指纹物质中毒品检测的研究进展

指纹作为案件现场中最常见的物证之一,不仅包含了可用于人身识别的形态特征,还蕴含了丰富的反映遗留人人身特点的化学信息。通过对指纹中毒品物质的检测及分析,可提供指纹遗留者毒品的吸食、接触情况,将其与特定案件相联系,反映个人生活方式信息,为涉毒人员的发现提供新思路。该文利用文献计量学方法总结了该领域的发展脉络以及研究现状与热点,主要总结了目前已建立的指纹物质中毒品分析检测的各种技术方法和特点,并对未来研究方向及难点进行评述,以期为实际案件指纹中的毒品检测提供参考。     

彰显核心概念的认识功能,促进知识向能力和素养转化——鲁科版高中化学必修新教材第一册第二章的编写思路和使用建议

明确了“物质分类”“氧化还原反应”“电离与离子反应”等概念对物质性质的认识功能,阐述了鲁科版教材通过构建认识模型,基于认识发展布局学习素材,依据学习理解、应用实践、迁移创新构建进阶的评价体系等方式促进核心知识向能力、素养转化的编写思路,并提出了使用建议。     

四种无机纳米颗粒对塑料抗紫外性能的研究进展

无机纳米颗粒在塑料抗紫外的研究中一直备受关注,主要介绍了四种(TiO₂、ZnO、SiO₂、CeO₂)典型的无机纳米颗粒在该领域的应用。首先归纳了其既能吸收又能反射或散射紫外线的抗紫外机理;其次,分别论述了不同无机纳米颗粒适用的紫外光波长范围,以在塑料中的添加方法和应用特点为主线,重点介绍了国内外四种无机纳米颗粒在塑料抗紫外性能中的研究现状和进展;最后,将四种无机纳米颗粒在塑料抗紫外性能中的应用特点进行了对比,提出了应用过程中存在的分散和相容性差等问题,以期为无机纳米颗粒的深入应用和发展提供一定的参考。     

润滑理论研究的进展与思考

全面阐述了润滑理论研究中关于各种润滑状态,包括流体润滑、边界润滑、弹流润滑、薄膜润滑以及混合润滑等的研究进展和存在的问题;并进而就今后的润滑理论研究提出了若干建议.     

激光惯性约束聚变靶制备技术研究进展

在实验室实现聚变反应释放的能量大于点燃聚变反应所需能量的阈值是当今世界ICF研究的主要目标,实现这一目标仍需要深入研究一系列的关键物理问题。在ICF研究中,制靶能力的发展与提升至关重要,靶的质量是实验成功的核心要素之一。本文介绍了国际ICF靶制备工作近年来在新型烧蚀层材料靶丸、新型靶丸支撑技术、优化黑腔材料与构型以及减小燃料填充管直径等方面取得的一系列进展,并结合ICF物理需求,简要阐述了ICF靶的发展趋势。     

Recent progress in nanomaterial-enhanced fluorescence polarization/anisotropy sensors

As a promising signaling transduction approach, fluorescence polarization (FP)/fluorescence anisotropy (FA), provides a powerful quantitative tool for the rotational motion of fluorescently labeled molecules in chemical or biological homogeneous systems. Unlike fluorescence intensity, FP/FA is almost independent the concentration or quantum of fluorophores, but they are highly dependent on the size or molecular weight of the molecules or materials attached to fluorophores. Recently, significant progress in FP/FA was made, due to the introduction of some nanomaterials as FP/FA enhancers. The detection sensitivity is thus greatly improved by using nanomaterials as FP/FA enhancers, and nanomaterial-based FP/FA is currently used successfully in immunoassay, and analysis of protein, nucleic acid, small molecule and metal ion. Nanomaterial-based FP/FA provides a new kind of strategy to design fluorescent sensors and establishes innovative analytical methods. In this review, we summarize the scientific publications in the field of FP/FA sensor in recent five years, and first introduce the recent progress of FP/FA sensor based on nanomaterial. Subsequently, the various analytical applications of FP/FA based on nanomaterial are discussed. Finally, we provide perspectives on the current challenges and future prospects in this promising field.     

A comparison of different approaches to integrate flamelet tables with presumed-shape PDF in flamelet models for turbulent flames

Flamelet models for turbulent combustion modelling make use of presumed-shape probability density functions (PDFs) for integrating laminar flamelet solutions to obtain an integrated flamelet table that can readily be used for turbulent flame calculations. The existence of non-unique approaches for such an integration has rarely been investigated before. For the first time, this work studies systematically the non-uniqueness of the flamelet table integration approaches. A flamelet model called the flamelet/progress variable model is used in the study, although the issue exists generally in many other flamelet models. Two classes of table integration approaches are investigated, one preserving the laminar flamelet structures during integration and the other not. Three different table integration approaches are examined and compared in detail to provide a thorough understanding of the different approaches. A partially stirred reactor is used as a test case for examining the different approaches. A method based on the transported PDF method is also employed to provide a reference for the assessment of the different flamelet table integration approaches. It is found in general that the flamelet preserving integration approach yields a more reasonable joint PDF of the mixture fraction and the progress variable, and the prediction results are closer to the referenced transported PDF results.     

手性磺酰胺有机小分子催化剂在不对称催化反应中的应用进展

有机小分子催化的不对称合成反应是目前研究最为活跃的领域之一.综述了磺酰胺类衍生物作为小分子催化剂在不对称反应(Michael加成反应、Mannich反应、羟醛缩合反应等)中的应用,讨论了磺酰胺中NH的酸性以及氢键性质在不对称催化反应中的的作用.     

钯催化烯烃不对称羰基化反应的研究进展

钯催化烯烃不对称羰基化反应是一种合成手性羰基化合物的有效方法之一,综述了近年来钯催化烯烃不对称羰基化反应的最新研究进展,重点讨论了配体、催化体系、反应条件等因素对烯烃羰基化反应的影响,并对烯烃不对称羰基化反应的区域选择性和对映选择性以及可能的反应机理进行了探讨.     

吲哚-2-甲酸和(S)-吲哚啉-2-甲酸的合成和相互转化研究进展

吲哚-2-甲酸和(S)-吲哚啉-2-甲酸均是具有生物活性的天然产物和众多降压药的特征结构片段,报道了它们的合成及其相互转化研究进展.吲哚啉-2-甲酸可由吲哚-2-甲酸还原制得,其中(S)-吲哚啉-2-甲酸可由外消旋体拆分或通过不对称合成法制备,其中"手性源法"作为一种新出现的方法具有较好的前景.吲哚-2-甲酸可由Fischer吲哚合成法制备,或通过取代苯胺或苯甲醛制备,也可通过吲哚啉衍生物氧化脱氢制备,其中Fischer合成法仍具有较强的竞争力.