GC-MS法测定粮谷及油料中55种有机磷农药残留量

采用ASE-300快速溶剂萃取仪提取样品中农药残留量,提取液经二氯甲烷液-液分配、凝胶色谱柱（GPC）净化,固相萃取柱（活性炭）再净化,浓缩定容后,用气相色谱-质谱仪（GC-MS）测定,外标法定量.采用选择离子检测进行阳性确证.选择玉米、糙米、大豆、花生为实验样品、敌敌畏等55种农药添加水平在0.5～2.00 mg/kg时,该方法回收率为68%～117%;精密度为4.04%～11.76%;方法测定低限为0.005～0.100 mg/kg,各项指标均满足有关要求.     

A comparative study of mid-infrared diffuse reflection (DR) and attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy for the detection of fungal infection on RWA2-corn

An investigation into the rapid detection of mycotoxin-producing fungi on corn by two mid-infrared spectroscopic techniques was undertaken. Corn samples from a single genotype (RWA2, blanks, and contaminated with Fusarium graminearum) were ground, sieved and, after appropriate sample preparation, subjected to mid-infrared spectroscopy using two different accessories (diffuse reflection and attenuated total reflection). The measured spectra were evaluated with principal component analysis (PCA) and the blank and contaminated samples were classified by cluster analysis. Reference data for fungal metabolites were obtained with conventional methods. After extraction and clean-up, each sample was analyzed for the toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) and ergosterol (a parameter for the total fungal biomass) by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The concentration ranges for contaminated samples were 880–3600 g/kg for ergosterol and 300–2600 g/kg for DON. Classification efficiency was 100% for ATR spectra. DR spectra did not show as obvious a clustering of contaminated and blank samples. Results and trends were also observed in single spectra plots. Quantification using a PLS1 regression algorithm showed good correlation with DON reference data, but a rather high standard error of prediction (SEP) with 600 g/kg (DR) and 490 g/kg (ATR), respectively, for ergosterol. Comparing measurement procedures and results showed advantages for the ATR technique, mainly owing to its ease of use and the easier interpretation of results that were better with respect to classification and quantification.     

Analysis of acrylamide in food by isotope-dilution liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

A confirmatory method for the determination of low levels of acrylamide in different food products is presented. The method entails extraction of acrylamide with water, precipitation of matrix constituents with acetonitrile, and two clean-up steps consecutively over Isolute Multimode and cation-exchange cartridges. The final extract is analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry employing [13C3]-acrylamide as internal standard. For the chromatographic step, a LC column based on a polymethacrylate gel is employed which shows good retention of acrylamide under isocratic flow conditions (k' = 1.2). Mass spectral acquisition is done by selected reaction monitoring, choosing the characteristic transitions m/z 72-->55, 72-->54 and 72-->27. In-house validation data for breakfast cereals and crackers show good precision of the method, with intra- and interassay variation below 10%. The limits of detection for crackers and breakfast cereals, respectively are estimated at 15 and 20 microg/kg, and recoveries of fortified samples ranged between 58 and 76%. Furthermore, the method is applicable to a number of different food products, including biscuits, crisp bread, wafers, confectionery cocoa liquor, and nuts. Finally, the good results obtained in several small-scale interlaboratory tests provided additional confidence in the performance of the method.     

Development and validation of an HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of tocopherols, tocotrienols and carotenoids in cereals after solid-phase extraction

