Integral scatter characteristics

The calculated integral scatter characteristics for monodisperse scattering media serve as the basis for determining the ranges of relative sizes of scattering particles within which the shape of the optical scatter characteristics depends uniquely on the refractive index and the absorptivity of these particles. As a result, the ranges of particle sizes where the integral indicatrix becomes most sensitive to variations in absorptivity are found to coincide with the minima of the corresponding scatter coefficient as a function of the diffraction parameter.     

闪光照相中散射照射量的解析分析

 考虑了光子与物质的三种相互作用方式，用解析分析法确定光子在材料中能量的一次散射转化几率，并由此求得闪光照相系统中成像平面上的散射和最小直散比的表达式。用该公式求得的FTO客体的最小直散比约为1.0，与美国NIH实验结果0.5~1.5近似符合。     

碰撞等离子体的非相干散射谱

给出了任意非麦克斯韦速度分布条件下,碰撞等离子体非相干散射谱的求解方法的一般表达式,并给出了谱计算中,所必需的两个复奇点积分的计算方法.计算了低电离层HF加热下功率谱,讨论了碰撞频率、非麦氏指数、电子密度、电子温度和离子温度对功率谱的影响.由于碰撞和非麦克斯韦因子的作用,原有的电离层参量和谱型特征的对应关系不再成立,这会对电离层参量的反演带来很大误差,必须对原有的理论模型予以修正. 关键词： 功率谱 非相干散射雷达 非麦克斯韦分布函数 碰撞     

大气信道简化单次散射模型

采用椭球坐标系研究非直视日盲紫外光通信的单次散射模型,求解过程中要对有效散射体的体积进行复杂的数值积分并确定三组积分限。为便于分析,使用近似表达式极大简化了复杂单次散射信道模型,得出路径损耗是收发机几何结构与大气散射吸收系数的函数。对传输距离和路径损耗的仿真证明,该近似表达式与原始模型的所得结果吻合很好。利用该近似表达式,分别仿真分析了大气能见度对紫外光通信系统路径损耗和误码率的影响,仿真结果表明,大气能见度并不是越高越好,而是在能见度为10 km时紫外光通信系统有最佳性能。     

An effective scatter correction method based on single scatter simulation for a 3D whole-body PET scanner

Hamamatsu SHR74000 is a newly designed full three-dimensional (3D) whole body positron emission tomography (PET) scanner with small crystal size and large field of view (FOV). With the improvement of sensitivity, the scatter events increase significantly at the same time, especially for large objects. Monte Carlo simulations help us to understand the scatter phenomena and provide good references for scatter correction. In this paper, we introduce an effective scatter correction method based on single scatter simulation for the new PET scanner, which accounts for the full 3D scatter correction. With the results from Monte Carlo simulations, we implement a new scale method with special concentration on scatter events from outside the axial FOV and multiple scatter events. The effects of scatter correction are investigated and evaluated by phantom experiments; the results show good improvements in quantitative accuracy and contrast of the images, even for large objects.     

非线性晶体散射及吸收光谱的测量

利用PE-Lambda900分光光度计，测量了非线性晶体的散射及吸收光谱，实验中避免了大块双轴晶体镜面反射作用引起的测量误差．实验结果表明，随光子能量增加，晶体材料的光吸收在400nm以外波段显著增加。对散射谱进行分析，来源于晶体结构内部的缺陷。如位错、包裹体的尺寸主要分布在lOOnm以上,这些缺陷在短波段的光散射作用有上升的趋势。     

闪光照相中侧向散射的数值模拟

散射是闪光照相诊断技术中需要重点考虑的一个关键性问题,弄清散射的影响因素及其来源对于提高客体信息诊断精度具有十分重要的促进作用。针对法国实验客体照相系统,采用蒙特卡罗方法,系统研究了侧向散射的影响因素及其来源。结果表明:在没有侧向保护器的情况下,前保护器是侧向散射的主要来源,对任一点,前保护器的散射贡献均达到50%以上,并且侧向散射沿光轴方向呈递增或递减分布。在有侧向保护器情况下,侧向散射照射量有所减小,在与光轴垂直方向呈中间高两边低的单峰分布。增大侧向记录距离不一定带来侧向散射的降低。在适当的记录距离下,得到了较为均匀的散射分布。     

