γ-Valerolactone (GVL) as a green and efficient dipolar aprotic reaction medium

The great challenge for modern research is to define the most efficient tools to make more sustainable the industrial production and manufacturing. Among the different aspects that require attention the replacement of toxic and/or non-renewable solvents it is certainly playing a crucial role. Dealing with widely used dipolar aprotic solvents, among the different alternatives proposed in the literature γ-valerolactone (GVL) plays a pivotal role covering different application area. In this contribution, the benefits derived from the use of GVL as a circular, safe, biomass-derived reaction medium are highlighted covering most recent publications (2021). The presentation has been divided into three major sections: (i) biomass valorization, (ii) materials synthesis, manufacturing and recycle and (iii) new synthetic methodologies.     

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel phane-structured diazacrowns containing γ-piperidone and pyridine rings

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Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective Allylic Alkylation with a γ-Butyrolactone-Derived Silyl Ketene Acetal

Herein, we report a Cu-catalyzed enantioselective allylic alkylation using a γ-butyrolactone-derived silyl ketene acetal. Critical to the development of this work was the identification of a novel mono-picolinamide ligand with the appropriate steric and electronic properties to afford the desired products in high yield (up to 96 %) and high ee (up to 95 %). Aryl, aliphatic, and unsubstituted allylic chlorides bearing a broad range of functionality are well-tolerated. Spectroscopic studies reveal that a Cu^I species is likely the active catalyst, and DFT calculations suggest ligand sterics play an important role in determining Cu coordination and thus catalyst geometry.     

An expedient synthesis of pyrrole-2-phosphonates via direct oxidative phosphorylation and γ-hydroxy-γ-butyrolactams from pyrroles

An expedient oxidative phosphorylation of pyrroles has been disclosed. The reaction of dialkyl phosphite and pyrrole in the presence of AgNO₃/K₂S₂O₈ in DMF/H₂O (8:1) produced pyrrole-2-phosphonates in good yields. In the absence of dialkyl phosphite, γ-hydroxy-γ-butyrolactam derivative was formed as a major product.     

Steric,Electronic and Conformational Synergistic Effects in the Gold(I)-catalyzed α-C−H Bond Functionalization of Tertiary Amines**

Direct C−H bond functionalization is a useful strategy for the straightforward formation of C−C and C−Heteroatom bonds. In the present work, a unique approach for the challenging electrophilic Au-catalyzed α-C−H bond functionalization of tertiary amines is presented. Electronic, steric and conformational synergistic effects exerted by the use of a malonate unit in the substrate were key to the success of this transformation. This new reactivity was applied to the synthesis of tetrahydro-γ-carboline products which, under oxidative conditions, could be converted into valuable structural motifs found in bioactive alkaloid natural products.     

Synthesis of Multifluoromethylated γ-Sultines by a Photoinduced Radical Addition–Polar Cyclization

Despite the significance of sultines in synthesis, medicine, and materials science, the chemistry of sultines has remained unexplored due to their inaccessibility. Herein, we demonstrate the development of a photoredox-catalyzed multifluoromethyl radical addition/SO₂ incorporation/polar cyclization cascade approach to multifluoromethylated γ-sultines. The reactions proceed by single electron transfer induced multifluoromethyl radical addition to an alkene followed by SO₂ incorporation, and single-electron reduction for polar 5-exo-tet cyclization. Key to the success of the protocol is the use of easily oxidizable multifluoroalkanesulfinates as bifunctional reagents. The reactions proceed with excellent functional-group tolerance to deliver γ-sultines in moderate to excellent yields.     

Extraction and characterization of highly pure alumina (α, γ, and θ) polymorphs from waste beverage cans: A viable waste management approach

The recycling and recovery of important materials from inexpensive feedstock has now become an intriguing area and vital from commercial and environmental viewpoints. In the present work, extraction of different single phases of alumina (α, γ, θ-Al₂O₃) having high purity (>99.5 %) from locally available waste beverage cans (～95 % Al) through facile precipitation route calcined at distinct temperatures has been reported. The optimization of process technology was done by a variety of different synthesis parameters, and the production cost was estimated between 84.47-87.45 USD per kg of alumina powder. The as prepared alumina fine particles have been characterized using different sophisticated techniques viz. TG-DTA, WD-XRF, XRD, FT-IR, SEM, DLS-based particle size analysis (PSA) with zeta (ζ) potential measurement and UV–Visible Spectroscopy. X-ray diffractogram confirms the formation of γ-, θ-, and α-alumina at 500–700 °C, 900–1000 °C, and 1200 °C respectively and crystallite size, crystallinity, strain, dislocation density, and specific surface area were measured using major X-ray diffraction peaks which varies with temperature. The SEM studies showed that the as prepared alumina particles were agglomerated, irregular-shaped with particle size (0.23–0.38 µm), pore size, and porosity were calculated from SEM image. ζ-potentials at different pH values as well as isoelectric point (IEP) of α, γ, and θ alumina were calculated in an aqueous medium which changes with temperature. The direct band gap (E_g) energies were found between 4.09 and 5.19 eV of alumina obtained from different calcination temperatures. The synthesized materials can be used in sensors, ceramics, catalysis, and insulation applications.     