The increasing interest in antioxidant properties of cereal and cereal-based products has prompted the development of a simple and reliable HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of important phytochemicals like tocopherols (T), tocotrienols (T3) and carotenoids. Separation was carried out on a Nucleosil 100 C(18) column, 5 μm (250 mm × 4.6 mm) thermostated at 25 °C, using a linear gradient elution system starting with methanol and ending with a mixture of methanol-isopropanol-acetonitrile. All separated compounds including the internal standard (α-tocopherol acetate) were eluted within 16 min and detected by dual detection: fluorescence for tocopherols and tocotrienols at 290 nm excitation and 320 nm emission and UV-vis photodiode array detection for lutein and β-carotene at 450 nm. Detection limits ranged from 0.2 μg/g (β-carotene) to 1.60 μg/g (α-tocopherol). The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were calculated by using cereals with different levels of lipophilic antioxidants. The extraction method involved sample saponification and clean-up by solid-phase extraction (SPE). The extraction recoveries obtained using OASIS HLB SPE cartridges and dichloromethane as eluent were in the range of 90.2-110.1%, with RSD lower than 10%. The method was successfully applied to cereals: durum wheat, bread wheat, rice, barley, oat, rye, corn and triticale.     

高效液相色谱法测定谷物中的柄曲菌素

建立了用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)法测定谷物中柄曲菌素(Sterigmato-cystin,ST)的含量.采用酸化乙腈震荡提取,C18固相萃取小柱净化,HPLC分离测定.样品中被测物与干扰物能得到良好的分离.柄曲菌素在10～1 000μg/kg范围内与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r2≥0.9999),回收率为88.4%～99.9%,相对标准偏差小于2.8%.检出限(S/N=3)为0.2 ng,定量限(S/N=10)为0.5 ng.该法简便、快速、准确,可用于谷物中柄曲菌素的检测.     

Optimized and validated high‐performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of deoxynivalenol and aflatoxins in cereals

A simple, sensitive and accurate analytical method was optimized and developed for the determination of deoxynivalenol and aflatoxins in cereals intended for human consumption using high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array and fluorescence detection and a photochemical reactor for enhanced detection. A response surface methodology, using a fractional central composite design, was carried out for optimization of the water percentage at the beginning of the run (X1, 80–90%), the level of acetonitrile at the end of gradient system (X2, 10–20%) with the water percentage fixed at 60%, and the flow rate (X3, 0.8–1.2 mL/min). The studied responses were the chromatographic peak area, the resolution factor and the time of analysis. Optimal chromatographic conditions were: X1 = 80%, X2 = 10%, and X3 = 1 mL/min. Following a double sample extraction with water and a mixture of methanol/water, mycotoxins were rapidly purified by an optimized solid‐phase extraction protocol. The optimized method was further validated with respect to linearity (R²>0.9991), sensitivity, precision, and recovery (90–112%). The application to 23 commercial cereal samples from Greece showed contamination levels below the legally set limits, except for one maize sample. The main advantages of the developed method are the simplicity of operation and the low cost.     

Determination of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity in fruits and cereals

Three methods, FCM (with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent), PBM (Price and Butler) and AAPM (with 4-aminoantipyrine) for assessment of phenolic compounds and three commonly used methods, TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity), DPPH (with diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl radical), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) for evaluation of antioxidant capacity, were modified to a semimicroscale (total volume 1 ml) with minimum consumption (to 100 μl) of a sample and thereby applicable for fast screening. Appropriate standards and extracts of 17 kinds of fruit and six kinds of cereal were assessed for total content of phenolic compounds and total antioxidant capacity by each of these methods. The results of analyses of commonly used standards (gallic, caffeic and ferulic acids, (+)-catechin, Trolox, fenol and FeSO₄) for these methods and identical plant extract showed different reactivity of principal reagent of the methods with individual standards and therefore with phenolic substances of extracts as well. However, the trends of the measured values of extracts could be compared, though their absolute values differ proportionally. At assessments of phenolic compounds it is important to determine content of ascorbic acid at roughly the same time and correct the obtained values according to its contribution to the increase in absorbance calculated on the basis of absorbance equations, especially for samples with a higher content. The same is true for reducing saccharides; they can significantly “elevate” values of contents of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities (by even more than 50%), especially in samples of sweeter fruits. The saccharides should therefore be removed or a correction applied reflecting their concentration.     