也谈散射板干涉仪的原理

从傅里叶光学与统计光学原理出发阐明散射干涉仪机制,推出干涉条纹的分布与被检验物镜的波像关之间的关系,讨论条纹对比度及其依存条件。     

Nonlinear evolution of stimulated scatter in high-temperature plasmas

Simulations of laser-plasma interactions show saturation of Raman scattering through novel subsequent Brillouin and Raman rescattering instabilities. This behavior alters the interpretation of experimental diagnostics as well as the distribution of laser energy between transmission into the target, scattering losses, and generation of energetic electrons. This paper emphasizes targets that are predicted to reach electron temperatures greater than 10 keV, a value accessible today on the Omega and Helen lasers and one which will be far higher at future facilities. In such plasmas, the nonlinear laser-plasma interaction exhibits novel features presented here.     

中子散射成像探测角分辨研究

中子散射成像技术是近年来国外正在发展的一项新型辐射成像技术, 在深空宇宙探测、核材料监控等方面具有广阔的应用前景. 角分辨是衡量该技术成像能力的一项重要参数. 研究了位置不确定度和能量分辨对角分辨的影响. 理论分析表明: 以不同角度散射, 成像的角分辨不同; 位置不确定不仅直接影响角分辨, 还通过影响能量不确定度对角分辨间接贡献; 位置分辨主要来源于探测器的结构尺寸, 当探测器尺寸小于5 cm, 影响角分辨的主要来源是能量不确定度. 利用所获得的理论结果指导设计了原理探测系统, 并对设计的原理系统开展了初步实验研究. 结果表明, 分析结果与实验得到的角分辨参数基本一致.     

含散射闪光照相系统的布局优化

为了提高现有照相系统的图像品质,对使用CCD探测器的法国客体(FTO)照相布局进行了优化,获得最佳图像品质因子下的照相布局。研究结果为:在模糊实验测量结果和高斯分布近似下,系统放大倍率为2.0;后保护器件距离客体50 cm;系统布局总长与探测系统的噪声相关,噪声越大,布局总长越短,最优布局总长的范围为3~5 m;实验验证了这一结果。     

Angular scatter ultrasound imaging of wavelength scale targets

A bistatic ultrasound imaging system is demonstrated that uses two 32-element linear phased array transducers oriented at an angle of 40 degrees to one another. The system simultaneously acquires and displays in real time one conventional backscatter image and one "angular scatter" image formed using side-scattered echoes from the same B-mode sector region. Experiments are presented that show differences in the magnitudes of backscatter and angular scatter signals acquired from three nylon monofilaments with diameters less than one wavelength and from soft tissue structures in vivo. The relative magnitudes of angular scatter signals from the monofilaments are qualitatively consistent with a theoretical analysis of acoustic scattering from elastic cylinders. Larger tissue features are more clearly defined in angular scatter images. This result is attributed to the orientation of specularly reflecting surfaces and the expected influence of scattering angle on the system's sensitivity to different scatterer spacings.     

5单元中子散射相机仿真研究

采用粒子输运程序MCNP与FORTRAN,MATLAB程序相结合,对一种5单元结构的中子散射相机原型进行了蒙特卡罗模拟,对252Cf裂变中子源进行了图像、能量的重建。结果表明:该相机的能量分辨力为9%左右,角分辨与闪烁体的体积有关;中子能量为2 MeV左右时,散射相机的探测效率达到最大值;源的距离、闪烁体尺寸、前后面板距离、事件数等对重建图像的分辨力都有不同程度的影响;散射相机可以获得裂变中子源的能谱形状,但系统的结构、探测阈值等会使能谱测量造成一定的偏差。该理论工作的结论可推广到由更多单元组成的散射相机中使用。     

