人参属中药腐解化感作用研究进展

人参、西洋参和三七为人参属近缘物种,形态和化学成分相似,均具有连作障碍的特性。人参属中药连作后,土壤环境逐渐变得不适宜其生长,植株长势变弱易患病,导致生长发育受到抑制,出现严重的根腐病、须根脱落,甚至植株死亡现象。而造成人参属连作障碍的主要原因之一是化感物质的自毒作用,人参残体降解物作为人参化感物质主要来源之一,会导致种子发芽率下降,种苗死亡率升高、根腐病等病害加重,最终造成连作障碍。在人参属中药连作过程中,通过化感物质与土壤交流,也会直接或间接影响土壤理化性质的变化。对人参属中药腐解化感作用的研究进展以及腐解对土壤成分的影响进行综述,以期为人参属中药腐解化感作用及土壤利用的相关研究提供借鉴。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人参、黄芪中多种除草剂残留量

建立了人参和黄芪中55种除草剂残留量的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法.样品中残留的药物经乙腈提取,石墨化碳黑固相萃取柱净化,甲醇-二氯甲烷洗脱,最后采用电喷雾串联质谱在正离子多反应监测模式下进行测定.55种农药的检测限和定量限分别为0.4 ～20 μg/kg和2～100 μg/kg.在各自的浓度范围内,55种药剂的线...     

Analysis of ginseng root and leaf by multiple columns and detections liquid chromatography

Abstract

A multiple columns and detections liquid chromatography system, including size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), for the analysis of macromolecules and micromolecules in ginseng root and leaf was developed. The columns were connected by two switching valves. Macromolecules were separated on a SEC column (TSK gel SuperMultipore PW-H column, 6?mm× 150?mm, 8?μm) by isocratic elution of 50?mM ammonium acetate aqueous solution, 0.3?mL/min of flow rate and detected by evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD). Micromolecules were analyzed on a Poroshell RP column (Agilent Poroshell 120?SB-Aq column, 4.6?mm × 50?mm, 2.7 µm) with gradient elution of water and acetonitrile, 0.6?mL/min of flow rate and detected by ultraviolet detection (UV). As a result, in the macromolecules chromatogram of ginseng root sample showed two main peaks while only one major peak for ginseng leaf. For micromolecules analysis, 17 compounds (3 nucleosides + 14 saponins) and 17 compounds (3 nucleosides + 1 flavonoid + 13 saponins) were found in ginseng root and leaf, respectively. The developed method is helpful for the quality evaluation of ginseng root and leaf.     

Coupling of ultrasound‐assisted extraction and expanded bed adsorption for simplified medicinal plant processing and its theoretical model: Extraction and enrichment of ginsenosides from Radix Ginseng as a case study

A high‐efficient and environmental‐friendly method for the preparation of ginsenosides from Radix Ginseng using the method of coupling of ultrasound‐assisted extraction with expanded bed adsorption is described. Based on the optimal extraction conditions screened by surface response methodology, ginsenosides were extracted and adsorbed, then eluted by the two‐step elution protocol. The comparison results between the coupling of ultrasound‐assisted extraction with expanded bed adsorption method and conventional method showed that the former was better than the latter in both process efficiency and greenness. The process efficiency and energy efficiency of the coupling of ultrasound‐assisted extraction with expanded bed adsorption method rapidly increased by 1.4‐fold and 18.5‐fold of the conventional method, while the environmental cost and CO₂ emission of the conventional method were 12.9‐fold and 17.0‐fold of the new method. Furthermore, the theoretical model for the extraction of targets was derived. The results revealed that the theoretical model suitably described the process of preparing ginsenosides by the coupling of ultrasound‐assisted extraction with expanded bed adsorption system.     

人参栽培研究进展

人参作为经济作物在中国有着数千年的种植历史。人参具有多种药理活性,在食品、医药和化妆品等领域有着广泛的应用。然而,目前人参的实际产量并不能满足市场需求。提升人参生产效率仍是当前阶段人参种植研究工作的首要目标。近些年,在人参选地、种子处理、播种、搭棚、培育和采收等生产环节中,涌现了许多新模式、新技术、新方法和新仪器。本文从栽培模式和技术角度综述人参栽培的研究现状,希望为进一步提升人参生产效率提供参考。     

