Cellulose production based on hemicellulose hydrolysate from steam-pretreated willow

The production cost of cellulolytic enzymes is a major contributor to the high cost of ethanol production from lignocellulosics using enzymatic hydrolysis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cellulolytic enzyme production ofTrichoderma reesei Rut C 30, which is known as a good cellulase secreting micro-organism, using willow as the carbon source. The willow, which is a fast-growing energy crop in Sweden, was impregnated with 1–4% SO₂ and steam-pretreated for 5 min at 206°C. The pretreated willow was washed and the wash water, which contains several soluble sugars from the hemicellulose, was supplemented with fibrous pretreated willow and used for enzyme production. In addition to sugars, the liquid contains degradation products such as acetic acid, furfural, and 5-hydroxy-methylfurfural, which are inhibitory for microorganisms. The results showed that 50% of the cellulose can be replaced with sugars from the wash water. The highest enzyme activity, 1.79 FPU/mL and yield, 133 FPU/g carbohydrate, was obtained at pH 6.0 using 20 g/L carbon source concentration. At lower pHs, a total lack of growth and enzyme production was observed, which probably could be explained by furfural inhibition.     

Cu－Zn／γ－Al2O3催化剂的制备及其在选择加氢反应中的催化性能

 通过浸渍法制备了不同Cu／Zn比的γ－Al2O3和改性γ－Al2O3负载的Cu－Zn催化剂，并用XRD，XPS和SEM等手段对催化剂进行了表征．XRD表征结果表明，还原活化前催化剂中的Cu和Zn分别以CuO和ZnO的形式存在；还原活化后Cu以单质的形式存在；催化剂失活后，单质Cu又转变成CuO．XPS和SEM分析结果表明，催化剂中金属的价态及颗粒的形貌在反应前后发生了变化．所制备的催化剂在糠醛加氢制糠醇反应中表现出较高的选择性．用Co改性的γ－Al2O3负载的Cu－Zn催化剂不仅具有较高的催化活性和选择性，而且还呈现出较长的寿命．催化剂中的Cu晶相是催化活性中心；催化剂中的Cu晶相转变成CuO和烧结是催化剂失活 的主要原因．     

Determination of Aroma Compounds in Blackberry by GC/MS Analysis

The aromatic composition of five blackberry cultivars (Bursa 2, Navaho, Nessy, Chester Thornless, and Jumbo) was studied. The Im-SPME (Immersion Solid Phase Micro Extraction) extraction technique was applied and the samples were analyzed by GC/MS. Furfural and its derivatives were found to be the major aromatic compounds and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural was the most abundant compound in all the blackberry varieties.     

Excess molar enthalpies for binary liquid mixtures of furfural with some aromatic hydrocarbons

The excess molar enthalpies H _m ^E for the binary mixtures of furfural with the aromatic hydrocarbons namely benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-, m-, and p-xylenes were determined at 35°C. The values for all the mixtures studied are positive over the entire range of composition and follow the order: o-xylene>m-xylene>ethylbenzene>p-xylene>benzene>toluene. The results are discussed in terms of the unlike specific interactions present in the binary mixtures.     

Synthesis of furan dimer‐based polyamides with a high melting point

Polyamide composed of furan dimer, which is prepared from biomass‐derived organic molecule 2‐furfural, is synthesized. The reaction of 2,2′‐furan dimer 5,5′‐dicarbonyl chloride with several 1,ω‐diamines was carried out with a solution or interfacial polycondensation leading to the corresponding polyamide. Measurement of the melting point was performed resulting to exhibit a higher temperature compared with the related polyamide bearing a single furan ring composed of furan‐2,5‐dicarboxylic acid (FDCA). Thermal analyses (TG–DTA) also indicated higher temperatures of decomposition than those of FDCA‐derived polyamide. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018 , 56, 1516–1519     

Volatiles,color characteristics and other physico–chemical parameters of commercial Moroccan honeys

Seven commercial Moroccan honeys were considered for chemical characterisation. Volatile fraction, total polyphenols content, antioxidant and antiradical activities were evaluated by employing different analytical methodologies. Several physical parameters such as refractive index, pH, water content, solids content and colour were measured. Volatile fraction revealed an abundant presence of cis- and trans-linalool oxide in the seven studied samples. The presence of high levels of compounds related to the Maillard reaction, like furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural, could be the result of thermal treatments used to liquefy commercial honeys or of long storage times. The CIE L^*a^*b^*C_ab^*h_ab° chromatic coordinates confirmed the advanced stage of the Maillard reaction, showing L^* values lower than the common values found for honey of similar typologies.     

