Investigation of scatter from out of the field of view and multiple scatter in PET using Monte Carlo simulations

In fully three-dimensional (3D) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, the scatter fraction (SF) is about 40%-60%, which may degrade the imaging quality severely. Scatter correction is important for high quality image reconstruction. Model-based scatter correction has been proved to be accurate and available in clinical PET. However, it does not correct the scatter from out of the field of view (OFOV) and multiple scatters. In this study, we demonstrate the radial and axial distribution of scatters from OFOV when the source is located in different radial positions. In order to apply the above conclusions to different PET systems, we characterize the scatters from OFOV as a function of the ratio of the scanner diameter to the length of the axial field of view (AFOV) by modeling several typical whole-body and micro PET systems. The proportions of true events (S_0-0), single scatter of one photon (S_1-0) , single scatter of both photons (S_1-1) , double scatter of one photon (S_2-0) and multiple scatter (S_m) are also calculated and compared. Here the 3D-PET Monte Carlo simulations are performed with the Geant4 Application for Tomography Emission (GATE). In summary, the scatters from OFOV tend to be recorded on the lines of response (LOR) far away from the source. They have a much more serious impact on whole-body PET than micro PET depending on the ratio of scanner diameter to the length of AFOV. In whole-body PET, twice scatters including single scatter of both photons (S_1-1) and double scatter of one photon (S_2-0) add up to about 12% so that twice scatter correction must be taken into account to acquire a high quality reconstruction image.     

有机磷水解酶的大肠杆菌细胞表面展示与酶活特性

利用丁香假单胞菌(Pseudomonas syringae)KCTC1832菌株的冰核蛋白(InaK)的N-末端作为锚定单元和来自黄杆菌(Flavobacterium sp.)ATCC27551菌株opd基因编码的有机磷水解酶作为功能蛋白,构建了一株具有全细胞催化效应的大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)表面展示工程菌MMBL-405.对该工程菌全细胞有机磷水解酶活性的正交试验结果表明,在诱导物IPTG浓度为 0.1 mmol/L、诱导温度为20℃、诱导时间为8 h和Co2 添加浓度为100 μmol/L的优化培养条件下,其全细胞酶活性可达到0.62 U/mg细胞干重,是目前国外同类工作所报道酶活性的13.7倍以上.对工程菌所携带的外源质粒在无抗性条件下的稳定性进行了测定,结果表明工程菌经连续转接7次和继代培养168 h后,质粒携载率仍达到60%.     

Si，Ag，F离子共修饰HA纳米生物薄膜的制备与表征

采用单电流阶跃电化学沉积技术,在商业纯钛(CP-Ti)表面构建硅、银、氟离子共修饰羟基磷灰石(Si-Ag-F-HA)纳米复合薄膜。Ag+的持续释放可以提供有效的抗菌性,Si4+作为生物活性元素可以有效地抵消Ag+的潜在细胞毒性。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定涂层中硅和银元素的释放规律。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量弥散X射线谱(EDS)、X-射线衍射(XRD)等技术对得到的材料进行了表征。结果表明：Si,Ag和F三种元素均匀地掺杂到了HA的晶体结构中。Si-Ag-F-HA为纳米级的针状晶体结构,薄膜整体致密且均匀。Si-Ag-F-HA纳米生物薄膜可以在一周内很好地诱导类骨磷灰石的形成,具有优异的生物活性。塔菲尔曲线测试结果证实涂层的耐SBF腐蚀性较好。ICP-MS测试结果表明Si-Ag-F-HA纳米生物薄膜可以提供持续的Si和Ag离子释放。FTIR 和ICP-MS等光谱技术为开发新型抗菌硬组织修复材料提供了高效快速的检测手段。