Ideal and non-ideal behaviour of {1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolydinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide + γ-butyrolactone} binary mixtures

Density, electrical conductivity and viscosity of binary liquid mixtures of 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolydinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [bmpyrr][NTf₂], with γ-butyrolactone (GBL) were measured at temperatures from (293.15 to 323.15) K and at atmospheric pressure over the whole composition range. Excess molar volumes have been calculated from the experimental densities and fitted with the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation. These values are positive over the whole range of ionic liquid mole fraction and at all temperatures. In the range between 0.55 and 0.6 [bmpyrr][NTf₂] mole fraction, an ideal behaviour of the ionic liquid mixture with molecular solvent was observed for the first time. Other volumetric properties, such as isobaric thermal expansion coefficients, partial molar volumes and partial molar volumes at infinite dilution have been also calculated, in order to obtain information about interactions between GBL and selected ionic liquid. Positive values of these properties for both components also indicate weaker interactions between GBL and IL compared to the pure components. From the viscosity results, the Angell strength parameter was calculated and found to be 3.24 indicating that [bmpyrr][NTf₂] is a “fragile” liquid. From the volumetric and transport properties obtained, formation of the [bmpyrr]⁺ micellar structures was also discussed. All the results are compared to those obtained for imidazolium-based ionic liquid with GBL.     

荧光标记法研究鱼类GABA受体与Ro7-1986/1和Fipronil的相互作用

以苯二氮卓类化合物Ro7-1986/1和氟虫腈(Fipronil)分别与异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)反应合成了2种γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)受体的配体荧光复合物,即FITC-Ro7-1986/1(简称FITC-Ro7)和FITC-Fipronil;利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)等手段对其结构进行了表征.以2种荧光配体为探针,采用荧光标记法研究了Ro7-1986/1和Fipronil与鳙鱼(Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)脑内GABA受体的相互作用,得到了亲和常数Kd和最大结合量[RT].同时考察了GABA对Ro7-1986/1与受体相互作用的影响.研究结果表明,Ro7-1986/1和Fipronil与受体的亲和常数Kd分别为(67±5)nmol/L和(346±6)nmol/L;最大结合量[RT]分别为(13.8±1.8)pmol/mg protein和(40.6±3.5)pmol/mg protein;GABA促进了Ro7-1986/1与受体的结合,进一步的研究结果表明,鱼类与哺乳动物脑中GABA受体结构相似;相对于哺乳动物,苯吡唑类杀虫剂Fipronil对鱼类GABA的亲和力较高.     

水滑石基磁性Co/Al2O3催化剂在乙酰丙酸加氢制备γ-戊内酯反应中的应用

γ-戊内酯广泛应用于食品添加剂、燃料添加剂、溶剂、汽油、柴油以及多种化工中间体的合成,由于其上游原料乙酰丙酸是重要的生物质基平台化合物已实现了工业化生产,因此发展其高效、可循环使用的催化合成新体系是近年来生物质催化转化的研究热点之一.目前使用的多相催化剂体系主要是浸渍法制备的负载型金属纳米颗粒催化剂,活性金属主要有Ru, Pd, Pt, Au, Cu, Ni等.由于乙酰丙酸制备γ-戊内酯反应是一个酸性的含水体系,在高温、高压条件下,使用浸渍法得到的催化剂特别是非贵金属催化剂容易发生活性金属的聚集、流失,从而使得催化剂重复使用的效果不佳.从非贵金属替代贵金属和提高催化剂稳定性这两点入手,本论文以水滑石为合成催化剂的单一前驱体,将非贵金属(Cu, Ni, Fe, Co)掺入到水滑石的结构骨架中,通过直接氢气焙烧还原制得了高负载量的负载型金属纳米颗粒多相催化剂.将制得的催化剂应用于乙酰丙酸加氢反应,其催化活性顺序为： Co>Ni>Cu>Fe.制备出了5种不同Co/Al比的Co基催化剂,其中4Co/Al2O3催化剂在H2(5 MPa)、180 oC条件下,显示出了类似贵金属钌催化剂的活性和选择性,乙酰丙酸在3 h内完全转化,γ-戊内酯的选择性高达99%.为了进一步了解催化剂的结构与其活性和稳定性之间的关系,我们采用X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD),氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR), X射线光电子能谱(XPS),透射电子显微镜(TEM)等表征手段研究了催化剂的形貌和结构. TEM结果表明,以水滑石为前驱体制备的Co催化剂中负载的Co纳米颗粒的平均粒径在25–30 nm,而用浸渍法制备的相同负载量的Co催化剂的Co纳米颗粒粒径大于150 nm.相应的催化反应结果表明,前者的催化活性要远好于后者.水滑石前驱体的H2-TPR实验结果表明,随着Co/Al比增加,其还原峰向低温方向位移.这是由于Al含量的减少,导致金属Co离子周围键合的Al离子数量减少,从而使得Co与Al之间的作用力减弱, Co更加容易被还原.表现在还原温度上,即为还原温度降低,说明了Co纳米颗粒与载体之间具有一种强相互作用.结合TEM测试结果,正是这种强相互作用限制了Co纳米颗粒的长大,使其要远小于用浸渍法制得的Co纳米颗粒. HRTEM测试结果显示在4Co/Al2O3催化剂结构中, Co金属纳米颗粒与载体Al2O3之间存在一种核壳结构的关系, Co纳米颗粒被包埋于载体Al2O3中形成核壳结构.这种结构同样也保证了活性金属与载体之间较强的相互作用,有效地避免Co纳米颗粒在强水热、酸性条件下的聚集和流失,从而使该催化剂在循环使用四次时仍能保持优异的活性和选择性.我们进一步研究了该核壳结构形成的原因.发现催化剂在制备过程中如果先用空气高温焙烧,再用氢气还原,得到的催化剂中则没有明显的核壳结构,且Co纳米颗粒粒径在55 nm左右.相应的催化反应结果也要差于直接氢气焙烧还原得到的4Co/Al2O3催化剂.这也从侧面说明了以水滑石为前驱体制备负载型金属纳米颗粒催化剂时,其原位的限制效应在控制金属纳米颗粒的大小、稳定性方面的优越性.此外,由于该Co催化剂具有磁性特征,很容易通过磁性回收实现催化剂与反应液的分离,大大简化了催化剂的回收及产物分离过程.