Aqueous-phase catalytic hydrogenation of furfural to cyclopentanol over Cu-Mg-Al hydrotalcites derived catalysts: Model reaction for upgrading of bio-oil

A series of Cu-Mg-Al hydrotalcites derived oxides with a (Cu+Mg)/Al mole ratio of 3 and varied Cu/Mg mole ratio (from 0.07 to 0.30) were prepared by co-precipitation and calcination methods, then they were introduced to the hydrogenation of furfural in aqueous-phase. Effects of Cu/Mg mole ratio, reaction temperature, initial hydrogen pressure, reaction time and catalyst amount on the conversion rate of furfural as well as the selectivity toward desired product cyclopentanol were systematically investigated. The conversion of furfural over calcined hydrotalcite catalyst with a Cu/Mg mole ratio of 0.2 was up to 98.5% when the reaction was carried out under 140 °C and the initial hydrogen pressure of 4 MPa for 10 h, while the selectivity toward cyclopentanol was up to 94.8%. The catalysts were characterized by XRD and SEM. XRD diffraction of all the samples showed characteristic pattern of hydrotalcite with varied peak intensity as a result of different Cu content. The catalytic activity was improved gradually with the increase of Cu component in the hydrotalcite.     

Raney Ni催化生物基糠醛还原胺化合成糠胺

生物质衍生物糠醛还原胺化是合成糠胺的一种有效方法。本文以糠醛为原料、氨水为氨源,使用商业Raney Ni催化糠醛还原胺化合成糠胺,考察了氢压、温度、n(糠醛)/n(氨水)、溶剂、催化剂用量等条件对反应的影响。实验结果表明：在1,4-二氧六环溶剂中,0.03 g Raney Ni、n(糠醛)/n(氨水)=1/2、130 ℃、2.0 MPa H₂条件下反应3 h,糠醛转化率100%,糠胺选择性96.3%。与传统方法相比,该工艺实现了非贵金属催化剂作用下高选择性反应,具有操作简单、低成本、收率高等优点。      

糠醛氧化合成糠酸

糠酸作为糠醛的重要下游产品,在食品制造、材料制备、光学技术、药物合成中具有重要的应用,可用于合成防腐剂、增塑剂、热固性树脂、香料以及多种药物。目前,关于糠醛的制备以及催化氢化制备下游产物的综述报道相对较多,但是还没有系统地整理评述糠醛氧化合成糠酸的相关工作。本文综述了近年来以糠醛为主要原料制备糠酸的研究进展情况,讨论了不同催化体系及在不同氧源存在下对糠酸选择性的影响,重点突出了非均相催化剂在糠酸的工业化制备中的应用前景,对糠酸制备的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

Process Development for the Detoxification of Fermentation Inhibitors from Acid Pretreated Microalgae Hydrolysate

The aim of this study was to remove 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF) and furfural, known as fermentation inhibitors, in acid pretreated hydrolysates (APH) obtained from Scenedesmus obliquus using activated carbon. Microwave-assisted pretreatment was used to produce APH containing glucose, xylose, and fermentation inhibitors (5-HMF, furfural). The response surface methodology was applied to optimize key detoxification variables such as temperature (16.5–58.5 °C), time (0.5–5.5 h), and solid–liquid (S-L) ratio of activated carbon (0.6–7.4 w/v%). Three variables showed significant effects on the removal of fermentation inhibitors. The optimum detoxification conditions with the maximum removal of fermentation inhibitors and the minimum loss of sugars (glucose and xylose) were as follows: temperature of 36.6 °C, extraction time of 3.86 h, and S-L ratio of 3.3 w/v%. Under these conditions, removal of 5-HMF, furfural, and sugars were 71.6, 83.1, and 2.44%, respectively, which agreed closely with the predicted values. When the APH and detoxified APH were used for ethanol fermentation by S. cerevisiae, the ethanol produced was 38.5% and 84.5% of the theoretical yields, respectively, which confirmed that detoxification using activated carbon was effective in removing fermentation inhibitors and increasing fermentation yield without significant removal of fermentable sugars.