眼底照相机光学系统中杂光和鬼像的控制

论述了眼底照相机的原理和控制杂光及鬼像的方法。通过精心设计照明系统的接目物镜 ,使其各个光学表面产生的鬼像位于较理想的位置 ,并通过在照明光路中加入较少的黑点板予以消除。同时通过使照明系统的环行光阑与照相系统的孔径光阑处于相互共轭的位置上 ,达到消除照明系统产生杂光和鬼像的目的。     

Perceptual evaluations of voice scatter in unison choir sounds

The preferences of experienced listeners for pitch and formant frequency dispersion in unison choir sounds were explored using synthesized stimuli. Two types of dispersion were investigated: (a) pitch scatter, which arises when voices in an ensemble exhibit small differences in mean fundamental frequency, and (b) spectral smear, defined as such dispersion of formants 3 to 5 as arises from differences in vocal tract length. Each stimulus represented a choir section of five bass, tenor, alto, or soprano voices, producing the vowel [u], [a], or [w]. Subjects chose one dispersion level out of six available, selecting the “maximum tolerable” in a first run and the “preferred” in a second run. The listeners were very different in their tolerance for dispersion. Typical scatter choices were 14 cent standard deviation for “tolerable” and 0 or 5 cent for “preferred.” The smear choices were less consistent; the standard deviations were 12 and 7%, respectively. In all modes of assessment, the largest dispersion was chosen for the vowel [u] on a bass tone. There was a vowel effect on the smear choices. The effects of voice category were not significant.     

非直视紫外光通信单次散射传输模型研究

依据Lambert定律建立了非直视紫外光通信系统单次散射传输模型。模型表明:大气传输中的两次斜向传输引入的大气透射比衰减,大气散射衰减和距离平方反比衰减是导致接收光功率随距离增加迅速衰减的主要因素。为便于实际计算,对建立的散射传输模型做了合理的计算简化,经实验验证简化后的传输模型计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。利用简化后的传输模型可以方便有效地计算出非直视紫外光通信接收机在不同距离下的接收功率和路径传输损耗,进而可以迅速、有效地计算和评估已知参数的非直视紫外光通信系统的极限工作距离。     

Estimating size and scatter of world physics journal literature

Conclusions The foregoing analysis assumes the whole of physics journal literature to follow a Bradford distribution. However, figure 1, as well as other published Bradford plots of physics literature, show similar Groos droop deviations from linearity at the upper end [13, 14]. The common explanation for this deviation is incompleteness of the bibliographic data [5], but this of course cannot be proven without compiling a truly complete world bibliography on the subject. If the droop is real, i.e. not the consequence of bibliographic incompleteness, then the estimates of journals and papers are exaggerated. On the other hand, another assumption is that the first 110 ranked journals in this study are indeed the top producing physics journals, and that all source items published in these journals are actually physics papers. The extent to which this assumption does not hold means a decrease in the estimates, thereby opposing the first possible error. The fact that the actual number of papers published by the journal of first rank exceeds B, the theoretical number derived from analysis, suggests an underestimate of total journals and papers. This supports the assumption that any deviation from the Bradford distribution is minimal and that the Groos droop is a consequence of bibliographic incompleteness.It cannot be assumed that the highest quality literature is concentrated in the higher Bradford ranks. There may be a relationship between quality and scatter, as earlier work has suggested [9], but this is a matter for further investigation. It is clear that frequency-rank distributions such as Bradford's Law have more potential for scientific information management than has been so far exploited.     

闪光照相中散射分布均匀性的影响因素

 为了在客体密度重建过程中采用迭代法扣除散射X射线的影响,提出了以散射分布均匀为主要目的的闪光照相系统设计思想。在介绍散射分布均匀性定义的基础上,分析了均匀扣除散射所带来的光程差。采用蒙特卡罗方法研究了系统放大倍数、照相距离以及后防护锥到图像接收系统的距离对散射分布均匀性的影响。结果表明：后防护锥到图像接收系统的距离是影响散射分布形状和散射照射量大小的一个主要因素;当后防护锥到图像接收系统的距离为55 cm左右时,散射分布均匀性近似最佳,而且照相距离越大,散射分布均匀性越好。这些研究结果可用于实际闪光照相系统的优化设计,在图像接收系统的响应范围内达到使散射分布均匀和降低光源模糊影响的目的。