Rapid and sensitive double‐label based immunochromatographic assay for zearalenone detection in cereals

A double‐label immunochromatographic based assay (DL‐ICA) was developed to monitor zearalenone (ZEN) levels in cereals, based on Eu³⁺ nanoparticles (EuNP). The DL‐ICA exhibited excellent sensitivity, reliability and selectivity in real samples. It showed low limits of detection (0.21–0.25 μg/kg) and broad analytical ranges (up to 120 μg/kg). The total analytical time, including sample preparation and DL‐ICA execution, was reduced by 15 min compared with HPLC. The recovery rates ranged from 95.0–118.4%, with relative standard deviations (RSD) <11.6%. Inter‐ and intra‐day validations were assessed, recovery rates of 89.3–106.9% and RSD of 2.3–9.7% were obtained, suggesting considerable stability and reliability for the assay. An excellent correlation was observed between DL‐ICA and a reference HPLC method (R² = 0.9899). Compared to current immunoassays, the current DL‐ICA is inexpensive, highly sensitive, and rapid. Therefore, DL‐ICA constitutes a novel tool for monitoring mycotoxins in food and feed to ensure safety.     

Development and validation of a liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photoionization-tandem mass spectrometric method for the analysis of mycotoxins subjected to commission regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 In cereals

A sensitive and reliable liquid chromatography/photoionization (APPI) tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed for determining nine selected mycotoxins in wheat and maize samples. The analytes were chosen on the basis of the mycotoxins under EU Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006, i.e., deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZON), aflatoxins (AFs), and ochratoxin A (OTA), and considering the possibility of a near future regulation for T-2 and HT-2 toxins. Mycotoxins were extracted from samples by means of an one-step solvent extraction without any cleanup. The developed multi-mycotoxin method permits simultaneous, simple, and rapid determination of several co-existing toxins separated in a single chromatographic run, in which AFs, T-2 and HT-2 toxin are acquired in positive, while OTA, DON and ZON in negative mode. Although a moderate signal suppression was noticeable, matrix effect did not give significant differences at p = 0.05. Then, calibration in standard solution were used for quantitation. Based on the EU Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, the method was in-house validated in terms of ruggedness, specificity, linearity, trueness, within-laboratory reproducibility, decision limit (CCα) and detection capability (CCβ). For all the analytes, the regression coefficient r ranged between 0.8752 (DON in wheat) and 0.9465 (ZON in maize), biases related to mean concentrations were from −13% to +12% of the nominal spiking level, and the overall within-laboratory reproducibility ranged 3–16%; finally, CCα values did not differ more than 20% and CCβ not more than 42% from their respective maximum limit. Method quantification limits ranged from 1/20 (AFG1) to 1/4 (AFG2 and OTA) the maximum limit established by European Union in the Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 and its subsequent amendments.     

Optimization of Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion method for simultaneous extraction of aflatoxins and OTA in cereals and its application to commercial samples

A method based on Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion (MSPD) has been developed for the determination of 5 mycotoxins (ochratoxin A and aflatoxins B and G) in different cereals. Several dispersants, eluents and ratios were tested during the optimization of the process in order to obtain the best results. Finally, samples were blended with C₁₈ and the mycotoxins were extracted with acetonitrile. Regarding to matrix effects, the results clearly demonstrated the necessity to use a matrix-matched calibration to validate the method. Analyses were performed by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QqQ-MS/MS). The recoveries of the extraction process ranged from 64% to 91% with relative standard deviation lower than 19% in all cases, when samples were fortified at two different concentrations levels. Limits of detection ranged from 0.3 ng g⁻¹ for aflatoxins to 0.8 ng g⁻¹ for OTA and the limits of quantification ranged from 1 ng g⁻¹ for aflatoxins to 2 ng g⁻¹ for OTA, which were below the limits of mycotoxins set by European Union in the matrices evaluated. Application of the method to the analysis of several samples purchased in local supermarkets revealed aflatoxins and OTA levels.