn(OEt)_2, Zn(OBu)_2, Zn(acac)_2, Zn(OEt)_2(acac)_2, Zn(OBu)_2(acac)_2(acac为乙酰丙酮基),产物通过红外光谱(FTIR)、拉曼光谱和 核磁共振进行表征。同时采用含Zn(OEt)_2(acac)_2的电解液直接水解制备纳米 ZnO粉体,纳米ZnO通过拉曼光谱、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜（TEM） 进行表征。实验表明电解时防止阳极钝化,控制温度在50～60 ℃之间,采用有机 胺溴化物为导电盐,可以提高电合成效率;电解合成Zn(acac)_2, Zn(OEt)_2 (acac)_2, Zn(OBu)_2(acac)_2的电流效率比Zn(OEt)_2, Zn(OBu)_2高,其中Zn (OEt)_2(acac)_2适宜作为溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米ZnO的原料,制备得到的纳米ZnO经 600 ℃煅烧后呈球形单分散结构,平均粒径在5～10nm左右。     

Validation of speciation techniques: a study of chlorozincate(II) ionic liquids

The speciation of chlorozincate(II) ionic liquids, prepared by mixing 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [C(8)mim]Cl, and zinc(II) chloride in various molar ratios, χ(ZnCl(2)), was investigated using Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry; the Gutmann acceptor number, which is a quantitative measure of Lewis acidity, was also determined as a function of the composition. These results were combined with literature data to define the anionic speciation; in the neat liquid phase, the existence of Cl(-), [ZnCl(4)](2-), [Zn(2)Cl(6)](2-), [Zn(3)Cl(8)](2-), and [Zn(4)Cl(10)](2-) anions was confirmed. From two chlorozincate(II) ionic liquids with [C(2)mim](+) cations (χ(ZnCl(2)) = 0.33 and χ(ZnCl(2)) = 0.50), crystals have been obtained, revealing the structures of [C(2)mim](2)[ZnCl(4)] and [C(2)mim](2)[Zn(2)Cl(6)] forming three-dimensional hydrogen-bond networks. The compound [C(2)mim](2){Zn(4)Cl(10)} was crystallized from the χ(ZnCl(2)) = 0.75 composition, showing an open-framework structure, with the first example of zinc in a trigonal-bipyramidal chloride coordination. Reinvestigation of the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of these systems demonstrated that it is an unreliable technique to study liquid-phase speciation.     

固定床反应器电合成乙醛酸的研究

以过饱和草酸水溶液为阴极液 ,盐酸为阳极液 ,在固定床电解槽中草酸电还原得到乙醛酸 .考察改变固定床的结构、电解温度及电流密度对生成乙醛酸电流效率和产率的影响 .结果表明 ,以铅粒作阴极 ,石墨板作阳极 ,电流密度 96 .3A·m- 2 ,阴极液空速 0 .5 0 5m·s- 1,电解温度 32℃时 ,在固定床双阳极室内反应 4 5min ,乙醛酸的电流效率仍达到 6 6 .2 % ,浓度 2 .0 2 %     

阴极冷却反应器电合成乙醛酸

以过饱和草酸水深液为阴极液 ,盐酸溶液为阳极液 ,在阴极冷却电化学反应器内草酸电解合成乙醛酸 .考察了电极温度、电解液温度、电流密度和电极材料对合成乙醛酸的时空产率和电流效率的影响 .结果表明 ,阴极冷却反应器既节省能耗 ,又可使电解过程在较高草酸浓度下进行 ,提高电流效率和时空产率 .用石墨板做阳极 ,铅做阴极 ,电流密度为 4 0 9.4 6A·m-2 ,阴极液流速 μ=1 .0 8m·s-1,电解温度为 2 0℃左右时 ,电解 3 .70h ,可得到质量分数为 3 .52 %的乙醛酸溶液 ,平均时空产率为 0 .0 3 2kg·dm-3·h