部分可解释机器学习方法的高光谱人参产地识别和分析

人参是传统中药材中的贵重品种,具有较高的经济价值。人参生长的地域性很强,不同产地人参有效成分含量存在差异,人参因“道地”与否,会导致其质量、医学效用和经济价值的差异,因此人参产地识别的意义重大。目前常通过磨粉提取等制备,再采用化学或光学等多种手段检验人参产地,但会造成样本破坏。而基于外观性状或芦头特征的鉴别,因主观性差异不能作为标准化的识别方法。如何用高精度、无损、快速检测识别的方法,对人参的产地进行识别分析,是该研究的主要立足点。通过采用高光谱成像技术,对已知产地信息的人参样本,通过获取从400~2 500 nm的反射光谱,经过基于白板的绝对和相对辐射校正处理,构建了高光谱反射率数据集。采用随机森林的机器学习方法,构建了基于高光谱数据的全光谱人参产地识别模型,并对不同尺度的地域划分规则分别开展了产地识别精度验证,发现不同产地的人参光谱有明显区别。其中东三省与否的产地识别精度,可以达到98.2%。同时利用随机森林基于决策树构建的优势,获得了人参产地识别的光谱重要性结果,为专用轻量化仪器研发指明特征光谱。高光谱人参产地识别研究作为严格的无损检测方式,将对人参等道地药材的产地识别、药材图谱指纹认知和挖掘、药材鉴定和质量评价等提供理论支撑和技术手段。     

微波消解-冷原子吸收法定量测定人参中汞的研究

应用微波消解仪和原子吸收光谱仪 ,采用氢化物 冷原子吸收光谱法对人参中的汞的定量测定方法进行了研究。对微波消解仪的消解条件、氢化物 冷原子吸收方法的测定条件进行了探讨。在本法选择的条件下 ,回收率为 90 98%～ 1 0 8 96 % ,相对标准偏差为 8 0 4 %～ 1 5 77%。与国家标准方法的对比实验证明 ,两者无显著差异。     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of ginseng saponins from ginseng roots and cultured ginseng cells

Ultrasound-assisted extraction was evaluated as a simpler and more effective alternative to conventional extraction methods for the isolation of ginsenosides (saponins) from various types of ginseng. The ginseng samples were extracted with different solvents, under either direct sonication by an ultrasound probe horn or indirect sonication in an ultrasound cleaning bath. The ultrasonic extraction was compared with the conventional method of refluxing boiling solvents in a soxhlet extractor, on the yields of both the total saponin isolated by thin-layer chromatography and the individual ginsenosides by high performance liquid chromatography. It was found that the sonication-assisted extraction of ginseng saponins was about three times faster than the traditional extraction method. The ultrasonic extraction was not only more efficient but also convenient for the recovery and purification of the active ingredients of plant materials. In addition, the sonication-assisted extraction can be carried out at lower temperatures which are favorable for the thermally unstable compounds.     

Classification of cultivation area of ginseng by near infrared spectroscopy and ICP-AES

A rapid and nondestructive near infrared (NIR) method using soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) for the classification of cultivation area (Korea and China) was evaluated and confirmed. Raw, first, and second derivative NIR spectra were compared to develop a robust classification rule. The chemical properties of ginseng samples were also investigated to find out the differences between Korean samples and Chinese samples. These differences make NIR spectroscopic method viable. The average value of each Korean and Chinese ginseng sample for crude fiber, crude protein, starch, and 10 inorganic constituents were measured and compared with F-test and t-test. The inorganic constituents were also measured by induced coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). It could be found that the amount of starch and ten inorganic elements for example Na, Mg, P, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn in ginseng samples are considerably different based on cultivation area. SIMCA has been applied to the inorganic data to investigate the possibility of ICP-AES as classification tool. However, it was observed that the result was not equal to than NIR spectra data. The overall results showed the availability of NIR method using SIMCA would be adequate for classification of cultivation of ginseng, since NIR spectra includes useful and various information on chemical properties in spite of broad and overlapped bands.     

pH值对人参皂苷溶出影响规律的液质联用研究

采用液质联用(HPLC-ESI-MSn)技术, 对不同pH值(2.4~11.2)条件下人参皂苷的溶出变化规律进行了系统研究, 并提出了不同人参皂苷化合物的特征质谱裂解规律. 实验结果表明, 中性及碱性溶液对人参皂苷的溶出影响不大, 仅仅在溶出总量上有所差别; 而酸性是影响人参皂苷溶出的一个主要因素, 随着水溶液酸性的增强(pH<4), 人参皂苷溶出的种类明显减少, 表明较强酸性条件下人参皂苷的溶出受到了抑制.